Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is t... more Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross-culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero-sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country-level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,781 men from 42 countries supported the individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.
Much research on moral judgment is centered on moral dilemmas in which deontological perspectives... more Much research on moral judgment is centered on moral dilemmas in which deontological perspectives (i.e., emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with utilitarian judgements (i.e., following the greater good defined through consequences). A central finding of this field Greene et al. showed that psychological and situational factors (e.g., the intent of the agent, or physical contact between the agent and the victim) play an important role in people’s use of deontological versus utilitarian considerations when making moral decisions. As their study was conducted with US samples, our knowledge is limited concerning the universality of this effect, in general, and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors of moral judgments, in particular. Here, we empirically test the universality of deontological and utilitarian judgments by replicating Greene et al.’s experiments on a large (N = X,XXX) and diverse (WEIRD and non-WEIRD) sample across ...
Malawak na ang pananaliksik sa moralidad sa sikolohiya, ngunit kadalasang hindi napapansin ang ko... more Malawak na ang pananaliksik sa moralidad sa sikolohiya, ngunit kadalasang hindi napapansin ang konteksto, lalo na ng mga mula sa laylayan ng lipunan. Dahil dito, nilayon ng pananaliksik na ito na maunawaan ang moral na pamantayan at pangangatwiran ng mga bata at ng kanilang mga ina sa konteksto ng kahirapan. Sa ganitong layon, ginamit sa pananaliksik ang metodong pakikipagkwentuhan sa 12 batang may edad na 7 hanggang 14, at pakikipanayam sa kanilang mga ina. Binigyang-diin ang mga pamantayan ng respeto sa kapwa at nakatatanda, pagiging masunurin, pangangalaga sa mga relasyon, pag-iwas sa panganib at masasamang impluwensiya, respeto sa pagmamay-ari ng iba, at pag-aaral nang mabuti. Ang mga moral na pangangatwiran naman ay mas nakatuon sa kahihinatnan, maging sa bata mismo, sa kanyang pamilya, at sa ibang tao sa labas ng pamilya. Ang mga kahihinatnang tinalakay ay nagbibigay-halaga sa kapwa, hindi lamang sa mga taong may direktang kinalaman sa asal na tinutukoy, kundi pati sa ibang tao tulad ng pamilya at komunidad. Naging matimbang din ang kahirapan sa pagbibigay-diin sa mas matiwasay na kinabukasan ng bata at pag-ahon sa kahirapan, at pagpapanatili ng relasyon sa komunidad. Mula sa mga kinasapitan, kapansin-pansin ang halaga ng pag-unawa ng konteksto sa pag-aaral ng moralidad. Abstract There is a rich body of research on morality in various areas of psychology. However, they do not always take into account the context of individuals, particularly those at the margins of society. Thus, this study examined the moral standards maintained by children and their mothers living in poverty, as well as their reasoning behind these standards. To achieve these objectives, pakikipagkwentuhan was used among a total of 12 children aged 7 to 14, while interviews were conducted with their respective mothers. Moral standards revolved mainly around deference to authority, respect, fulfillment of household and academic responsibilities, avoidance of vices, and maintenance of relationships within the family and community. Such standards are rooted in reasoning oriented towards consequences, be it on the child, the family, or other people. These consequences emphasize the value of kapwa, not just in terms of the individuals directly involved in the behaviors, but even in relation to the family and the community. The context of poverty also weighs heavily, as they emphasize the importance of increasing children's chances of success and survival, and maintaining positive relationships within the community. These findings thus highlight the importance of considering contextual factors in understanding morality.
Same-sex marriage in the Philippines remains a highly contentious issue due to the influence of r... more Same-sex marriage in the Philippines remains a highly contentious issue due to the influence of religion in this predominantly Catholic country, where it is often framed as an issue of morality. However, the psychological underpinnings of this religious influence still merits further exploration. Thus, we examined the role of religious behaviors and moral foundations in predicting attitudes toward same-sex marriage among Filipinos. Data from 385 participants revealed that the particular behavior of reading the main sacred text of one's religion, rather than the often-used predictor of religious attendance predicts negative attitudes. Beyond these religious variables, the moral foundation of Purity/sanctity also predicts negative attitudes. Recommendations for further research and possible implications on attitude change are discussed in light of these findings.
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is t... more Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross-culturally, to test if both individual- and country-level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero-sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile sexism. Because country-level gender equality may threaten men's higher gender status, we also examined whether the path from zero-sum beliefs to collective action intentions was stronger in countries higher in gender equality. Multilevel modeling on 6,781 men from 42 countries supported the individual-level mediation model, but found no evidence of moderation by country-level gender equality. Both country-level gender equality and individual-level zero-sum thinking independently predicted reductions in men's willingness to act collectively for gender equality.
Much research on moral judgment is centered on moral dilemmas in which deontological perspectives... more Much research on moral judgment is centered on moral dilemmas in which deontological perspectives (i.e., emphasizing rules, individual rights and duties) are in conflict with utilitarian judgements (i.e., following the greater good defined through consequences). A central finding of this field Greene et al. showed that psychological and situational factors (e.g., the intent of the agent, or physical contact between the agent and the victim) play an important role in people’s use of deontological versus utilitarian considerations when making moral decisions. As their study was conducted with US samples, our knowledge is limited concerning the universality of this effect, in general, and the impact of culture on the situational and psychological factors of moral judgments, in particular. Here, we empirically test the universality of deontological and utilitarian judgments by replicating Greene et al.’s experiments on a large (N = X,XXX) and diverse (WEIRD and non-WEIRD) sample across ...
Malawak na ang pananaliksik sa moralidad sa sikolohiya, ngunit kadalasang hindi napapansin ang ko... more Malawak na ang pananaliksik sa moralidad sa sikolohiya, ngunit kadalasang hindi napapansin ang konteksto, lalo na ng mga mula sa laylayan ng lipunan. Dahil dito, nilayon ng pananaliksik na ito na maunawaan ang moral na pamantayan at pangangatwiran ng mga bata at ng kanilang mga ina sa konteksto ng kahirapan. Sa ganitong layon, ginamit sa pananaliksik ang metodong pakikipagkwentuhan sa 12 batang may edad na 7 hanggang 14, at pakikipanayam sa kanilang mga ina. Binigyang-diin ang mga pamantayan ng respeto sa kapwa at nakatatanda, pagiging masunurin, pangangalaga sa mga relasyon, pag-iwas sa panganib at masasamang impluwensiya, respeto sa pagmamay-ari ng iba, at pag-aaral nang mabuti. Ang mga moral na pangangatwiran naman ay mas nakatuon sa kahihinatnan, maging sa bata mismo, sa kanyang pamilya, at sa ibang tao sa labas ng pamilya. Ang mga kahihinatnang tinalakay ay nagbibigay-halaga sa kapwa, hindi lamang sa mga taong may direktang kinalaman sa asal na tinutukoy, kundi pati sa ibang tao tulad ng pamilya at komunidad. Naging matimbang din ang kahirapan sa pagbibigay-diin sa mas matiwasay na kinabukasan ng bata at pag-ahon sa kahirapan, at pagpapanatili ng relasyon sa komunidad. Mula sa mga kinasapitan, kapansin-pansin ang halaga ng pag-unawa ng konteksto sa pag-aaral ng moralidad. Abstract There is a rich body of research on morality in various areas of psychology. However, they do not always take into account the context of individuals, particularly those at the margins of society. Thus, this study examined the moral standards maintained by children and their mothers living in poverty, as well as their reasoning behind these standards. To achieve these objectives, pakikipagkwentuhan was used among a total of 12 children aged 7 to 14, while interviews were conducted with their respective mothers. Moral standards revolved mainly around deference to authority, respect, fulfillment of household and academic responsibilities, avoidance of vices, and maintenance of relationships within the family and community. Such standards are rooted in reasoning oriented towards consequences, be it on the child, the family, or other people. These consequences emphasize the value of kapwa, not just in terms of the individuals directly involved in the behaviors, but even in relation to the family and the community. The context of poverty also weighs heavily, as they emphasize the importance of increasing children's chances of success and survival, and maintaining positive relationships within the community. These findings thus highlight the importance of considering contextual factors in understanding morality.
Same-sex marriage in the Philippines remains a highly contentious issue due to the influence of r... more Same-sex marriage in the Philippines remains a highly contentious issue due to the influence of religion in this predominantly Catholic country, where it is often framed as an issue of morality. However, the psychological underpinnings of this religious influence still merits further exploration. Thus, we examined the role of religious behaviors and moral foundations in predicting attitudes toward same-sex marriage among Filipinos. Data from 385 participants revealed that the particular behavior of reading the main sacred text of one's religion, rather than the often-used predictor of religious attendance predicts negative attitudes. Beyond these religious variables, the moral foundation of Purity/sanctity also predicts negative attitudes. Recommendations for further research and possible implications on attitude change are discussed in light of these findings.
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Papers by Danielle Ochoa