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Dr. 包寒吴霜 (Bruce Bao)

Email: baohws@foxmail.com
Website: psychbruce.github.io
Download: BaoHWS_CV_2025.pdf

ORCID｜GoogleScholar
GitHub｜ResearchGate
微信@BaoHWS｜知乎@包寒吴霜
Collaboration Principle 合作原则

(Updated: Apr 2025)

Dr. Bao (包寒吴霜) is an Assistant Professor studying Computational Intelligent Social Psychology at the East China Normal University. He uses natural language processing (NLP) as the main methodology and also contributes to new methods (e.g., FMAT) and tools (e.g., bruceR, PsychWordVec) for psychological science.

His research now focuses on social computing (“macro-social-psychometrics”) with pretrained language models:

  • How social biases (stereotypes / prejudice / discrimination) are represented as propositions in natural language
  • How historical narratives encode contemporary people’s understanding of long-term sociocultural dynamics
  • How semantic relations computed from natural language reflect human explicit and implicit social cognition

Academic Position

💼 Assistant Professor (2024.6~ )

East China Normal University, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science
华东师范大学 · 心理与认知科学学院 (助理教授/晨晖学者)

💼 Research Associate (2022.9~2024.5)

The University of Manchester, Manchester China Institute
曼彻斯特大学 · 曼彻斯特中国研究院 (博士后研究员)

Education

🎓 Ph.D. in Personality and Social Psychology (2017~2022)

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Psychology
中国科学院 · 心理研究所 (理学博士)

🎓 B.Sc. in Psychology (2013~2017)

Beijing Normal University, Faculty of Psychology
北京师范大学 · 心理学部 (理学学士)

Research Interests

Computational Intelligent Social Psychology (计算智能社会心理学)

Grants

  • 上海市浦江人才计划项目 Shanghai Pujiang Programme (24PJC025)
    (Shanghai Municipal Commission of Science and Technology; Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Human Resources and Social Security)
  • 上海市晨光计划项目 Shanghai Chenguang Programme (24CGA28)
    (Shanghai Municipal Commission of Education; Shanghai Education Development Foundation)

Teaching

Undergraduate Level:

  • R语言 (R: Data Analysis and Visualization)
  • 人格心理学 (Personality Psychology)

Graduate Level:

  • 高级心理统计 (Advanced Psychological Statistics)

Publications

*corresponding author; #co-first author; supervised student

Journal Articles in English:

  1. Bao, H.-W.-S., & Gries, P.* (2025). Bias toward Chinese in English language use. China Quarterly. (accepted)
    (IF2023 = 2.5, SSCI Q1)

  2. Bao, H.-W.-S., & Gries, P.* (2024). Intersectional race–gender stereotypes in natural language. British Journal of Social Psychology, 63(4), 1771–1786. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12748
    🔥 Download PDF
    (IF2023 = 3.2, SSCI Q1)

  3. Bao, H.-W.-S.* (2024). The Fill-Mask Association Test (FMAT): Measuring propositions in natural language. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 127(3), 537–561. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000396
    🔥 Download PDF
    (IF2023 = 6.4, SSCI Q1 Top Journal)

    Abstract: Recent advances in large language models are enabling the computational intelligent analysis of psychology in natural language. Here, the Fill-Mask Association Test (FMAT) is introduced as a novel and integrative method leveraging Masked Language Models to study and measure psychology from a propositional perspective at the societal level. The FMAT uses Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) models to compute semantic probabilities of option words filling in the masked blank of a designed query (i.e., a clozelike contextualized sentence). The current research presents 15 studies that establish the reliability and validity of the FMAT in predicting factual associations (Studies 1A–1C), measuring attitudes/biases (Studies 2A–2D), capturing social stereotypes (Studies 3A–3D), and retrospectively delineating lay perceptions of sociocultural changes over time (Studies 4A–4D). Empirically, the FMAT replicated seminal findings previously obtained with human participants (e.g., the Implicit Association Test) and other big-data text-analytic methods (e.g., word frequency analysis, the Word Embedding Association Test), demonstrating robustness across 12 BERT model variants and diverse training text corpora. Theoretically, the current findings substantiate the propositional (vs. associative) perspective on how semantic associations are represented in natural language. Methodologically, the FMAT allows for more fine-grained language-based psychological measurement, with an R package developed to streamline its workflow for use on broader research questions.

  4. Bao, H.-W.-S., Cai, H.*, & Jing, Y. (2024). Understanding the rise of unique names: The emphasis on uniqueness matters. Acta Psychologica Sinica (心理学报), 56(7), 954–963. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00954
    📄 Download PDF
    (IF2023 = 1.3, ESCI Q3, CSSCI Top Journal)

  5. Bao, H.-W.-S., Lu, H., & Luo, Y. L. L.* (2023). Do unique names fit people for creative work? Implications for job recruitment, name change, and product evaluation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 53(7), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2994
    📄 Download PDF
    (IF2023 = 2.8, SSCI Q2)

    Abstract: Unique names have commonly been viewed as undesirable. However, our studies (total N = 6049) suggest the opposite: unique names are perceived as favourable to creativity in occupational contexts. Generally, people held a perception that unique-named individuals are more creative (albeit less likable) and therefore more suitable for jobs requiring greater creativity (Studies 1–2). Accordingly, participants tended to select candidates with more unique names for creative positions (Study 3) and recommend more unique names to workers in creative jobs for a name change (Study 4). Furthermore, real-world archival data revealed that artists (typical creative professions) tended to adopt more unique new names, which was replicated cross-culturally in American, British, and Chinese samples (Study 5), and that Chinese movie directors with more unique names received higher evaluations for the movies they directed (Study 6). Our findings demonstrate a novel form of name stereotype and its behavioural manifestations and real-world consequences.

  6. Bao, H.-W.-S., Cai, H.*, & Huang, Z. (2022). Discerning cultural shifts in China? Commentary on Hamamura et al. (2021). American Psychologist, 77(6), 786–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0001013
    📄 Download PDF
    (IF2023 = 12.3, SSCI Q1)

  7. Bao, H.-W.-S., Cai, H.*, Jing, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Novel evidence for the increasing prevalence of unique names in China: A reply to Ogihara. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 731244. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.731244
    (IF2023 = 2.6, SSCI Q2)

  8. Chuan-Peng, H.*, Xu, Z., Lazić, A., Bhattacharya, P., Seda, L., Hossain, S., Jeftic, A., Özdoğru, A. A., Amaral, O. B., Miljković, N., Ilchovska, Z. G., Lazarevic, L. B., Bao, H.-W.-S., Ghodke, N., Moreau, D., Elsherif, M., Chinchu, C., Ghai, S., Carneiro, C. F. D., … Azevedo, F.* (under review). Open science in the developing world: A collection of practical guides for researchers in developing countries. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science.
    (IF2023 = 15.6, SSCI Q1)

  9. Shi, Y., Luo, Y. L. L.*, Yang, Z., Liu, Y., & Bao, H. (2018). Do narcissists enjoy visiting social networking sites? It depends on how adaptive they are. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 1739. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01739
    (IF2023 = 2.6, SSCI Q2)

Journal Articles in Chinese:

  1. Bao, H.-W.-S., Wang, Z., Cheng, X., Su, Z., Yang, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, B., & Cai, H.* (2023). Using word embeddings to investigate human psychology: Methods and applications. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(6), 887–904. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.00887
    [包寒吴霜, 王梓西, 程曦, 苏展, 杨盈, 张光耀, 王博, 蔡华俭*. (2023). 基于词嵌入技术的心理学研究：方法及应用. 心理科学进展, 31(6), 887–904.]
    (中国人民大学复印报刊资料《心理学》2023年第11期全文转载)

  2. Bao, H.-W.-S., & Cai, H.* (2021). Psychological and behavioral effects of personal names in real world: Evidence and theories. Advances in Psychological Science, 29(6), 1067–1085. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2021.01067
    [包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭*. (2021). 姓名对个体心理与行为的实际影响：证据和理论. 心理科学进展, 29(6), 1067–1085.]
    (中国人民大学复印报刊资料《心理学》2021年第10期全文转载) (入选哲学社会科学主文献)

  3. Bao, H.-W.-S., Cai, H., & Luo, Y.* (2019). Identity motives: Concept, measurement, and psychological effects. Journal of Psychological Science, 42(4), 971–977. https://doi.org/10.16719/j.cnki.1671-6981.20190429
    [包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭, 罗宇*. (2019). 身份认同动机：概念、测量与心理效应. 心理科学, 42(4), 971–977.]

  4. Bao, H.-W.-S., Wu, S.*, Zheng, H., Lu, H., Zheng, W., Dai, W., Lu, S., & Zhu, T.* (2018). Polluted self: A big-data analysis based on daily-level air pollution and individualism-collectivism on social media. Community Psychology Research, 6(2), 71–85.
    [包寒吴霜, 吴胜涛*, 郑昊, 陆海蓉, 郑伟, 戴炜, 陆梭, 朱廷劭*. (2018). 雾霾下的自我：空气污染与个体主义–集体主义的大数据分析. 社区心理学研究, 6(2), 71–85.]

  5. Bao, H.-W.-S., Chen, J., Lin, J., & Liu, L.* (2016). Effects of name and gender on interpersonal attraction: Gender role evaluation as a mediator. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(4), 596–600. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2016.04.004
    [包寒吴霜, 陈俊霖, 林俊利, 刘力*. (2016). 名字与性别的人际吸引机制：性别角色评价的中介作用. 中国临床心理学杂志, 24(4), 596–600.]

  6. Zhang, M., Yang, Y., Bao, H.-W.-S., & Cai, H.* (2024). The positive ideal affect of Chinese people: Trends over the past decades. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 56(7), 847–858. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1041.2024.00847
    [张明杨, 杨盈, 包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭*. (2024). 中国人的积极理想情绪：近几十年来的变迁. 心理学报, 56(7), 847–858.]

  7. Cai, H.*, Zhang, M., Bao, H.-W.-S., Zhu, H., Yang, Z., Cheng, X., Huang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2023). Examining societal change from the perspective of psychology: Research design and analytic techniques. Advances in Psychological Science, 31(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2023.00159
    [蔡华俭*, 张明杨, 包寒吴霜, 朱慧珺, 杨紫嫣, 程曦, 黄梓航, 王梓西. (2023). 心理学视野下的社会变迁研究：研究设计与分析方法. 心理科学进展, 31(2), 159–172.]

  8. Yang, Y., Zhu, H., Zhou, W., Zhang, M., Xie, Y., Bao, H.-W.-S., Su, Z., Wang, X., Jing, Y., Yang, Z., & Cai, H.* (2020). The behavioral immune system: A multi-level reconsideration. Advances in Psychological Science, 28(11), 1865–1879. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1042.2020.01865
    [杨盈, 朱慧珺, 周婉, 张明杨, 谢怡萍, 包寒吴霜, 苏展, 王潇欧, 敬一鸣, 杨紫嫣, 蔡华俭*. (2020). 行为免疫系统理论及其研究：新视野下的再考察. 心理科学进展, 28(11), 1865–1879.]

Newspaper Articles:

  • Bao, H.-W.-S., & Cai, H.* (2021, March 4). Improve the reliability of psychological research on names. Chinese Social Sciences Today. http://sscp.cssn.cn/xkpd/xlx/202103/t20210304_5315368.html
    [包寒吴霜, 蔡华俭*. (2021-03-04). 提高姓名心理学研究的可靠程度. 中国社会科学报, 2118.]

Expertise

  • R (proficient)
    • Data analysis and visualization using R
    • R packages developed independently:
      CRAN-Version CRAN-Downloads
      CRAN-Version CRAN-Downloads
      CRAN-Version CRAN-Downloads
      CRAN-Version CRAN-Downloads
      GitHub-Version
      GitHub-Version
  • Python (proficient)
    • Web crawling, big data collection and processing
    • Have crawled 20+ websites for data collection in research
  • SPSS (proficient)
    • Basic and advanced data analyses
  • Mplus (familiar)
    • Structural equation modeling
  • JavaScript (familiar)
  • MATLAB (familiar)
    • Experiment development using “PsychToolBox”
  • Microsoft Office (proficient)
    • Microsoft Office Specialist (MOS) Certification
      • Excel (Expert-Level)
      • Word (Expert-Level)
      • PowerPoint (Specialist-Level)

Service

Journal Reviewer (Articles Reviewed):

International Journals:

  • Nature Human Behaviour (2)
  • Behavior Research Methods (2)
  • British Journal of Social Psychology (1)
  • Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (1)
  • Acta Psychologica (1); Applied Psychology (1); Communications Psychology (1); Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology (1); Frontiers in Education (1); Frontiers in Psychology (1); F1000Research (2); Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (1); Organization Science (1); PeerJ Computer Science (1); Personnel Review (1); Self and Identity (1)

Chinese Journals:

  • 心理学报 Acta Psychologica Sinica (17)
  • 心理科学 Journal of Psychological Science (17)
  • 心理科学进展 Advances in Psychological Science (3)
  • 心理技术与应用 Psychology: Techniques and Applications (8)
  • 心理学通讯 Psychological Communications (9)

Academic Committee Membership:

  • Chinese Psychological Society
  • Chinese Association of Social Psychology
  • Chinese Association for Artificial Intelligence
  • Shanghai Psychological Society: Psychology + Artificial Intelligence

Supervised Students

Bachelor Degree:

2025: LI Ruijie, MA Liwei, SHEN Weiyi, TENG Jingyi

Invited Talks

[2024.12] Research Methods with Natural Language for Social Psychology

  • Invited by Psychological Communications (online)

[2024.9] Group-Level Psychology with Big Data and Natural Language (Special Invitation)

  • The 2024 Annual Academic Conference of the Social Psychology Committee of Chinese Psychological Society, Jinan, Shandong, China

[2023.12] Computational Intelligent Social Psychology: Using AI Language Models to Understand Society and Culture

  • School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University

[2023.11] Using Natural Language to Study Human Society: WEAT and FMAT with R (Social Data Science Workshop)

  • Cathie Marsh Institute, University of Manchester (invited by Arkadiusz Wiśniowski)

[2023.10] Western Views of China in Natural Language (Early Career Research Workshop)

  • Manchester China Institute, University of Manchester

[2023.9] Social Science in Natural Language: Word Counting, Word Embedding, and Language Modeling (“Translation Academy” Salon Series)

  • University of Manchester (online)

[2023.4] Discerning Human Society in Natural Language: Methods Based on Frequency, Similarity, and Probability (GNARC ECR Methods Workshop)

  • University of Manchester (invited by Nan Zhang)

[2022.6] bruceR in the Workflow of Data Analysis

  • Nanjing Normal University (invited by Chuan-Peng Hu)
  • Video: Zhihu, Bilibili

[2022.3] Embedded in Word Embedding: Methodological Evolution of Psychology in the Era of AI

  • Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

[2021.12] R in Data Science

  • Beijing Normal University (invited by Zijun Cai)

[2021.11] R Programming and the bruceR Package

  • Peking University (invited by Guiquan Li)

[2021.9] How to Learn R Programming?

  • Holland Psychometrics Association (online)
  • Link: Intro, Video

[2021.6] How to “Uninstall” SPSS? Tips on Learning R Programming

  • Nanjing Normal University (invited by Chuan-Peng Hu)
  • A talk presented on the Psychological Research Method Workshop: R Programming

[2019.11] Multilevel Modeling: Methods, Key Issues, and Applications (2-Day Workshop)

[2019.10] Multilevel Modeling: Methods, Key Issues, and R Programming

Selected Blog Articles

Statistics

Techniques

Hobbies

🎱 Billiards/Snooker
🏋️ Strength Training
👊 Wing-Chun (咏春拳)
🔗️ Nunchakus (双节棍)
🥊 Mixed Martial Arts (综合格斗)
🥋 Tae-Kwon-Do (Level: 2nd Dan black belt)

Hometowns

“浙江长大的江苏山东后裔河南人”
Xinxiang, Henan Province (1995~2001)
Ningbo, Zhejiang Province (2001~2013)
Beijing (2013~2022)