The operations of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) lead to the generation of effl... more The operations of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) lead to the generation of effluents. Plants growing in the drain are in constant exposure to these effluents. Mariscus longibrateatus, which is the most abundant plant species growing in the drain, was studied to determine the effects of the effluents on the plant. Plant samples and soil on which the plant grows, were analyzed for heavy metals. Manganese (1.30mg/g) and copper (1.30mg/g) had the highest concentration of heavy metals in the roots. The plant samples had thinner leaves than the control plant, which may be attributed to dehydration and some hidden injuries. The leaf whole vascular bundle of the studied plants ranged from 19085–20790µm2 whereas phloem and xylem area ranged from 3995 – 4290µm2 and 6584-7004µm2 respectively. Transfer and bioaccumulation factors revealed that heavy metals were not effectively transferred from the root to the stem, but the plant was able to survive in the drain containing KRPC...
The research measured the synergistic and toxic effect of Sub-lethal doses of locally formulated ... more The research measured the synergistic and toxic effect of Sub-lethal doses of locally formulated pesticide "Ota-piapia" on some liver enzymes activities and haemato-biochemical parameters in Wistar rats while extrapolate their likely effect on humans and the possibility of recovery after cessation of exposure. Twenty-four male and female Wistar rats were acquired from the animal house of Biological Sciences department of Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna and were allowed to acclimatize for 4 weeks. They were assigned into four different groups (1, 2, 3 and 4) of four rats per group. Group1 served as the control thus no treatment was administered. Varying concentrations (w/v) of "Ota piapia" were administered to groups 2 (5 mL), 3 (8 mL) and 4 (10 mL) via sprinkling with 10 mL syringe three times a week for a period of 12 weeks. The rats were left for 4 weeks to recover from the effect of the pesticide. Both groups were mildly anaesthetized with chloroform before euthanasia and dissection and subsequently they were sacrificed. Blood were immediately collected and analyzed for activities of some liver enzymes and haemato-biochemical parameters. Results revealed increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), as compared to the control (P<0.05). There was no significant level of recovery in the haematological and biochemical parameter when compared to the control group even after four weeks of cessation of exposure. The findings of the study showed that local formulation of Ota-piapia pesticide had significant (P<0.05) effect on the experimental animals at different sub-lethal concentrations. We therefore, recommend that such pesticide be handled with caution and its proliferation should be regulated.
Microorganisms such as fungi can fragment carbon compounds by hydrolytic enzymes. The filamentous... more Microorganisms such as fungi can fragment carbon compounds by hydrolytic enzymes. The filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger is now mostly considered because of its ubiquitous nature, non-fastidious nutritional requirements and it is classified generally as safe. This study was aimed at the production of cellulosic enzymes by A. niger and hydrolytic degradation of cellulosic materials by these enzymes. Standard methods were employed in soil samples collection, isolation of A. niger from the soils and their screening for enzyme production. Results showed that the A. niger isolates exhibited considerable activities of degrading and hydrolyzing cellulose in the agar media. The highest FPase, cellulase and xylanase activities were obtained from white saw dust with concentrations of 0.4059 U/ml, 0.7695U/ml and 1.3488 U/ml respectively. Also, results showed high enzyme activity at pH 6 (0.52U/ml) and temperature of 30ºC (0.72U/ml). Acid hydrolysis of the cellulosic substrates resulted to t...
The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six di... more The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six different plots under Eucalypt plantation soils were investigated. Six soil samples as well as leaf litter from each plot were collected from the plantation. Using standard methods, the soil samples as well as the leaf litter samples were analyzed for chemical properties (pH, Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium). Microbiological characteristics (Total viable bacteria and fungi, and Carbon (IV) oxide evolution) of the decaying leaf litter samples were also determined. All analyses were done at day 1, 30 and 60 of the decomposition period. Litterbag study was employed; each litterbag contained a soil and its corresponding leaf litter obtained from the particular plot were designated as E1 – E6. The decomposition rates of the litter in E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6 were found to be 0.00393, 0.00331, 0.00479, 0.00571, 0.00548 and 0.00271 respectively. The results...
This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antio... more This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antioxidant properties of Roselle calyx aqueous extract and determined the physicochemical changes of the fermented extract. Total phenolics, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid content, total monomeric anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of roselle aqueous extract were investigated before and after fermentation. Roselle calyx aqueous extract was fermented for period of 10 days. During fermentation, the extract was evaluated for pH, alcohol (%), titratable acidity (%) and total soluble solids (oBrix). Total soluble solids and pH significantly decreased at the end of the fermentation whereas titratable acidity and alcohol content significantly increased. Fermentation caused significant reduction in total monomeric anthocyanin content from an initial value of 3518±30.8 to 1075±28.2 CGE/100 g dry extract whereas significant increase was observed in total phenolic content from 195...
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generati... more The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the ...
European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
It is obvious that malaria is one of the commonest diseases in Africa, hence the need to embark o... more It is obvious that malaria is one of the commonest diseases in Africa, hence the need to embark on a study to reduce its transmission by eliminating the vector. Some microorganisms are known to have larvicidal activity leading to destruction of mosquito larvae, thereby, preventing them from metamorphosing into adult mosquitoes that can transmit Plasmodium spp. Panteka stream, Kaduna, Nigeria, is a dumping site for refuse and automobile waste and thus, a potential source of bacteria. This present investigation was aimed at screening bacterial isolates for their larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae. Standard methods were employed in sample collection, isolation, morphological, biochemical identification and protein profiling of these bacteria isolates. Five different types of bacteria were identified; Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sedentarius, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumonia. Among these bacteria, B. thuringiensis exhibited the m...
Kazakhstan is one of the largest oil producers in the world. But, at present, the most oil fields... more Kazakhstan is one of the largest oil producers in the world. But, at present, the most oil fields of country have entered to the final stage of development, which characterized by drop in production rates. A promising way to increase the oil recovery from depleted oil reservoirs by ecologically friendly method is the use of microorganisms with high metabolic activity. The aim of our work is screening biosurfactant producing bacteria for application in microbial enhanced oil recovery. The screening of biosurfactant producing bacteria was carried out by determining the emulsifying activity of isolates and quantitative determination of produced biosurfactants by spectrophotometric method. Interfacial tension between crude oil and biosurfactant solution was determined using the ring detachment method. Active bacterial isolates were identified based on morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. From 4 oil reservoirs of west Kazakhstan on different nutrient media 35 bacterial isolates were isolated. Among them 4 bacteria posessed the greatest emulsifying activity – more than 70%. Isolate Zh 105-9 produced the largest amount of biosurfactants (more than 10 mg/l). Interfacial tension between crude oil and biosurfactant solution produced by strain Zh 105-9 reduced to 38.6 mN/m. This strain was identified as Bacillus sp.
European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the... more Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the generation of large quantities of explosive chemicals. Detonation and disposal of these explosive chemicals contaminate soil and ground water, thus posing a threat to living organisms and natural resources. The most commonly used explosives in artillery shells, bombs, grenades and other munitions are 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Due to their recalcitrant nature, toxicity and persistence in the environment, the study of their biodegradation and biotransformation is paramount. This paper reviews the chemistry, fate, degradation and transformation of this explosive chemicals in the natural environment. Emphasis is placed on TNT, RDX and HMX. This review will help scientists to adopt strategies and develop optimum biological treatment scheme for the in situ bioremediation of explosives-...
European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 2021
This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antio... more This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antioxidant properties of Roselle calyx aqueous extract and determined the physicochemical changes of the fermented extract. Total phenolics, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid content, total monomeric anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of roselle aqueous extract were investigated before and after fermentation. Roselle calyx aqueous extract was fermented for period of 10 days. During fermentation, the extract was evaluated for pH, alcohol (%), titratable acidity (%) and total soluble solids (o Brix). Total soluble solids and pH significantly decreased at the end of the fermentation whereas titratable acidity and alcohol content significantly increased. Fermentation caused significant reduction in total monomeric anthocyanin content from an initial value of 3518±30.8 to 1075±28.2 CGE/100 g dry extract whereas significant increase was observed in total phenolic content from 195.75±76.01 to 455.5±1.41 mgGAE/100 g dry extract and ascorbic acid content from 1392±101 to 2028±108 mg AAE/100 g dry extract and total flavonoids increased from 193.0±74.25 to 291.5±4.95 mgQE/100 g dry extract but it was not significant. There was also a significant increase in 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of roselle calyx aqueous extract from an initial value of 44.15% to final value of 71.10% after fermentation, leading to an increase in antioxidant activity. Therefore, the quantity of phenolic compounds increased with fermentation process. This study showed that roselle calyx aqueous extract fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a better antioxidant activity.
Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2020
The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generati... more The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the period of bioremediation. There was a noticeable decline in the phenol, lead, cadmium and nickel in the entire bioremediation medium. There was a positive correlation between phenol and cadmium with a coefficient of 0.969. Consortia of fungi isolated from the refinery effluent and Romi River samples were effective in the bioremediation of refinery effluent. The mixed consortium of four fungi showed the most efficacies in the bioremediation of refinery effluent in terms of phenol, oil and grease, cadmium, lead and cadmium reduction. Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) should adopt bioremediation as one of the techniques in treating effluents before being discharged into receiving water bodies.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Tectona grandis, have the characteristics of fast growth rate. The d... more Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Tectona grandis, have the characteristics of fast growth rate. The decomposition of litter biomass of these exotic plants is necessary in order to return the nutrients taken up by the plants. Some of the major nutrients include nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. To have a better understanding of the decomposition of leaf litters of E. camaldulensis and T. grandis, bacteria and fungi associated with their decomposition were investigated. Soil and leaf litters of these exotic plant species were collected from six sampling sites of each plantation designated as E1-E6 for E. camaldulensis and T1-T6 for T. grandis, respectively. Litterbag technique was employed for the decomposition study which lasted for 60 days. Using standard methods, analysis of carbon (IV) oxide evolution and microbial population were done at day 1, 30 and 60 of the decomposition period. Results showed that there was a general decrease in the percentage mass loss of E. camaldulensis and T. grandis leaf litter samples, which ranged from 71-85% and 40-61% respectively. The amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium decreased in the leaf litter but increased in the soil during decomposition. The evolution of CO was highest in E4 on day 60 (554.4 µg/g/day) among E. camaldulensis samples, 2 whereas the evolution of CO was highest in T2 on day 30with a value of 516.5 µg/g/day 2 among T. grandis samples. The bacteria isolated during the decomposition periods were Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris while fungi were Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum. Bacillus licheniformis was the most prevalent bacteria isolated. There is need to molecularly establish the specific capability of each microbial isolate with the view to identifying those that sequentially elaborate enzymes that can completely metabolize the leaf litters to their elemental form for adequate enrichment of the soil. This will enhance rapid recovery of the composite undergrowth and also promote diverse microbial colonization.
Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019
Rapid industrialization and growing population result to high demand for energy. Depletion and ri... more Rapid industrialization and growing population result to high demand for energy. Depletion and rise in price of petroleum as well as environmental pollution necessitates the need for alternative source of fuel, hence bioethanol production. Rice bran (Oryza sativa), Corn bran (Zea mays) and Sorghum bran (Sorghum guinense) and saw dusts of Khaya senegalensis (Red wood), Terminalia superba (Black wood), Gmelina arborea (White wood), were used for the study. The yeasts used for the study were isolated from fermented beverages (Sorghum beer, Millet beverage and Palm wine). The results of the lignocellulosic biomass of white saw dust, red saw dust, black saw dust, rice bran, corn bran and sorghum bran revealed cellulose components as 77.78%, 75.55%, 68.59%, 64.83%, 54.82% and 55.14% respectively. A total of 25 yeasts were isolates and identified using API 20C AUX strip. The yeast isolates, K2, B5, B7 and P1 had the highest ethanol tolerance value of 14%. The results showed that the ethanol-producing ability of the yeast isolates ranged from 4.1% to 10.3%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that ethanol is the main compound produced by yeasts from the lignocellulosic materials. This study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine (P1) is best in ethanol production and tolerance, and this high prolific strain can be exploited or engineered for ethanol production. Therefore, Lignocellulosic biomasses are recommended as raw materials for producing ethanol, which is a promising alternative energy source as against the depleting petroleum.
Since time immemorial, humans depend on plant resources for their benefit, from the recollection,... more Since time immemorial, humans depend on plant resources for their benefit, from the recollection, as food and medicine. Medicinal plants contribute to the raw materials used for both traditional and modern systems of medicine. Among plants known for its medicinal importance, is Ocimum basilicum. This plant is widely used in Northern Nigeria, with little knowledge to its phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties. Need arises for an evaluation of the phytochemicals, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of this indigenous Ocimum basilicum, with a view to access their therapeutic values. Standard methods were employed for the analyses. The result of phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins and phenols in both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaf. The quantitative estimation of chemical constituents of the leaf of the plant showed high percentage of flavonoids of 94.00% and 51.29% for aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the plant extracts is due by its high concentration of flavonoids. The leaf extracts showed significant effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Shigella dysentriae. Salmonella typhi showed complete resistance to the leaf extracts. Methanolic extract of the leaf showed wide zone of inhibition of about 30mm against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC and MBC of 1.56mg/ml and 3.125mg/ml respectively. The phytochemicals such as flavonoids and alkaloids obtained from the plant are appreciable. These are responsible for the ethno-medical, pharmacological, therapeutic and traditional uses of the plant.
There is high demand for nutrients by exotic tree species due to their rapid growth rate. The dec... more There is high demand for nutrients by exotic tree species due to their rapid growth rate. The decomposition of leaf litters of two plant species, Tectona grandis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were investigated using litterbag study. Soil and leaf litters were collected from six sampling sites in each plantation designated as E1-E6 for E. camaldulensis and T1-T6 for T. grandisrespectively. The collected samples were analyzed for their chemical properties using standard methodsat day 1, 30 and 60 during the experimental period. Results showed that the decomposition rate in E. camaldulensis ranged from 0.00271 to 0.00571 while in T. grandis, decomposition rates ranged from 0.00824 to 0.01527. There was a general decrease in both foliar mass and chemical compositions while soil chemical and microbiological parameters increased, indicating nutrient release into the soil. Decomposition rates was higher in T. grandis than E. camaldulensis with ranges of 0.00824-0.01527 day-1 and 0.00271-0.00571 day-1 respectively, possibly due to the hard texture and waxy coating of E. camaldulensis. Significant difference was observed in their decomposition rates with a P-Value of 0.001, due to the difference in their soil chemical properties. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution was highest on day 30 in both species. Analysis of variance revealed that soil carbon, carbon (IV) oxide evolution, pH, potassium and magnesium were significantly different between the sampling sites of each plantation. It is concluded from this study that site conditions determine to a large extent, the decomposition rate of leaf litter samples.
The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six di... more The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six different plots under Eucalypt plantation soils were investigated. Six soil samples as well as leaf litter from each plot were collected from the plantation. Using standard methods, the soil samples as well as the leaf litter samples were analyzed for chemical properties (pH, Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium). Microbiological characteristics (Total viable bacteria and fungi, and Carbon (IV) oxide evolution) of the decaying leaf litter samples were also determined. All analyses were done at day 1, 30 and 60 of the decomposition period. Litterbag study was employed; each litterbag contained a soil and its corresponding leaf litter obtained from the particular plot were designated as E1-E6. The decomposition rates of the litter in E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6 were found to be 0.00393, 0.00331, 0.00479, 0.00571, 0.00548 and 0.00271 respectively. The results showed that there was a general decrease in nutrient status of the litter and an increase in soil nutrient during the decomposition period. Pearson's correlation matrix revealed that there was a positive correlation in the release of nutrient from the leaf litters and their return to the soil at day 1, 30 and 60 in almost all the samples. It was also found that the total viable bacteria and fungi were statistically associated. These were attributed to their different soil microbiological and chemical properties. It is concluded from this study that decomposition and release of nutrient from E. camaldulensis leaf litters in different plots under Eucalypt plantation soils differed according to plot conditions.
The operations of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) lead to the generation of effl... more The operations of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) lead to the generation of effluents. Plants growing in the drain are in constant exposure to these effluents. Mariscus longibrateatus, which is the most abundant plant species growing in the drain, was studied to determine the effects of the effluents on the plant. Plant samples and soil on which the plant grows, were analyzed for heavy metals. Manganese (1.30mg/g) and copper (1.30mg/g) had the highest concentration of heavy metals in the roots. The plant samples had thinner leaves than the control plant, which may be attributed to dehydration and some hidden injuries. The leaf whole vascular bundle of the studied plants ranged from 19085–20790µm2 whereas phloem and xylem area ranged from 3995 – 4290µm2 and 6584-7004µm2 respectively. Transfer and bioaccumulation factors revealed that heavy metals were not effectively transferred from the root to the stem, but the plant was able to survive in the drain containing KRPC...
The research measured the synergistic and toxic effect of Sub-lethal doses of locally formulated ... more The research measured the synergistic and toxic effect of Sub-lethal doses of locally formulated pesticide "Ota-piapia" on some liver enzymes activities and haemato-biochemical parameters in Wistar rats while extrapolate their likely effect on humans and the possibility of recovery after cessation of exposure. Twenty-four male and female Wistar rats were acquired from the animal house of Biological Sciences department of Nigerian Defence Academy Kaduna and were allowed to acclimatize for 4 weeks. They were assigned into four different groups (1, 2, 3 and 4) of four rats per group. Group1 served as the control thus no treatment was administered. Varying concentrations (w/v) of "Ota piapia" were administered to groups 2 (5 mL), 3 (8 mL) and 4 (10 mL) via sprinkling with 10 mL syringe three times a week for a period of 12 weeks. The rats were left for 4 weeks to recover from the effect of the pesticide. Both groups were mildly anaesthetized with chloroform before euthanasia and dissection and subsequently they were sacrificed. Blood were immediately collected and analyzed for activities of some liver enzymes and haemato-biochemical parameters. Results revealed increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), as compared to the control (P<0.05). There was no significant level of recovery in the haematological and biochemical parameter when compared to the control group even after four weeks of cessation of exposure. The findings of the study showed that local formulation of Ota-piapia pesticide had significant (P<0.05) effect on the experimental animals at different sub-lethal concentrations. We therefore, recommend that such pesticide be handled with caution and its proliferation should be regulated.
Microorganisms such as fungi can fragment carbon compounds by hydrolytic enzymes. The filamentous... more Microorganisms such as fungi can fragment carbon compounds by hydrolytic enzymes. The filamentous fungus, Aspergillus niger is now mostly considered because of its ubiquitous nature, non-fastidious nutritional requirements and it is classified generally as safe. This study was aimed at the production of cellulosic enzymes by A. niger and hydrolytic degradation of cellulosic materials by these enzymes. Standard methods were employed in soil samples collection, isolation of A. niger from the soils and their screening for enzyme production. Results showed that the A. niger isolates exhibited considerable activities of degrading and hydrolyzing cellulose in the agar media. The highest FPase, cellulase and xylanase activities were obtained from white saw dust with concentrations of 0.4059 U/ml, 0.7695U/ml and 1.3488 U/ml respectively. Also, results showed high enzyme activity at pH 6 (0.52U/ml) and temperature of 30ºC (0.72U/ml). Acid hydrolysis of the cellulosic substrates resulted to t...
The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six di... more The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six different plots under Eucalypt plantation soils were investigated. Six soil samples as well as leaf litter from each plot were collected from the plantation. Using standard methods, the soil samples as well as the leaf litter samples were analyzed for chemical properties (pH, Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium). Microbiological characteristics (Total viable bacteria and fungi, and Carbon (IV) oxide evolution) of the decaying leaf litter samples were also determined. All analyses were done at day 1, 30 and 60 of the decomposition period. Litterbag study was employed; each litterbag contained a soil and its corresponding leaf litter obtained from the particular plot were designated as E1 – E6. The decomposition rates of the litter in E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6 were found to be 0.00393, 0.00331, 0.00479, 0.00571, 0.00548 and 0.00271 respectively. The results...
This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antio... more This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antioxidant properties of Roselle calyx aqueous extract and determined the physicochemical changes of the fermented extract. Total phenolics, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid content, total monomeric anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of roselle aqueous extract were investigated before and after fermentation. Roselle calyx aqueous extract was fermented for period of 10 days. During fermentation, the extract was evaluated for pH, alcohol (%), titratable acidity (%) and total soluble solids (oBrix). Total soluble solids and pH significantly decreased at the end of the fermentation whereas titratable acidity and alcohol content significantly increased. Fermentation caused significant reduction in total monomeric anthocyanin content from an initial value of 3518±30.8 to 1075±28.2 CGE/100 g dry extract whereas significant increase was observed in total phenolic content from 195...
Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management
The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generati... more The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the ...
European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
It is obvious that malaria is one of the commonest diseases in Africa, hence the need to embark o... more It is obvious that malaria is one of the commonest diseases in Africa, hence the need to embark on a study to reduce its transmission by eliminating the vector. Some microorganisms are known to have larvicidal activity leading to destruction of mosquito larvae, thereby, preventing them from metamorphosing into adult mosquitoes that can transmit Plasmodium spp. Panteka stream, Kaduna, Nigeria, is a dumping site for refuse and automobile waste and thus, a potential source of bacteria. This present investigation was aimed at screening bacterial isolates for their larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae. Standard methods were employed in sample collection, isolation, morphological, biochemical identification and protein profiling of these bacteria isolates. Five different types of bacteria were identified; Bacillus thuringiensis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus sedentarius, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumonia. Among these bacteria, B. thuringiensis exhibited the m...
Kazakhstan is one of the largest oil producers in the world. But, at present, the most oil fields... more Kazakhstan is one of the largest oil producers in the world. But, at present, the most oil fields of country have entered to the final stage of development, which characterized by drop in production rates. A promising way to increase the oil recovery from depleted oil reservoirs by ecologically friendly method is the use of microorganisms with high metabolic activity. The aim of our work is screening biosurfactant producing bacteria for application in microbial enhanced oil recovery. The screening of biosurfactant producing bacteria was carried out by determining the emulsifying activity of isolates and quantitative determination of produced biosurfactants by spectrophotometric method. Interfacial tension between crude oil and biosurfactant solution was determined using the ring detachment method. Active bacterial isolates were identified based on morphological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. From 4 oil reservoirs of west Kazakhstan on different nutrient media 35 bacterial isolates were isolated. Among them 4 bacteria posessed the greatest emulsifying activity – more than 70%. Isolate Zh 105-9 produced the largest amount of biosurfactants (more than 10 mg/l). Interfacial tension between crude oil and biosurfactant solution produced by strain Zh 105-9 reduced to 38.6 mN/m. This strain was identified as Bacillus sp.
European Journal of Engineering Research and Science
Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the... more Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the generation of large quantities of explosive chemicals. Detonation and disposal of these explosive chemicals contaminate soil and ground water, thus posing a threat to living organisms and natural resources. The most commonly used explosives in artillery shells, bombs, grenades and other munitions are 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Due to their recalcitrant nature, toxicity and persistence in the environment, the study of their biodegradation and biotransformation is paramount. This paper reviews the chemistry, fate, degradation and transformation of this explosive chemicals in the natural environment. Emphasis is placed on TNT, RDX and HMX. This review will help scientists to adopt strategies and develop optimum biological treatment scheme for the in situ bioremediation of explosives-...
European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology, 2021
This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antio... more This study investigated the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-induced fermentation on the antioxidant properties of Roselle calyx aqueous extract and determined the physicochemical changes of the fermented extract. Total phenolics, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid content, total monomeric anthocyanin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of roselle aqueous extract were investigated before and after fermentation. Roselle calyx aqueous extract was fermented for period of 10 days. During fermentation, the extract was evaluated for pH, alcohol (%), titratable acidity (%) and total soluble solids (o Brix). Total soluble solids and pH significantly decreased at the end of the fermentation whereas titratable acidity and alcohol content significantly increased. Fermentation caused significant reduction in total monomeric anthocyanin content from an initial value of 3518±30.8 to 1075±28.2 CGE/100 g dry extract whereas significant increase was observed in total phenolic content from 195.75±76.01 to 455.5±1.41 mgGAE/100 g dry extract and ascorbic acid content from 1392±101 to 2028±108 mg AAE/100 g dry extract and total flavonoids increased from 193.0±74.25 to 291.5±4.95 mgQE/100 g dry extract but it was not significant. There was also a significant increase in 1-1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of roselle calyx aqueous extract from an initial value of 44.15% to final value of 71.10% after fermentation, leading to an increase in antioxidant activity. Therefore, the quantity of phenolic compounds increased with fermentation process. This study showed that roselle calyx aqueous extract fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a better antioxidant activity.
Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2020
The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generati... more The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the period of bioremediation. There was a noticeable decline in the phenol, lead, cadmium and nickel in the entire bioremediation medium. There was a positive correlation between phenol and cadmium with a coefficient of 0.969. Consortia of fungi isolated from the refinery effluent and Romi River samples were effective in the bioremediation of refinery effluent. The mixed consortium of four fungi showed the most efficacies in the bioremediation of refinery effluent in terms of phenol, oil and grease, cadmium, lead and cadmium reduction. Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) should adopt bioremediation as one of the techniques in treating effluents before being discharged into receiving water bodies.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Tectona grandis, have the characteristics of fast growth rate. The d... more Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Tectona grandis, have the characteristics of fast growth rate. The decomposition of litter biomass of these exotic plants is necessary in order to return the nutrients taken up by the plants. Some of the major nutrients include nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. To have a better understanding of the decomposition of leaf litters of E. camaldulensis and T. grandis, bacteria and fungi associated with their decomposition were investigated. Soil and leaf litters of these exotic plant species were collected from six sampling sites of each plantation designated as E1-E6 for E. camaldulensis and T1-T6 for T. grandis, respectively. Litterbag technique was employed for the decomposition study which lasted for 60 days. Using standard methods, analysis of carbon (IV) oxide evolution and microbial population were done at day 1, 30 and 60 of the decomposition period. Results showed that there was a general decrease in the percentage mass loss of E. camaldulensis and T. grandis leaf litter samples, which ranged from 71-85% and 40-61% respectively. The amount of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium decreased in the leaf litter but increased in the soil during decomposition. The evolution of CO was highest in E4 on day 60 (554.4 µg/g/day) among E. camaldulensis samples, 2 whereas the evolution of CO was highest in T2 on day 30with a value of 516.5 µg/g/day 2 among T. grandis samples. The bacteria isolated during the decomposition periods were Bacillus licheniformis, Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus vulgaris while fungi were Aspergillus niger and Penicillium notatum. Bacillus licheniformis was the most prevalent bacteria isolated. There is need to molecularly establish the specific capability of each microbial isolate with the view to identifying those that sequentially elaborate enzymes that can completely metabolize the leaf litters to their elemental form for adequate enrichment of the soil. This will enhance rapid recovery of the composite undergrowth and also promote diverse microbial colonization.
Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 2019
Rapid industrialization and growing population result to high demand for energy. Depletion and ri... more Rapid industrialization and growing population result to high demand for energy. Depletion and rise in price of petroleum as well as environmental pollution necessitates the need for alternative source of fuel, hence bioethanol production. Rice bran (Oryza sativa), Corn bran (Zea mays) and Sorghum bran (Sorghum guinense) and saw dusts of Khaya senegalensis (Red wood), Terminalia superba (Black wood), Gmelina arborea (White wood), were used for the study. The yeasts used for the study were isolated from fermented beverages (Sorghum beer, Millet beverage and Palm wine). The results of the lignocellulosic biomass of white saw dust, red saw dust, black saw dust, rice bran, corn bran and sorghum bran revealed cellulose components as 77.78%, 75.55%, 68.59%, 64.83%, 54.82% and 55.14% respectively. A total of 25 yeasts were isolates and identified using API 20C AUX strip. The yeast isolates, K2, B5, B7 and P1 had the highest ethanol tolerance value of 14%. The results showed that the ethanol-producing ability of the yeast isolates ranged from 4.1% to 10.3%. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that ethanol is the main compound produced by yeasts from the lignocellulosic materials. This study revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from palm wine (P1) is best in ethanol production and tolerance, and this high prolific strain can be exploited or engineered for ethanol production. Therefore, Lignocellulosic biomasses are recommended as raw materials for producing ethanol, which is a promising alternative energy source as against the depleting petroleum.
Since time immemorial, humans depend on plant resources for their benefit, from the recollection,... more Since time immemorial, humans depend on plant resources for their benefit, from the recollection, as food and medicine. Medicinal plants contribute to the raw materials used for both traditional and modern systems of medicine. Among plants known for its medicinal importance, is Ocimum basilicum. This plant is widely used in Northern Nigeria, with little knowledge to its phytochemicals and antimicrobial properties. Need arises for an evaluation of the phytochemicals, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of this indigenous Ocimum basilicum, with a view to access their therapeutic values. Standard methods were employed for the analyses. The result of phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins and phenols in both aqueous and methanolic extracts of the leaf. The quantitative estimation of chemical constituents of the leaf of the plant showed high percentage of flavonoids of 94.00% and 51.29% for aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity of the plant extracts is due by its high concentration of flavonoids. The leaf extracts showed significant effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Shigella dysentriae. Salmonella typhi showed complete resistance to the leaf extracts. Methanolic extract of the leaf showed wide zone of inhibition of about 30mm against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC and MBC of 1.56mg/ml and 3.125mg/ml respectively. The phytochemicals such as flavonoids and alkaloids obtained from the plant are appreciable. These are responsible for the ethno-medical, pharmacological, therapeutic and traditional uses of the plant.
There is high demand for nutrients by exotic tree species due to their rapid growth rate. The dec... more There is high demand for nutrients by exotic tree species due to their rapid growth rate. The decomposition of leaf litters of two plant species, Tectona grandis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were investigated using litterbag study. Soil and leaf litters were collected from six sampling sites in each plantation designated as E1-E6 for E. camaldulensis and T1-T6 for T. grandisrespectively. The collected samples were analyzed for their chemical properties using standard methodsat day 1, 30 and 60 during the experimental period. Results showed that the decomposition rate in E. camaldulensis ranged from 0.00271 to 0.00571 while in T. grandis, decomposition rates ranged from 0.00824 to 0.01527. There was a general decrease in both foliar mass and chemical compositions while soil chemical and microbiological parameters increased, indicating nutrient release into the soil. Decomposition rates was higher in T. grandis than E. camaldulensis with ranges of 0.00824-0.01527 day-1 and 0.00271-0.00571 day-1 respectively, possibly due to the hard texture and waxy coating of E. camaldulensis. Significant difference was observed in their decomposition rates with a P-Value of 0.001, due to the difference in their soil chemical properties. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution was highest on day 30 in both species. Analysis of variance revealed that soil carbon, carbon (IV) oxide evolution, pH, potassium and magnesium were significantly different between the sampling sites of each plantation. It is concluded from this study that site conditions determine to a large extent, the decomposition rate of leaf litter samples.
The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six di... more The decomposition and nutrient release from the leaf litter of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in six different plots under Eucalypt plantation soils were investigated. Six soil samples as well as leaf litter from each plot were collected from the plantation. Using standard methods, the soil samples as well as the leaf litter samples were analyzed for chemical properties (pH, Organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium). Microbiological characteristics (Total viable bacteria and fungi, and Carbon (IV) oxide evolution) of the decaying leaf litter samples were also determined. All analyses were done at day 1, 30 and 60 of the decomposition period. Litterbag study was employed; each litterbag contained a soil and its corresponding leaf litter obtained from the particular plot were designated as E1-E6. The decomposition rates of the litter in E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 and E6 were found to be 0.00393, 0.00331, 0.00479, 0.00571, 0.00548 and 0.00271 respectively. The results showed that there was a general decrease in nutrient status of the litter and an increase in soil nutrient during the decomposition period. Pearson's correlation matrix revealed that there was a positive correlation in the release of nutrient from the leaf litters and their return to the soil at day 1, 30 and 60 in almost all the samples. It was also found that the total viable bacteria and fungi were statistically associated. These were attributed to their different soil microbiological and chemical properties. It is concluded from this study that decomposition and release of nutrient from E. camaldulensis leaf litters in different plots under Eucalypt plantation soils differed according to plot conditions.
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