In 1219, northern Estonia unwittingly became the site of an extraordinary social experiment. Than... more In 1219, northern Estonia unwittingly became the site of an extraordinary social experiment. Thanks to a victorious battle fought on 15 June 1219 by Danish King Valdemar II during the Crusades near the future city of Reval against pagan inhabitants, an immediate Christianization campaign ensued, beginning with the recording of all existing settlements. Granting of the first vassal fiefs was initiated, which can be determined according to an annex to the so-called Liber Census Daniae from around 1241. Royal North-Estonian vassals had formed a corporation called “universitas vasallorum per Estoniam constituta” in 1259, which constituted the power elite in the Duchy of Estonia after the sale of Estonia to the Teutonic Order in 1346. Estonian vassal fiefs were recognized by the Teutonic Knights as hereditary in 1397, yet vassals of the Livonian bishops received similar privileges only over 100 years later.
Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeń... more Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeńskiego klasztoru cysterskiego w estońskiej diecezji dorpackiej. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zakładanie klasztorów żeńskich nie było sprawą priorytetową w świeżo chrystianizowanych, słabo zaludnionych i peryferyjnych Inflantach. Pierwsze klasztory męskie na tych ziemiach powstały w pierwszej dekadzie XIII w., klasztory żeńskie – dopiero na początku drugiej połowy XIII w. Fundatorami wszystkich byli lokalni władcy terytorialni – król duński i inflanccy biskupi (ryski, dorpacki i ozylski). Należy więc uznać, że podobnie było w wypadku klasztoru cysterek dorpackich, i szukać jego fundatora wśród dorpackich hierarchów. Wydaje się, że inicjatorem tej fundacji, która po raz pierwszy była wzmiankowana źródłowo dopiero w 1345 r., mógł być biskup dorpacki Frederick von Haseldorf, sprawujący tę godność w latach 1268 – ok. 1289. Sprzyjały temu stosunkowo długi czas jego pontyfikatu, potwierdzone źródł...
The aim of this paper was to try to answer the question of who and when initiated the foundation ... more The aim of this paper was to try to answer the question of who and when initiated the foundation of a Female Cistercian monastery in the Estonian Diocese of Dorpat (Tartu). There is no doubt that the establishment of nunneries was not a priority in the newly Christianized, sparsely populated and peripheral Livonia. The first male monasteries in these lands were established in the first decade of the thirteenth century, female ones – only at the beginning of the second half of the thirteenth century. The founders of all of them were local territorial rulers – the Danish king and Livonian bishops (Riga, Dorpat and Osil) respectivly. Therefore, it should be recognized that it was similar in the case of the Cistercian munnery at Dorpat and look for its founder among the Dorpat hierarchs. It seems that the initiator of this foundation, which was first mentioned in 1345, could have been the Bishop of Dorpat Frederick von Haseldorf, who held this dignity in the years 1268 - c. 1289. This was facilitated by the relatively long time of his pontificate, his earlier interest in women's monasticism (his native Holstein, Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania), as well as his high social and financial position. It seems that the intention of the foundation arose only in the last years of the bishop's life and after his death the money brought by the Dorpat cathedral chapter from Stralsund, which was the legacy of the deceased bishop, was allocated for this purpose. The establishment of the nunnery was probably extended in time, as in the case of slightly better-lit source and earlier foundations of Cistercian nunneries in Riga and Rewal, but perhaps it began to function still in the thirteenth century, closing the period of Christianization of Livonia, to which all Cistercian foundations in the area of Old Livonia belonged.
In 1219, northern Estonia unwittingly became the site of an extraordinary social experiment. Than... more In 1219, northern Estonia unwittingly became the site of an extraordinary social experiment. Thanks to a victorious battle fought on 15 June 1219 by Danish King Valdemar II during the Crusades near the future city of Reval against pagan inhabitants, an immediate Christianization campaign ensued, beginning with the recording of all existing settlements. Granting of the first vassal fiefs was initiated, which can be determined according to an annex to the so-called Liber Census Daniae from around 1241. Royal North-Estonian vassals had formed a corporation called “universitas vasallorum per Estoniam constituta” in 1259, which constituted the power elite in the Duchy of Estonia after the sale of Estonia to the Teutonic Order in 1346. Estonian vassal fiefs were recognized by the Teutonic Knights as hereditary in 1397, yet vassals of the Livonian bishops received similar privileges only over 100 years later.
Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeń... more Celem niniejszego artykułu była próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, kto i kiedy zainicjował fundację żeńskiego klasztoru cysterskiego w estońskiej diecezji dorpackiej. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że zakładanie klasztorów żeńskich nie było sprawą priorytetową w świeżo chrystianizowanych, słabo zaludnionych i peryferyjnych Inflantach. Pierwsze klasztory męskie na tych ziemiach powstały w pierwszej dekadzie XIII w., klasztory żeńskie – dopiero na początku drugiej połowy XIII w. Fundatorami wszystkich byli lokalni władcy terytorialni – król duński i inflanccy biskupi (ryski, dorpacki i ozylski). Należy więc uznać, że podobnie było w wypadku klasztoru cysterek dorpackich, i szukać jego fundatora wśród dorpackich hierarchów. Wydaje się, że inicjatorem tej fundacji, która po raz pierwszy była wzmiankowana źródłowo dopiero w 1345 r., mógł być biskup dorpacki Frederick von Haseldorf, sprawujący tę godność w latach 1268 – ok. 1289. Sprzyjały temu stosunkowo długi czas jego pontyfikatu, potwierdzone źródł...
The aim of this paper was to try to answer the question of who and when initiated the foundation ... more The aim of this paper was to try to answer the question of who and when initiated the foundation of a Female Cistercian monastery in the Estonian Diocese of Dorpat (Tartu). There is no doubt that the establishment of nunneries was not a priority in the newly Christianized, sparsely populated and peripheral Livonia. The first male monasteries in these lands were established in the first decade of the thirteenth century, female ones – only at the beginning of the second half of the thirteenth century. The founders of all of them were local territorial rulers – the Danish king and Livonian bishops (Riga, Dorpat and Osil) respectivly. Therefore, it should be recognized that it was similar in the case of the Cistercian munnery at Dorpat and look for its founder among the Dorpat hierarchs. It seems that the initiator of this foundation, which was first mentioned in 1345, could have been the Bishop of Dorpat Frederick von Haseldorf, who held this dignity in the years 1268 - c. 1289. This was facilitated by the relatively long time of his pontificate, his earlier interest in women's monasticism (his native Holstein, Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania), as well as his high social and financial position. It seems that the intention of the foundation arose only in the last years of the bishop's life and after his death the money brought by the Dorpat cathedral chapter from Stralsund, which was the legacy of the deceased bishop, was allocated for this purpose. The establishment of the nunnery was probably extended in time, as in the case of slightly better-lit source and earlier foundations of Cistercian nunneries in Riga and Rewal, but perhaps it began to function still in the thirteenth century, closing the period of Christianization of Livonia, to which all Cistercian foundations in the area of Old Livonia belonged.
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