Medical Sociology, Medical Anthropology, Qualitative Research, Health Governance, Social and Political Transformation in Nepal Address: Madhusudan Subedi Professor and Chair, Department of Community Health Sciences Coordinator, School of Public Health Patan Academy of Health Sciences Lagankhel, Lalitpur Nepal P.O.Box# 26500
Introduction Nepal’s move to a federal system was a major constitutional and political change, wi... more Introduction Nepal’s move to a federal system was a major constitutional and political change, with significant devolution of power and resources from the central government to seven newly created provinces and 753 local governments. Nepal’s health system is in the process of adapting to federalism, which is a challenging, yet potentially rewarding, task. This research is a part of broader study that aims to explore the opportunities and challenges facing Nepal’s health system as it adapts to federalisation. Methods This exploratory qualitative study was conducted across the three tiers of government (federal, provincial, and local) in Nepal. We employed two methods: key informant interviews and participatory policy analysis workshops, to offer an in-depth understanding of stakeholders’ practical learnings, experiences, and opinions. Participants included policymakers, health service providers, local elected members, and other local stakeholders. All interviews were audio-recorded, ...
The consumption of jar water has been increasing consistently in these days. To improve such wate... more The consumption of jar water has been increasing consistently in these days. To improve such water quality and supply, information is needed to assess water contamination in a variety of community, including those that rely primarily on unimproved distributed sources of drinking water. This study was done to assess the public perception on drinking jar water and assessment of drinking jar water distributed in Kathmandu Valley which was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Amrit Science Campus, Thamel, Kathmandu during the period of Aug 2009 to Dec 2009. A total 57 water samples of different drinking jar water having different brand names were proceed using standard protocols and analyzed for the presence of total coliforms and fecal coliforms. All identified fecal coliforms isolates from different water samples were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In order to know the perception of people in drinking jar water, semi structured questionnaires were made and purposively selected for the study in 525 populations who were using jar water for drinking purpose. Most population rated their drinking jar water good but found to be highly concerned with the quality. Among total water samples, 91.2% (n=52) were found contaminated with total coliforms and 59.6% were with fecal coliforms. During the study, 117 isolates of enteric bacteria were isolated, of which 33.3% (n=39) were Escherichia coli followed by other gram negative bacteria. Similarly, out of 58 fecal coliforms isolates, 43.1%, 39.6%, 12.2% were E. coli, Klebsiella spp, and Enterobacter aerogens. Of those fecal coliforms, all were sensitive to antibiotic ciprofloxacin and resistant to ampicilin. The finding indicates that jar water is not safe for drinking purpose without treatment.
Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences
This paper introduces our international research project ‘The impact of federalisation on Nepal&#... more This paper introduces our international research project ‘The impact of federalisation on Nepal's health system: a longitudinal analysis’, which is examining the effects of changing Nepal’s constitution towards a federal republic on its health system. After a short overview of recent changes in the constitution of Nepal, which in turn affects the organisation of the nation’s health system, we offer a short theoretical introduction on the decentralisation of health systems. We briefly outline the WHO (World Health Organization) Health System Building Blocks and some of the issues for policy and practice that have arisen in other countries where similar major system-wide reforms have been implemented. After this, we outline the key research questions and research methods of our study, which involves an international and interdisciplinary team of researchers from Nepal and the UK and will be conducted over a period of three years, from 2020 to 2023.
The landscape of social sciences is inherently complex and
multifaceted, demanding a comprehensi... more The landscape of social sciences is inherently complex and multifaceted, demanding a comprehensive and nuanced approach to research methodologies. This paper highlights the significance of mixed methods research in addressing the intricate and dynamic nature of social phenomena. Mixed methods not only enhance the validity and reliability of research findings but also allow for a holistic understanding of social phenomena and empower researchers to explore the comprehensiveness and diversity of human experiences, behaviors, and interactions that the traditional single-method approach often falls short of. Furthermore, mixed methods facilitates the triangulation of data, enabling researchers to corroborate and validate results through diverse lenses, thereby fortifying the robustness of their conclusions. Mixed methods contribute to the development of more effective and informed social and public policy interventions. Adopting mixed methods in social science research is not merely a choice but a necessity for unlocking the full potential of inquiry and advancing our collective understanding of the complex social world.
High prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) warrants a life cours... more High prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) warrants a life course approach for efficient prevention. Our previous HARDIC trial in semi-urban Nepal shows conventional CVD educational interventions for mothers improved knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). Digital cardiovascular health promotion provides opportunities to efficiently reach adolescents. Our aim was therefore to develop such digital health promotion through a serious game that is educational and entertaining, as an innovative way to reach adolescents. We conducted a mixed-method study to assess adolescents’ KAP and perception regarding CVD, explored opportunities for digital cardiovascular health promotion, and developed a concept for a serious game prototype. In total, 649 adolescents grades 8-10 in two government and seven private schools in a semi-urban community of Nepal were surveyed cross-sectionally following parental consent. A self-administered questionnaire assessed KAP of CV...
Background Work-related health problems, such as work stress, fatigue, and burnout constitute a g... more Background Work-related health problems, such as work stress, fatigue, and burnout constitute a global challenge within the nursing profession. Work-related health among nurses is not yet a prioritized phenomenon in Nepal. Health-promoting approaches to maintaining and sustaining nurses’ health are therefore essential. The aim of this study was to explore and thereby gain a deeper understanding of how nurses in Nepal’s hospitals experience their everyday work, with a focus on promoting and sustaining their work-related health. Methods A qualitative design with semi-structured individual interviews were used. Nineteen registered nurses working at hospitals in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, were individually interviewed between October 6 and December 5, 2018. Transcribed interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results Four main themes with belonging eight subthemes were constructed from the analysis: (1) “Sense of meaningfulness and belongingness in work culture” with subthemes;...
Loss of a loved one is deeply emotional. This obituary paper is about Professor Gregory G. Maskar... more Loss of a loved one is deeply emotional. This obituary paper is about Professor Gregory G. Maskarinec (May 16, 1951-June 16, 2022), a true friend, an academic intellectual and an honest researcher of medical anthropology. Working with him and sharing ideas with open mind was a great opportunity for me and many scholars in Nepal. Based on collaborative work, interaction and the interview with Professor Gregory, in his remembrance, I have highlighted his academic background and work experiences, friendship and collaborative work, my privilege and opportunities to write about him for his professorship and some of the dreams that could not happen due to his sudden demise. My deepest sympathies are with his family.
Changing consumer culture and increasing solid-waste have become global environmental issues lead... more Changing consumer culture and increasing solid-waste have become global environmental issues leading to myriad challenges for management, especially in urban spaces. Against this backdrop, this study explores the challenges of solid-waste attached to changing consumer culture in the context of Pokhara, an urbanized tourist city in Nepal. The study has followed the qualitative research design generated through primary and secondary data. For this purpose, five informants have selected by purposive sampling and gathered their experiences, knowledge, and understanding of the relationship between changing consumer culture and increased solid-waste through in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that the leading cause of the environmental problem in this area is due to changing consumer culture along with rapidly growing urbanized cities and an increased attachment towards readymade items, which are in forceful demand with the stretching of the global market. It leads to an increase in ...
ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of, and understand the factors associated with, hypertensio... more ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of, and understand the factors associated with, hypertension among the nomadic Raute hunter-gatherers of Western Nepal.DesignA mixed-method study.SettingThe study was carried out at Raute temporary campsites in the Surkhet District of Karnali Province between May to September 2021.ParticipantsThe questionnaire-based survey included all males and non-pregnant females of the nomadic Raute group aged 15 years and above. In-depth interviews were conducted among purposively selected 15 Raute participants and four non-Raute key informants to help explain and enrich the quantitative findings.Outcome measuresThe prevalence of hypertension (defined as brachial artery blood pressure of systolic≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic≥90 mm Hg) and its socio-demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral covariates.ResultsOf the 85 eligible participants, 81 [median age 35 years (interquartile range: 26–51), 46.9% female] were included in the final analysis. Hypertension w...
Introduction Nepal’s move to a federal system was a major constitutional and political change, wi... more Introduction Nepal’s move to a federal system was a major constitutional and political change, with significant devolution of power and resources from the central government to seven newly created provinces and 753 local governments. Nepal’s health system is in the process of adapting to federalism, which is a challenging, yet potentially rewarding, task. This research is a part of broader study that aims to explore the opportunities and challenges facing Nepal’s health system as it adapts to federalisation. Methods This exploratory qualitative study was conducted across the three tiers of government (federal, provincial, and local) in Nepal. We employed two methods: key informant interviews and participatory policy analysis workshops, to offer an in-depth understanding of stakeholders’ practical learnings, experiences, and opinions. Participants included policymakers, health service providers, local elected members, and other local stakeholders. All interviews were audio-recorded, ...
The consumption of jar water has been increasing consistently in these days. To improve such wate... more The consumption of jar water has been increasing consistently in these days. To improve such water quality and supply, information is needed to assess water contamination in a variety of community, including those that rely primarily on unimproved distributed sources of drinking water. This study was done to assess the public perception on drinking jar water and assessment of drinking jar water distributed in Kathmandu Valley which was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, Amrit Science Campus, Thamel, Kathmandu during the period of Aug 2009 to Dec 2009. A total 57 water samples of different drinking jar water having different brand names were proceed using standard protocols and analyzed for the presence of total coliforms and fecal coliforms. All identified fecal coliforms isolates from different water samples were subjected to in-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. In order to know the perception of people in drinking jar water, semi structured questionnaires were made and purposively selected for the study in 525 populations who were using jar water for drinking purpose. Most population rated their drinking jar water good but found to be highly concerned with the quality. Among total water samples, 91.2% (n=52) were found contaminated with total coliforms and 59.6% were with fecal coliforms. During the study, 117 isolates of enteric bacteria were isolated, of which 33.3% (n=39) were Escherichia coli followed by other gram negative bacteria. Similarly, out of 58 fecal coliforms isolates, 43.1%, 39.6%, 12.2% were E. coli, Klebsiella spp, and Enterobacter aerogens. Of those fecal coliforms, all were sensitive to antibiotic ciprofloxacin and resistant to ampicilin. The finding indicates that jar water is not safe for drinking purpose without treatment.
Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences
This paper introduces our international research project ‘The impact of federalisation on Nepal&#... more This paper introduces our international research project ‘The impact of federalisation on Nepal's health system: a longitudinal analysis’, which is examining the effects of changing Nepal’s constitution towards a federal republic on its health system. After a short overview of recent changes in the constitution of Nepal, which in turn affects the organisation of the nation’s health system, we offer a short theoretical introduction on the decentralisation of health systems. We briefly outline the WHO (World Health Organization) Health System Building Blocks and some of the issues for policy and practice that have arisen in other countries where similar major system-wide reforms have been implemented. After this, we outline the key research questions and research methods of our study, which involves an international and interdisciplinary team of researchers from Nepal and the UK and will be conducted over a period of three years, from 2020 to 2023.
The landscape of social sciences is inherently complex and
multifaceted, demanding a comprehensi... more The landscape of social sciences is inherently complex and multifaceted, demanding a comprehensive and nuanced approach to research methodologies. This paper highlights the significance of mixed methods research in addressing the intricate and dynamic nature of social phenomena. Mixed methods not only enhance the validity and reliability of research findings but also allow for a holistic understanding of social phenomena and empower researchers to explore the comprehensiveness and diversity of human experiences, behaviors, and interactions that the traditional single-method approach often falls short of. Furthermore, mixed methods facilitates the triangulation of data, enabling researchers to corroborate and validate results through diverse lenses, thereby fortifying the robustness of their conclusions. Mixed methods contribute to the development of more effective and informed social and public policy interventions. Adopting mixed methods in social science research is not merely a choice but a necessity for unlocking the full potential of inquiry and advancing our collective understanding of the complex social world.
High prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) warrants a life cours... more High prevalence of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) warrants a life course approach for efficient prevention. Our previous HARDIC trial in semi-urban Nepal shows conventional CVD educational interventions for mothers improved knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP). Digital cardiovascular health promotion provides opportunities to efficiently reach adolescents. Our aim was therefore to develop such digital health promotion through a serious game that is educational and entertaining, as an innovative way to reach adolescents. We conducted a mixed-method study to assess adolescents’ KAP and perception regarding CVD, explored opportunities for digital cardiovascular health promotion, and developed a concept for a serious game prototype. In total, 649 adolescents grades 8-10 in two government and seven private schools in a semi-urban community of Nepal were surveyed cross-sectionally following parental consent. A self-administered questionnaire assessed KAP of CV...
Background Work-related health problems, such as work stress, fatigue, and burnout constitute a g... more Background Work-related health problems, such as work stress, fatigue, and burnout constitute a global challenge within the nursing profession. Work-related health among nurses is not yet a prioritized phenomenon in Nepal. Health-promoting approaches to maintaining and sustaining nurses’ health are therefore essential. The aim of this study was to explore and thereby gain a deeper understanding of how nurses in Nepal’s hospitals experience their everyday work, with a focus on promoting and sustaining their work-related health. Methods A qualitative design with semi-structured individual interviews were used. Nineteen registered nurses working at hospitals in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, were individually interviewed between October 6 and December 5, 2018. Transcribed interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. Results Four main themes with belonging eight subthemes were constructed from the analysis: (1) “Sense of meaningfulness and belongingness in work culture” with subthemes;...
Loss of a loved one is deeply emotional. This obituary paper is about Professor Gregory G. Maskar... more Loss of a loved one is deeply emotional. This obituary paper is about Professor Gregory G. Maskarinec (May 16, 1951-June 16, 2022), a true friend, an academic intellectual and an honest researcher of medical anthropology. Working with him and sharing ideas with open mind was a great opportunity for me and many scholars in Nepal. Based on collaborative work, interaction and the interview with Professor Gregory, in his remembrance, I have highlighted his academic background and work experiences, friendship and collaborative work, my privilege and opportunities to write about him for his professorship and some of the dreams that could not happen due to his sudden demise. My deepest sympathies are with his family.
Changing consumer culture and increasing solid-waste have become global environmental issues lead... more Changing consumer culture and increasing solid-waste have become global environmental issues leading to myriad challenges for management, especially in urban spaces. Against this backdrop, this study explores the challenges of solid-waste attached to changing consumer culture in the context of Pokhara, an urbanized tourist city in Nepal. The study has followed the qualitative research design generated through primary and secondary data. For this purpose, five informants have selected by purposive sampling and gathered their experiences, knowledge, and understanding of the relationship between changing consumer culture and increased solid-waste through in-depth interviews. The findings reveal that the leading cause of the environmental problem in this area is due to changing consumer culture along with rapidly growing urbanized cities and an increased attachment towards readymade items, which are in forceful demand with the stretching of the global market. It leads to an increase in ...
ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of, and understand the factors associated with, hypertensio... more ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of, and understand the factors associated with, hypertension among the nomadic Raute hunter-gatherers of Western Nepal.DesignA mixed-method study.SettingThe study was carried out at Raute temporary campsites in the Surkhet District of Karnali Province between May to September 2021.ParticipantsThe questionnaire-based survey included all males and non-pregnant females of the nomadic Raute group aged 15 years and above. In-depth interviews were conducted among purposively selected 15 Raute participants and four non-Raute key informants to help explain and enrich the quantitative findings.Outcome measuresThe prevalence of hypertension (defined as brachial artery blood pressure of systolic≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic≥90 mm Hg) and its socio-demographic, anthropometric, and behavioral covariates.ResultsOf the 85 eligible participants, 81 [median age 35 years (interquartile range: 26–51), 46.9% female] were included in the final analysis. Hypertension w...
This book examines the complexities of menstrual beliefs and practices in
Nepal. Taking an inter... more This book examines the complexities of menstrual beliefs and practices in Nepal. Taking an interdisciplinary and intersectional approach, it explores and promotes the rights of women, girls, and people who menstruate to a dignified and healthy menstruation. The volume • collates current research in Nepal from local academics, early career researchers, and the Dignity Without Danger research project; • provides a more nuanced understanding of the complex stigmas and taboos that surround menstruation; • highlights the importance of rethinking ideas of religion, gender, menstruation, stigma and taboos, cultural practises, and discrimination; • proposes a counter-narrative that places sociological studies at the heart of the discussion surrounding menstruation; and • calls for more collaborative action research to strengthen the links between academia and activism across disciplines. An authoritative contribution, the book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of gender studies, public health, sociology, human rights, South Asian studies, medical sociology, cultural studies, and social medicine, particularly for those concerned with Nepal.
Better Indeed than All the Lands: The Contemporary South Asian Discourse of Nationalism, 2023
The paper discusses the intricate interplay between class, caste and
ethnicity, revealing how the... more The paper discusses the intricate interplay between class, caste and ethnicity, revealing how the intersectionality of these constructs has created unique social stratifications within different communities. It delves into the complexities of caste-based ethnic identities, shedding light on the way they intersect and influence social roles, political dynamics, and economic opportunities. In addition, the research highlights how these social constructs impact the lives of marginalized groups, particularly women, Dalits, and minority communities. It scrutinizes policies aimed at promoting social equality, inclusivity. The paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on social constructs in Nepal and serves as a foundation for future studies and policy initiatives dedicated to creating a more equitable society.
The chapter presents a comprehensive perspective of sociological and epidemiological aspect of CO... more The chapter presents a comprehensive perspective of sociological and epidemiological aspect of COVID-19, efforts of the governments, and challenges faced in Nepal. The framework of analysis focuses on governance and service delivery. Under the governance domain, focus is on leadership, policy and legal framework, coordination and collaboration, financing, transparency, and accountability. The service delivery component focuses on quarantine management, contact tracing, diagnosis and case management, transportation arrangement, lock down and travel restriction, delivery of essential services, human resources, communication and supplies and logistics, and dead body management. The chapter also discusses people’s behaviour towards epidemic, fears and concerns, effectiveness of information campaigns, conspiracy theories, and fake news in media. The final section highlights the social consequences of COVID-19 in Nepal.
Foundation for Critical Discourse Nepal Thapathali, Kathmandu
Transformation of Jat-based Features in Urban Area: A Study of Kirtipur
- Madhusudan Subedi and ... more Transformation of Jat-based Features in Urban Area: A Study of Kirtipur - Madhusudan Subedi and Archana Maharjan This chapter is about the transformation of Jat-based division of work and social relationship in Nepal. Due to the influence of market economy and modernization, especially in urban areas, many young people are less interested about their Jat status, and give more priority to economic status, focusing on social mobility based on their performance. However, change and continuity of Jat-based relations over the generations have not been given adequate attention in academia.
Empowering Dalits is a wellcome contribution by top Nepali scholars and activists.
- Tom Roberts... more Empowering Dalits is a wellcome contribution by top Nepali scholars and activists. - Tom Robertson, Former Director of Fullbright Nepal. ...
This book deserves a wide readership from among those interested in inequality and social change in Nepal today. - Kedar Bhakta Mathema, Former Vice-Chancellor of Tribhuvan University
....This volume demonstrates the great progress and visibility of Dalit studies in how Dalits are affected by the local and global social, economic and political currents on the ground and theoretically. - Steve Folmar, Chair of the Department of Cultural/Applied Anthropology, Wake Forest University, USA
This book focuses on health, healing and health care in Nepal. It presents an intriguing picture:... more This book focuses on health, healing and health care in Nepal. It presents an intriguing picture: the interplay between the natural processes that cause ill health or diseases and the socio-cultural processes through which people try to understand and cope with them. The work places medical tradition, health politics, gender and health, and pharmaceutical business within the wider politico-economic milieu of Nepal. It also describes the establishment of medical anthropology as an academic discipline, and its relevance for understanding the country’s specific health problems, health care traditions, and health policies.
Combining scientific research with practical experiences, the book will serve as a unique resource, especially for health workers, policymakers, and teachers and students in medical schools, those in public health, social medicine, health care, governance and political studies, sociology and social anthropology, and Nepal and South Asian studies.
Although the use of health research seems to be increasing, there are some challenges which if ad... more Although the use of health research seems to be increasing, there are some challenges which if addressed could further improve evidence-informed decision making in Nepal. Promotion of systematic review and meta analysis of studies can contribute in promoting evidence-based health policy and plan formulation in Nepal
Th is book is a detailed inquiry into the state of teaching, curricula, research and the problems... more Th is book is a detailed inquiry into the state of teaching, curricula, research and the problems faced by the disciplines of Sociology and Anthropology in Nepal. It also suggests areas where improvements could be made in the future.
By drawing on insights from modern general anthropology and from the special branch of medical an... more By drawing on insights from modern general anthropology and from the special branch of medical anthropology as well as a central contribution to Nepal ethnography, the author manages to place medical traditions in a broad context of the specific socio-cultural conditions and the wider politico-economic processes of Nepal as a whole and thereby widen our understanding of health-seeking behavior in the complex life-worlds of Nepal. The study will be of great interest not only for the persons with a special interest in medical anthropology but also for readers with an interest in general anthropology and Nepal ethnography, and most importantly it ought to be taken seriously by applied workers dealing with improving the health situations in the country. - Professor Gunnar Haaland, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway.
- Bring Social Justice back to the Center,
- Be more self-critical,
- Recognize and stress the im... more - Bring Social Justice back to the Center, - Be more self-critical, - Recognize and stress the importance of discussing People’s Health – the health of disadvantaged
People should have right to select or reject any course of intervention while providing health se... more People should have right to select or reject any course of intervention while providing health services based on their knowledge, preference and socio-cultural ethics.
Mishra often looks the form of ‘grand theorizing’ and witnesses in broad cross-national research ... more Mishra often looks the form of ‘grand theorizing’ and witnesses in broad cross-national research and warns us that an explanation in terms of the immediately preceding set of variable(s) does possess the benefits of immediacy, concreteness and a certain instinctive appeal. Such an explanation fails to paint an adequate and authentic picture of the present and the future tendencies. Mishra emphasizes on broad socio-economic structures and argues that structural change can come slowly through political reforms and argues capitalism as a progressive historical stage.
Health care-seeking behaviour is defined as, “The actions that people undertake when they perceiv... more Health care-seeking behaviour is defined as, “The actions that people undertake when they perceive themselves to have some health problems or have some illness.” The behaviour guides people to find an appropriate remedy for their health concerns. People are influenced by various factors when they seek to make decisions concerning their health. This study aims to explore factors that act as facilitators and barriers to institutional delivery. The study also aims to explore the barriers and facilitators to routine child immunization and vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Integrating Social Determinants into Health Workforce Education and Clinical Training - A Case Study: Nepal | Local Health System Sustainability Project (lhssproject.org), 2022
This case study describes and analyzes Patan Academy of Health Science’s efforts and contributes ... more This case study describes and analyzes Patan Academy of Health Science’s efforts and contributes to the knowledge base on how to maximize the positive impact of integrating Social Determinants of Health into the education and training of health workers.
Perception towards Online Teaching-learning in Medical Education among Medical Students during COVID-19 Outbreak in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study, 2021
Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus disease in Nepal led medical colleges to suspend inper... more Introduction: The outbreak of coronavirus disease in Nepal led medical colleges to suspend inperson teaching-learning activities and ultimately online platform was introduced to deliver the contents of medical education. The objective of this study was to describe the perception of medical students towards online teaching-learning introduced during the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal. Methods: An online survey using a descriptive cross-sectional study design was carried out among 515 undergraduate medical students currently enrolled in medical colleges in Nepal. A semi-structured questionnaire in Google form was utilized to collect data. The link of the Google form was sent to the potential respondents through email and social media. Descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze data in SPSS vs20. Ethical approval was sought from Nepal Health Research Council to conduct this study, and digital informed consent was taken from study respondents. Results: The overall score of perception of online teaching-learning was 17.61±7.19, which indicated many problems in this method of teaching-learning. The mean score of perception of online teaching-learning was found to be different across sex, location of enrolled medical colleges, having a personal electronic device, having an internet connection at residence, having separate room/space for attending online classes, and self-rated computer skills. Moreover, only 28 (5.4%) of respondents had perceived online teaching-learning as a better method of delivering content of medical curricula. Conclusions: Surveyed medical students in Nepal were found to perceive many problems in online teaching-learning. Moreover, management and faculty members need to take the necessary measures for enhancing the online teaching-learning quality.
We applied the Collaborative Filmmaking (CF) method to study menstrual experiences, taboos, and s... more We applied the Collaborative Filmmaking (CF) method to study menstrual experiences, taboos, and stigma surrounding menstruation as a part of the Dignity without Danger Collaborative Research Study. Policymakers highly appreciated the women's efforts to make their own films, including script and character development. This is the "first episode" and recommended to bring the additional episodes to explore other aspects of menstruation in the future. Providing the women filmmakers with the opportunity to travel to the capital to represent their films provided validation for their contributions and motivation to continue filmmaking projects on other issues in their village. The women said they felt more confident than they were before participating in this project.
Young people have been at the forefront of leading major political, economic and social changes i... more Young people have been at the forefront of leading major political, economic and social changes in Nepal. Most of the transformative political movements have mobilized young people as the driving force behind revolutions, protests and civic disobedience. Young people migrating firstly to urban centers from rural areas and then to foreign countries have transformed the socio-economic realities of the country. They are facing new risks and opportunities. The maintenance of traditional opportunity structures combined with subjective disembedding is a constant source of frustration and stress for Nepali youths.
Nepal's progress in reducing its maternal mortality is inconsistent in rural, remote and ethnical... more Nepal's progress in reducing its maternal mortality is inconsistent in rural, remote and ethnically diverse areas. Challenges extend beyond difficult topography and poverty to policy and personnel issues, lack of consistency and poor accountability. A new federal political structure promises increased local consultation but addressing specific local needs and challenges requires trust, commitment, and collaboration. We use an analysis of trust factors (Gilson 2006) and a social ecological approach to explore the interrelationship between factors and what issues were in the control of the community itself. • Understanding locally nuanced challenges in safe birth preparedness • Building a collaborative community based approach to safe birth preparedness. We worked with local care providers, facilitators and community decision-makers to explore and address issues around use of the birthing centre in an Indigenous community in Mugu, Nepal. Our work highlights the impact of local consultation and creative problem solving in community engagement for improving uptake of health services and building trust in marginalized communities. We encouraged the community to bridge the gap between decision-makers, providers and service users, finding ways to resolve issues within their control. In Nepal, Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) and Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) are well placed to build these collaborative approaches, but need tools for facilitation. • Participatory action research approaches to engage community members • Interviews and focus groups to gather local insights into the drivers of successful safe birth promotion in various communities. Factors identified: • Policies around institutional delivery • Geography and distance, location of centres • Lack of 24 hour service • Lack of women's autonomy in reproductive decision-making, family politics, poverty • Awareness, shyness and fear of poor treatment by care providers. Phase 2-Sharing our findings with community members and facilitating planning. • Lack of trust of providers by community due to lack of 24 hour care and commitment to community • Fear and lack of trust among providers based on unsafe living quarters • Highlighting conditions over which community had some control • Community action plan developed for improving quarters to facilitate staff provision of service and build trust • Community approached the district level administration for some assistance. • Community took action: sought funds to improve quarters and contributed labour to the process • Staff quarters now safe and comfortable, staff are staying in the community and trust is increasing among women and families around clinical services in the birthing centre. We offered support to the decision-makers and emphasized community role in resolving local issues.
International Conference on Social Structure and Social Change 21-22 November 2017, Pokhara
... more International Conference on Social Structure and Social Change 21-22 November 2017, Pokhara Organized By Nepal Sociological Association, Kathmandu In collaboration with Central Department of Sociology MPhil Program in Sociology Tribhuvan University Supported By University Grants Commission, Nepal Governance Facility, Kathmandu
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multifaceted, demanding a comprehensive and nuanced
approach to research methodologies. This paper highlights
the significance of mixed methods research in addressing the
intricate and dynamic nature of social phenomena. Mixed
methods not only enhance the validity and reliability of
research findings but also allow for a holistic understanding
of social phenomena and empower researchers to explore
the comprehensiveness and diversity of human experiences,
behaviors, and interactions that the traditional single-method
approach often falls short of. Furthermore, mixed methods
facilitates the triangulation of data, enabling researchers
to corroborate and validate results through diverse lenses,
thereby fortifying the robustness of their conclusions. Mixed
methods contribute to the development of more effective and
informed social and public policy interventions. Adopting
mixed methods in social science research is not merely a choice
but a necessity for unlocking the full potential of inquiry and
advancing our collective understanding of the complex social
world.
multifaceted, demanding a comprehensive and nuanced
approach to research methodologies. This paper highlights
the significance of mixed methods research in addressing the
intricate and dynamic nature of social phenomena. Mixed
methods not only enhance the validity and reliability of
research findings but also allow for a holistic understanding
of social phenomena and empower researchers to explore
the comprehensiveness and diversity of human experiences,
behaviors, and interactions that the traditional single-method
approach often falls short of. Furthermore, mixed methods
facilitates the triangulation of data, enabling researchers
to corroborate and validate results through diverse lenses,
thereby fortifying the robustness of their conclusions. Mixed
methods contribute to the development of more effective and
informed social and public policy interventions. Adopting
mixed methods in social science research is not merely a choice
but a necessity for unlocking the full potential of inquiry and
advancing our collective understanding of the complex social
world.
Nepal. Taking an interdisciplinary and intersectional approach, it explores
and promotes the rights of women, girls, and people who menstruate to a
dignified and healthy menstruation.
The volume
• collates current research in Nepal from local academics, early career
researchers, and the Dignity Without Danger research project;
• provides a more nuanced understanding of the complex stigmas and
taboos that surround menstruation;
• highlights the importance of rethinking ideas of religion, gender, menstruation, stigma and taboos, cultural practises, and discrimination;
• proposes a counter-narrative that places sociological studies at the heart of the discussion surrounding menstruation; and
• calls for more collaborative action research to strengthen the links between academia and activism across disciplines.
An authoritative contribution, the book will be of interest to scholars and
researchers of gender studies, public health, sociology, human rights, South Asian studies, medical sociology, cultural studies, and social medicine, particularly for those concerned with Nepal.
ethnicity, revealing how the intersectionality of these constructs has created unique social stratifications within different communities. It delves into the complexities of caste-based ethnic identities, shedding light on the way they intersect and influence social roles, political dynamics, and economic opportunities. In addition, the research highlights how these social constructs impact the lives of marginalized groups, particularly women, Dalits, and minority communities. It scrutinizes policies aimed at promoting social equality, inclusivity. The paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on social constructs in Nepal and serves as a foundation for future studies and policy initiatives dedicated
to creating a more equitable society.
- Madhusudan Subedi and Archana Maharjan
This chapter is about the transformation of Jat-based division of work and social relationship in Nepal. Due to the influence of market economy and modernization, especially in urban areas, many young people are less interested about their Jat status, and give more priority to economic status, focusing on social mobility based on their performance. However, change and continuity of Jat-based relations over the generations have not been given adequate attention in academia.
- Tom Robertson, Former Director of Fullbright Nepal. ...
This book deserves a wide readership from among those interested in inequality and social change in Nepal today.
- Kedar Bhakta Mathema, Former Vice-Chancellor of Tribhuvan University
....This volume demonstrates the great progress and visibility of Dalit studies in how Dalits are affected by the local and global social, economic and political currents on the ground and theoretically.
- Steve Folmar, Chair of the Department of Cultural/Applied Anthropology, Wake Forest University, USA
Combining scientific research with practical experiences, the book will serve as a unique resource, especially for health workers, policymakers, and teachers and students in medical schools, those in public health, social medicine, health care, governance and political studies, sociology and social anthropology, and Nepal and South Asian studies.
- Professor Gunnar Haaland, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway.
- Be more self-critical,
- Recognize and stress the importance of discussing People’s Health – the health of disadvantaged
themselves to have some health problems or have some illness.” The behaviour guides people to find an
appropriate remedy for their health concerns. People are influenced by various factors when they seek
to make decisions concerning their health. This study aims to explore factors that act as facilitators and
barriers to institutional delivery. The study also aims to explore the barriers and facilitators to routine
child immunization and vaccination against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods: An online survey using a descriptive cross-sectional study design was carried out among 515 undergraduate medical students currently enrolled in medical colleges in Nepal. A semi-structured questionnaire in Google form was utilized to collect data. The link of the Google
form was sent to the potential respondents through email and social media. Descriptive statistics,
including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to analyze data in SPSS
vs20. Ethical approval was sought from Nepal Health Research Council to conduct this study, and
digital informed consent was taken from study respondents.
Results: The overall score of perception of online teaching-learning was 17.61±7.19, which indicated
many problems in this method of teaching-learning. The mean score of perception of online
teaching-learning was found to be different across sex, location of enrolled medical colleges, having
a personal electronic device, having an internet connection at residence, having separate room/space
for attending online classes, and self-rated computer skills. Moreover, only 28 (5.4%) of respondents
had perceived online teaching-learning as a better method of delivering content of medical curricula.
Conclusions: Surveyed medical students in Nepal were found to perceive many problems in online
teaching-learning. Moreover, management and faculty members need to take the necessary measures
for enhancing the online teaching-learning quality.
opportunity to travel to the capital to represent their films provided validation for their contributions and motivation to continue filmmaking projects on other issues in their village. The women said they felt more confident than they were before participating in this project.
Organized By Nepal Sociological Association, Kathmandu
In collaboration with Central Department of Sociology MPhil Program in Sociology Tribhuvan University
Supported By University Grants Commission, Nepal Governance Facility, Kathmandu