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آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا

آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم چې د آنارکو سوسیالیزم، آنارشیستي سوسیالیزم، آزاد سوسیالیزم، بې دولته سوسیالیزم، سوسیالیست انارشیزم او سوسیالیست آزادي پالنې په نومونو هم پېژندل کېږي، په سوسیالیستي خوځښت کې د استبداد ضد، دولت ګرایۍ ضد او آزادي پاله سیاسي فلسفه ده چې دولتي سوسیالیسټ مفهوم د دولت ګرا په بڼه ردوي، چېرې چې دولت پر اقتصاد متمرکز کنټرول ساتي. آزادي پاله سوسیالیسټان چې له آنارشیزم او آزادي پالنې سره ګډون لري، په کاري چاپېریال کې د غلامۍ له مزدوري اړیکو څخه انتقاد کوي او د کارګرانو د ځان مدیریت او د سیاسي سازمان غیر متمرکزه ساختارونو باندې ټینګار کوي. د یوه پراخه سوسیالیسټي دود او خوځښت په توګه، آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم کې د انارشیستي، مارکسیستي او له انارشیستۍ څخه الهام شوي فکرونه او همدارنګه د کین اړخه آزادي پالانو تمایلات، شامل دي. آنارشیزم او آزادي پاله مارکسیزم د آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم له اصلي جریانونو څخه دي.[۱][۲][۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱][۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵][۱۶][۱۷][۱۸][۱۹][۲۰][۲۱]

آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم په ټولیزه توګه د دولت مفهوم ردوي او ادعا کوي چې پر آزادۍ او عدالت ولاړه ټولنه یوازې هغه وخت رامنځته کېدای شي چې هغه استبدادي نهادونه چې د تولیدي اوزارو ځینې برخې کنټرولوي او اکثریت د مالکې طبقې یا د سیاسي او اقتصادي نخبه ‌ګانو اطاعت کوي، له منځه لاړ شي. آزادي پاله سوسیالیسټان پر مستقیمه ډیموکراسۍ د غیرمتمرکزه ساختارونو او فدرال یا کنفدرال اتحادیو لکه د وګړو/خلکو مجلسونه، کوپراتیفونه، آزادي پاله ښاروالۍ، سوداګریزې اتحادیې او د کارګرانو له شوراګانو دفاع کوي. دا کار د پېژندنې، انتقاد او د بشر په ژوند کې د ټولو نامشروع اقتدارونو د له منځه وړلو لپاره د آزادۍ او آزادې ټولنې له لارې د یو عمومي غږ په توګه ترسره کېږي. آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم د استبدادي او مخکښ بولشویزم/لنینیزم او د فابیانیزم/ټولنیزې ډیموکراسۍ د رفورمیزم څخه توپیر لري.[۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵][۲۶][۲۷][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵][۳۶][۳۷][۳۸]

د کین اړخه آزادي پالنې سوسیالیسټي وزر او بڼه، پخواني او اوسني خوځښتونه او جریانونه چې معمولاً د آزادي پاله سوسیالیستانو په توګه تعریفېږي عبارت دي له: آنارشیزم (په ځانګړې توګه د انارشیزم فکري مکتبونه لکه آنارکو کمونیزم، آنارکو سندیکالیزم، راټولوونکی آنارشیزم، شین آنارشیزم، فردګرا آنارشیزم، موچوالیزم او ټولنیز آنارشیزم) او همدارنګه کمونالیزم، د ډیموکراټیک سوسیالیزم ځینې بڼې، صنفي سوسیالیزم، آزادي پاله مارکسیزم (اوتونومیزم، شورایي کمونیزم، د نورو له منځه کین اړخه کمونیزم)، مشارکت ګرایی، انقلابي سندیکالیزم او د یوټوپیایي سوسیالیزم ځینې نسخې.[۳۹][۴۰][۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴][۴۵][۴۶][۴۷][۴۸][۴۹][۵۰][۵۱][۵۲][۵۳]

عمومي کتنه

[سمول]

تعریف

[سمول]

آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم له بېلابېلو تفسیرونو سره یوه غربي فلسفه ده، که څه هم د هغه په اوتارو کې ځینې ټولیز مشترکات پیدا کولی شو. دا د کار په ځای کې د کارګر محوره تولیدي سیسټم او بنسټ څخه دفاع کوي چې په ځینو برخو کې په اساسي ډول د تولید د اوزارو په هکله له نیوکلاسیک اقتصاد څخه د ډیموکراتیکو کوپراتیفو یا ګډ مالکیت په ګټه جلا کېږي (سوسیالیزم). هغوی سپارښتنه کوي چې دا اقتصادي سیسټم په هغه ډول ترسره شي چې په کې هڅه وشي ترڅو د افرادو آزادي ترټولو لوړ حد ته ورسوي او د قدرت یا اقتدار تمرکز ترټولو ټیټ حد ته ورسوي (آزادي پالنه). د دې هدف پلویان، سپارښتنه کوي چې دې هدف ته رسېدل د سیاسي او اقتصادي قدرت غیر متمرکزه کولو، چې معمولاً په لویه پیمانه (شخصي شتمنۍ ته د درناوۍ په ساتلو سره) د شتمنیو او خصوصي شرکتونو د ټولنیز کیدو، له لارې ممکن دي. آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم تمایل لري چې د خصوصي مهمو اقتصادي مالکیتونو د ډېری بڼو له مشروعیت څخه انکار وکړي، او د سرمایه دارۍ مالکیت اړیکې ته د یوې سلطې په توګه ګوري چې له فردي آزادۍ سره په ټکر کې ده.[۵۴]

اولنۍ آنارشیسټي مجلې چې د آزادي پالنې اصطلاح یې وکاروله د Le Libertaire، Journal du Mouvement Social وه او د ۱۸۵۸ او ۱۸۶۱م کالونو ترمنځ د آزادي پاله فرانسوي کمونیسټ ژوزف دژاک لخوا په نیویارک ښار کې خپرېده. د دې اصطلاح بله ثبت شوې کارونه په اروپا کې وه، کله چې د آزادي پاله کمونیزم اصطلاح په لو هاور کې د فرانسې منطقه يي آنارشیسټ کانګرس (۱۶-۲۲ نوامبر ۱۸۸۰) کې وکارول شوه. د ۱۸۸۱م کال په جنوري کې د «آزادي پاله یا آنارشیست کمونیزم» په هکله یو فرانسوي منشور صادر شو. بالاخره په ۱۸۹۵م کال کې، نامتو آنارشیستانو سباستین فوره او لویز میشل، د Le Libertaire کتاب په فرانسه کې خپور کړ. دا اصطلاح خپله د فرانسوي libertaire کلمې څخه سرچینه اخلي چې په فرانسه کې د آنارشیستي خپرونو ممنوعیت نه د تېښتې لپاره کارول کېده. په دې دود کې، د آزادي پالنې اصطلاح عموماً د آنارشیزم مترادفې، د دې اصطلاح د اصلي معنا، په توګه کارول کېږي. د اروپایي سوسیالیسټ حرکت په چوکاټ کې، د آزادي پاله اصطلاح په دودیز ډول د هغو سوسیالیستانو د تشریح کولو لپاره کارول کېږي چې له دولتي استبداد او سوسیالیزم سره مخالف وو، لکه میخایل باکونین او تر ډېره له ټولنیز آنارشیزم سره همغږي لري، په داسې حال کې چې فردګرا آنارشیزم هم آزادي پاله سوسیالیست دی. غیرلاکي فردګرایي د آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم په ګډون، سوسیالیزم په بر کې نیسي.[۵۵][۵۶][۵۷][۵۸][۵۹][۶۰][۶۱]

د سوسیالیزم او آزادي پالنې اړیکه له سرمایه دارۍ څخه وړاندې ده او ډېری د استبداد ضد کسان اوس هم هغه څه ردوي چې دوی په متحده ایالتونو کې د سرمایه دارۍ او آزادي پالنې د غلطې اړیکې په توګه یې ورته کتل. لکه څنګه چې نوام چامسکي وایي، یو ثابت آزادي پال «باید د اوزارو د تولید له خصوصي مالکیت او د معاش غلامي، چې د دې سیسټم یوه برخه ده، سره مخالفت وکړي، ځکه له دې اصل سره چې کار باید آزاد او د تولید کوونکي تر کنټرول لاندې وي، سره مطابقت نه کوي». د آنارشیست سوسیالیزم، آنارکو-سوسیالیزم، آزاد سوسیالیزم، بې دولته سوسیالیزم، سوسیالیست آنارشیزم او سوسیالیست آزادي پالنې اصطلاح ګانې ټولې د آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم آنارشیستي وزر ته د اشارې یا هم برعکس د سوسیالیزم د استبدادي بڼو لپاره کارول شوي دي.[۶۲][۶۳][۶۴][۶۵][۶۶]

اقتصاد پوه رابین هانل د خپل کتاب اقتصادي عدالت او ډیموکراسي (۲۰۰۵) په یوه څپرکي کې چې د آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم تاریخ په کې بیاشمېري، بیان کوي هغه موده چې آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم په کې ډېر اغیز درلود د نولسمې پېړۍ له پایه د شلمې پېړۍ تر څلورو لومړیو لسیزو پورې وه. د هانل په وینا، د شلمې پېړۍ په لومړیو کې «آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم د سوسیالې ډیموکراسۍ او کمونیزم په څېر پیاوړی ځواک وو». نړیوال آنارشیست سنت ایمیر چې د هانل لخوا ورته د نړیوال آزادي پاله نوم ورکړل شوی، په ۱۸۷۲م کال کې د سنت ایمیر په کانګرس کې، کله چې د هاګ د لومړي نړیوال کانګرس څخه یو څو ورځې وروسته، چې په کې مارکسیستانو او آزادي پالانو تر منځ جلا توب راغی، تاسیس شو، او د هانل لخوا ورته د نړیوال سوسیالیست نوم ورکړل شو. دې نړیوالې آزادي پالنې «له پنځوسو کالو څخه ډېر له سوسیالو ډېموکراټانو او کمونیسټانو سره د سرمایه دارۍ ضد فعالانو، انقلابیانو، کارګرانو، اتحادیو او سیاسی ګوندونو لپاره، په بریالیتوب سیالي وکړه». د هانل لپاره، آزادي پاله سوسیالیسټانو «په روسیه کې د ۱۹۰۵م او ۱۹۱۷م کال په انقلابونو کې رغنده رول ولوبوه. ازادي پاله سوسیالیستانو په ۱۹۱۱م کال کې د مکسیکو په انقلاب کې غالب رول ولوبوه. د لومړۍ نړیوالې جګړې له پای څخه شل کاله وروسته، آزادي پاله سوسیالیستان لا هم هومره پیاوړي وو چې وکړی شي د انقلاب رهبري په لاس کې ونیسي. ټولنیز انقلاب چې په ۱۹۳۶م او ۱۹۳۷م کالو کې یې د جمهوري غوښتونکې اسپانیا سراسر ونیوه». له بلې خوا، په مارکسیزم کې د آزادي پالنې یوې لړۍ شکل ونیوه چې د ۱۹۱۰مې لسیزې په وروستیو کې، عمدتاً د بلشویسم او لینینیزم د قدرت له نیولو او د شوروي اتحاد د جوړېدو په غبرګون کې راښکاره شو. آزادي پاله سوسیالیسټان استدلال کوي چې دا دولتونه د لېننیستي باور څخه په پیروۍ سره د سرمایه دارۍ څخه سوسیالیزم خوا ته روان وو او هیڅکله هم د پراختیا نورو پړاوونو ته ونرسېدل. آزادي پاله سوسیالیستان د دولت د لغوه کولو په لټه کې دي پرته له دې چې د دولتي سرمایه دارۍ له انتقالي مرحلې څخه تېر شي.[۶۷][۶۸][۶۹][۷۰][۷۱][۷۲]

کنت بروملي د پیتر کروپوتکېن اثر «ډوډۍ د فتحې» په کتاب باندې خپله مخکتنه کې، شارلز فوریه، فرانسوی یوټوپیان سوسیالیست، د فرانسوي فرانسویز ناول بابوف او ایټالیوي فیلیپ بووناروتي د استبدادي سوسیالیستي نظریو په وړاندې د آزادي پالنې د سوسیالیستي نظریې بنسټګر وباله.[۷۳]

سرچينې

[سمول]
  1. ↑ Poland, Jefferson; Sloan, Sam, ed. (1968). Sex Marchers. p. 57.
  2. ↑ McNally, David (1993). Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique. "'Proudhon did Enormous Mischief': Marx's Critique of the First Market Socialists". Verso Books.
  3. ↑ Diemer, Ulli (1997). "What Is Libertarian Socialism?". The Anarchist Library. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
  4. ↑ Davidson, John Morrison (1896). Anarchist Socialism vs. State Socialism at the London International Labour Congress (1896). W. Reeves.
  5. ↑ Bose, Atindranath (1967). A History of Anarchism. Calcutta: World Press.
  6. ↑ Bakunin, Mikhail. Stateless Socialism: Anarchism. In Maximoff, G. P. (1953). The Political Philosophy of Bakunin. New York: The Free Press.
  7. ↑ Gale, Cengage Learning (2015). A Study Guide for Political Theories for Students: Anarchism. "Socialist Anarchism". Farmigton Hill, Minnesota: Gale.
  8. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  9. ↑ McKay, Iain, ed. (2012) [2008]. "What Is Anarchism? Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?". An Anarchist FAQ. Vol. II. Stirling: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-122-5. It implies a classless and anti-authoritarian (i.e. libertarian) society in which people manage their own affairs.
  10. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  11. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. p. 305: "Yet, unlike other socialists, they tend (to various different degrees, depending on the thinker) to be skeptical of centralized state intervention as the solution to capitalist exploitation [...]."
  12. ↑ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0-304-33873-7.
  13. ↑ Hicks, Steven V.; Shannon, Daniel E. (2003). The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Blackwell Publisher. p. 612.
  14. ↑ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" Archived 9 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine.. In An Anarchist FAQ. "Therefore, rather than being an oxymoron, "libertarian socialism" indicates that true socialism must be libertarian and that a libertarian who is not a socialist is a phoney. As true socialists oppose wage labour, they must also oppose the state for the same reasons. Similarly, libertarians must oppose wage labour for the same reasons they must oppose the state."
  15. ↑ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" Archived 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."
  16. ↑ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Their analysis treats libertarian socialism as a form of anti-parliamentary, democratic, antibureaucratic grass roots socialist organisation, strongly linked to working class activism."
  17. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. p. 305: "[...] preferring a system of popular self-governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations [...]"
  18. ↑ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 189. "What is of particular interest here, however, is the appeal to a form of emancipation grounded in decentralized, cooperative and democratic forms of political and economic governance which most libertarian socialist visions, including Cole's, tend to share."
  19. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641. ISBN 978-1604860641.
  20. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (1 February 1970). "Government in the Future". The Poetry Center, New York. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  21. ↑ Wright, Chris (27 October 2005). "A libertarian Marxist tendency map". Libcom.org. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  22. ↑ El-Ojeili, Chamsi (2015). Beyond Post-Socialism: Dialogues with the Far-Left. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. "In some ways, it is perhaps fair to say that if Left communism is an intellectual- political formation, it is so, first and foremost, negatively – as opposed to other socialist traditions. I have labelled this negative pole 'socialist orthodoxy', composed of both Leninists and social democrats. [...] What I suggested was that these Left communist thinkers differentiated their own understandings of communism from a strand of socialism that came to follow a largely electoral road in the West, pursuing a kind of social capitalism, and a path to socialism that predominated in the peripheral and semi- peripheral countries, which sought revolutionary conquest of power and led to something like state capitalism. Generally, the Left communist thinkers were to find these paths locked within the horizons of capitalism (the law of value, money, private property, class, the state), and they were to characterize these solutions as statist, substitutionist and authoritarian."
  23. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (1986). "The Soviet Union Versus Socialism". Chomsky.info. نه اخيستل شوی 22 November 2015. Libertarian socialism, furthermore, does not limit its aims to democratic control by producers over production, but seeks to abolish all forms of domination and hierarchy in every aspect of social and personal life, an unending struggle, since progress in achieving a more just society will lead to new insight and understanding of forms of oppression that may be concealed in traditional practice and consciousness.
  24. ↑ McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. AshGate. p. 1. "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."
  25. ↑ "Principles of The International of Anarchist Federations". International of Anarchist Federations. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. نه اخيستل شوی 17 December 2012. "The IAF – IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual."
  26. ↑ Goldman, Emma (1910). "What it Really Stands for Anarchy". In Anarchism and Other Essays. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."
  27. ↑ Tucker, Benjamin (1926). Individual Liberty. Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows: "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism. [...] Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx."
  28. ↑ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. نه اخيستل شوی 1 March 2010.
  29. ↑ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". "Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... "Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
  30. ↑ Brown, L. Susan (2002). "Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism". The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books. p. 106.
  31. ↑ O'Neil, John (1998). The Market: Ethics, Knowledge and Politics. Routledge. p. 3. "It is forgotten that the early defenders of commercial society like [Adam] Smith were as much concerned with criticising the associational blocks to mobile labour represented by guilds as they were to the activities of the state. The history of socialist thought includes a long associational and anti-statist tradition prior to the political victory of the Bolshevism in the east and varieties of Fabianism in the west."
  32. ↑ Diemer, Ulli (Summer 1997). "What is Libertarian Socialism?". The Red Menace. 2 (1). "What is implied by the term 'libertarian socialism'?: The idea that socialism is first and foremost about freedom and therefore about overcoming the domination, repression, and alienation that block the free flow of human creativity, thought, and action. [...] An approach to socialism that incorporates cultural revolution, women's and children's liberation, and the critique and transformation of daily life, as well as the more traditional concerns of socialist politics. A politics that is completely revolutionary because it seeks to transform all of reality. We do not think that capturing the economy and the state lead automatically to the transformation of the rest of social being, nor do we equate liberation with changing our life-styles and our heads. Capitalism is a total system that invades all areas of life: socialism must be the overcoming of capitalist reality in its entirety, or it is nothing."
  33. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (1998). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class" (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028. p. 305: "LibSoc share with LibCap an aversion to any interference to freedom of thought, expression or choicce of lifestyle."
  34. ↑ Hart, David M.; Chartier, Gary; Kenyon, Ross Miller; Long, Roderick T., eds. (2017). Social Class and State Power: Exploring an Alternative Radical Tradition. Palgrave. p. 300. "[...] preferring a system of popular self governance via networks of decentralized, local, voluntary, participatory, cooperative associations-sometimes as a complement to and check on state power [...]."
  35. ↑ Rocker, Rudolf (2004). Anarcho-Syndicalism: Theory and Practice. AK Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-1-902593-92-0.
  36. ↑ Leval, Gaston (1959). "Libertarian socialism: a practical outline". "We therefore foresee a Society in which all activities will be coordinated, a structure that has, at the same time, sufficient flexibility to permit the greatest possible autonomy for social life, or for the life of each enterprise, and enough cohesiveness to prevent all disorder. [...] In a well-organized society, all of these things must be systematically accomplished by means of parallel federations, vertically united at the highest levels, constituting one vast organism in which all economic functions will be performed in solidarity with all others and that will permanently preserve the necessary cohesion."
  37. ↑ Mendes, Silva (1896). Socialismo Libertário ou Anarchismo. 1. "Society should be free through mankind's spontaneous federative affiliation to life, based on the community of land and tools of the trade; meaning: Anarchy will be equality by abolition of private property (while retaining respect for personal property) and liberty by abolition of authority."
  38. ↑ "I1. Isn't libertarian socialism an oxymoron?" Archived 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. In An Anarchist FAQ. "So, libertarian socialism rejects the idea of state ownership and control of the economy, along with the state as such. Through workers' self-management it proposes to bring an end to authority, exploitation, and hierarchy in production."
  39. ↑ Sims, Franwa (2006). The Anacostia Diaries As It Is. Lulu Press. p. 160.
  40. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  41. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term 'libertarian' for this position; hence 'libertarianism' initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  42. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. "In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular. Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists".
  43. ↑ An Anarchist FAQ. "(Benjamin) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism."
  44. ↑ Armand, Émile (1907). "Anarchist Individualism as a Life and Activity". French individualist anarchist Émile Armand shows clearly opposition to capitalism and centralized economies when he said that the individualist anarchist "inwardly he remains refractory – fatally refractory – morally, intellectually, economically (The capitalist economy and the directed economy, the speculators and the fabricators of single are equally repugnant to him.)"
  45. ↑ Sabatini, Peter (1994–1995). "Libertarianism: Bogus Anarchy". Anarchist Peter Sabatini reports that in the United States "of early to mid-19th century, there appeared an array of communal and "utopian" counterculture groups (including the so-called free love movement). William Godwin's anarchism exerted an ideological influence on some of this, but more so the socialism of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier. After success of his British venture, Owen himself established a cooperative community within the United States at New Harmony, Indiana during 1825. One member of this commune was Josiah Warren (1798–1874), considered to be the first individualist anarchist."
  46. ↑ Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. Back cover. "It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism."
  47. ↑ "A Mutualist FAQ: A.4. Are Mutualists Socialists?" Archived 9 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine..
  48. ↑ Masquelier, Charles (2014). Critical Theory and Libertarian Socialism: Realizing the Political Potential of Critical Social Theory. New York and London: Bloombury. p. 190. "It is by meeting such a twofold requirement that the libertarian socialism of G.D.H. Cole could be said to offer timely and sustainable avenues for the institutionalization of the liberal value of autonomy [...]."
  49. ↑ Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. (December 2012). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 13. "Locating libertarian socialism in a grey area between anarchist and Marxist extremes, they argue that the multiple experiences of historical convergence remain inspirational and that, through these examples, the hope of socialist transformation survives."
  50. ↑ Boraman, Toby (December 2012). "Carnival and Class: Anarchism and Councilism in Australasia during the 1970s". In Prichard, Alex; Kinna, Ruth; Pinta, Saku; Berry, Dave, eds. Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 268. "Councilism and anarchism loosely merged into 'libertarian socialism', offering a non-dogmatic path by which both council communism and anarchism could be updated for the changed conditions of the time, and for the new forms of proletarian resistance to these new conditions."
  51. ↑ Bookchin, Murray (1992). "The Ghost of Anarcho-Syndicalism".
  52. ↑ Graham, Robert. "The General Idea of Proudhon's Revolution".
  53. ↑ Bromley, Kent (1906). "Preface". In Kropotkin, Peter. The Conquest of Bread. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. کينډۍ:ISBN?
  54. ↑ Brooks 1994، م. 74.
  55. ↑ The Anarchist FAQ Editorial Collective. "150 years of Libertarian".
  56. ↑ Robert Graham (23 June 2015). We Do Not Fear Anarchy—We Invoke It: The First International and the Origins of the Anarchist Movement. AK Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-84935-211-6.
  57. ↑ "Anarchism". "6. The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. pp. 223–227.
  58. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (2004). Language and Politics. In Otero, Carlos Peregrín. AK Press. p. 739.
  59. ↑ Perlin, Terry M. (1979). Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Publishers. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-87855-097-5.
  60. ↑ Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Anarchism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 385–404. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001.
  61. ↑ Wood, Ellen Meiksins (1972). Mind and Politics: An Approach to the Meaning of Liberal and Socialist Individualism. University of California Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-520-02029-4.
  62. ↑ Bookchin, Murray, The Modern Crisis, Black Rose Books (1987), pp. 154–55 ISBN 0-920057-61-6.
  63. ↑ Miller Jr., Fred D.; Paul, Jeffrey; Paul, Ellen Paul, eds. (1998). Problems of Market Liberalism: Volume 15, Social Philosophy and Policy (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 306. ISBN 0-521-64991-9.
  64. ↑ Turcato, Davide (2012). Making Sense of Anarchism: Errico Malatesta's Experiments with Revolution. Palgrave Macmillan. "Malatesta proclaimed the socialist character of anarchism and urged anarchists to regain contact with the working masses, especially through involvement in the labor movement". ISBN 978-0-230-30179-5.
  65. ↑ Chomsky, Noam. "Notes on Anarchism". chomsky.info. نه اخيستل شوی 25 July 2021.
  66. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars. [...] [S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  67. ↑ Kinna, Ruth (2012). "Introduction". In Kinna, Rith; Pinta, Saku; Prichard, Alex (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-230-28037-3.
  68. ↑ Rothenberg, Mel (1995). "Lenin on the State". Science & Society. 59 (3): 418–436. ISSN 0036-8237. JSTOR 40403511.
  69. ↑ Draper, Hal (1971). "The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels". Archived 23 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.. The Socialist Register. 4: 81–109. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  70. ↑ Screpanti, Eresto (1 July 2007). Libertarian Communism: Marx Engels and the Political Economy of Freedom. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230018969.
  71. ↑ Gorter, Herma; Pannekoek, Anton; Pankhurst, Sylvia; Ruhl, Otto (31 October 2007). Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils. St. Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. ISBN 978-0979181368.
  72. ↑ Hahnel, Robin (2005). Economic Justice and Democracy. Routledge Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-415-93344-7.
  73. ↑ Bromley, Kent (1906). "Preface". In Kropotkin, Peter. The Conquest of Bread. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. کينډۍ:ISBN?
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