World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering, Feb 16, 2015
Abstract The dewaxing of paraffinic lube stocks is an essential step in the production of lubrica... more Abstract The dewaxing of paraffinic lube stocks is an essential step in the production of lubricants to improve the operability of machines especially in winter. The present work deals with study of the urea dewaxing process of two types of Egyptian vacuum distillates. The effect of different compositions of methanol to water saturated with urea and yield of the oil, percent of wax, pour point, refractive index, viscosity, viscosity index and specific gravity of the oil produced from the two types of distillates (I and II) were evaluated. The operating conditions of the urea adduct formation with n-paraffins using methanol to water mixture achieved the best pour point at −3.88 °C from an initial temperature of 4.4 °C for distillate I at (25/75) methanol to water. At the same ratio of methanol to water the best specific gravity of oil produced changed from 0.865 to 0.867, with viscosity index of 80. Percent yield of 50% for oil and percent wax of 50% were obtained. Results for distillate II, of higher specific gravity, are comparatively higher than those for distillate I. Experiments were carried out at room temperature.
The release of poly aromatic hydrocarbons specially β-Naphthols from industrial plants, especiall... more The release of poly aromatic hydrocarbons specially β-Naphthols from industrial plants, especially in wastewater effluents discharged from desizing processes in the textile industry, causes many ecological problems that must be solved. These highly contaminated wastewaters contain considerable amounts of dissolved organic carbon, causing a high chemical oxygen demand. Various techniques have been investigated for the removal of these organic pollutants hydrocarbons from contaminated water, including biodegradation, adsorption onto activated carbon, membrane processes, and advanced oxidation processes. These techniques suffer from several technical and economic disadvantages. Although biodegradation is an environmentally friendly process, the rate of hydrocarbon biodegradation is considerably slow and thus requires long reaction times in the range. Electrocoagulation is an important water treatment technology that has been widely used for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants....
The abundance of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in North America is not unique, though it i... more The abundance of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in North America is not unique, though it is the only region that has seen significant progress in extracting and monetising these resources. Many countries have successful conventional exploration and production activities, and have developed suitable fiscal terms and governance models, but these models are challenged with the relevancy of these terms when applied to unconventional resource exploration, evaluation and development. This extended abstract reviews factors that are largely in the control of a host government (for example, the fiscal, licensing and regulatory system), and where challenges lie in cost disadvantages (the provision of services and infrastructure, for which different considerations and approaches need to be applied). It also compares the fundamental economic characteristics between similar-sized investments in an onshore unconventional play and in a conventional oil field in deepwater. Previously, the au...
The present study aims to removal of copper ions (Cu2+) as a heavy metal ion from aqueous solutio... more The present study aims to removal of copper ions (Cu2+) as a heavy metal ion from aqueous solution by a high inorganic molecular weight compound. This compound is modified clay (activated bentonite) which is used in oil well drilling, and obtained from local company. The experimental results showed that it is an adsorption reaction that follows Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum removal of copper ions was obtained at low copper ion initial concentration, high adsorbent dosage, low temperature, and high agitation speed. It is clear from the results obtained that the compound within the experimental range investigated cannot be considered as a method for the removal of waste stream within the experimental range investigated as the residual concentration is higher than the limits which are allowed by the environmental limits which are allowed by the low which is 5 ppm. These results may be due to the high initial copper concentration used in this work and low dosage of the compound.
The possibility of using electrocoagulation technique to remove phosphorus compounds from waste e... more The possibility of using electrocoagulation technique to remove phosphorus compounds from waste effluent using an electrochemical reactor has been investigated. To increase the surface area of the anode, a new anode design consisting of raschig rings connected together with a thin wire of aluminum and placed in a perforated plastic basket located above the horizontal cathode was used. Removal of phosphorus compounds was found to be due to combined effect of sweep coagulation and adsorption. The removal of phosphorus compounds was investigated in terms of various parameters namely: pH, operating time, current density, initial phosphorus concentration and addition of NaCl. The study revealed that the optimum conditions for the removal of phosphorus compound were achieved at current density = 8.59 "mA/cm 2" , pH = 7, NaCl concentration = 1 "g/L" and temperature of 25°C remarkable removal of 100% of phosphorus compound after 30 min can be achieved for most of concent...
Na–montmorillonite was modified via an ion-exchange reaction with octadecyl dihydroxy ethyl methy... more Na–montmorillonite was modified via an ion-exchange reaction with octadecyl dihydroxy ethyl methylammonium bromide (ODEM). The modified material (Na–Mt) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The basal spacing of the modified Na–Mt was 2.47nm and the IR spectra of modified Na–Mt showed CH2 vibrations. The adsorption of phenol by modified Na–Mt
ABSTRACT: The possibility of using waste polystyrene to remove the hardness of water has been inv... more ABSTRACT: The possibility of using waste polystyrene to remove the hardness of water has been investigated. Waste of polystyrene is consisting of white coffee cups and foams and they were converted into adsorbent by heterogeneous sulfonation. Consequently, Infra-red technique has been used to confirm the sulfonation. Degree of sulfonation and cation exchange capacity has been determined by titration. Hard water has been prepared by dissolving Mg or Ca salts in distilled water. The modified polymer provides high purification of hard water comparable to conventional adsorbent.
Nano–zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently achieved special attention because of its unique optical, elec... more Nano–zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently achieved special attention because of its unique optical, electrical and chemical properties. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate and ammonium hydroxide wereused as precursor materials for the preparation of Nano–zinc oxide. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of period of contact on the rate of adsorption of Nano-zinc oxide, the impact of interactionperiod on the percentage removal, the effect of pH and the effect of adsorbent dose. Central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to proposed design and augment the elimination of dyes againstinitial dyes concentration, pH, adsorbent mass and time, in addition to study the potential relations among these variables. It was found in this study that when the concentration of Methylene Blue in waste water increases, the percentage removal decreases. Equilibrium concentration is reached after 40 minutes. The isotherm and kinetics estimations demonstrated that Freundlich ...
An electrolytic cell was prepared to remove calcium and magnesium by electrocoagulation. The cell... more An electrolytic cell was prepared to remove calcium and magnesium by electrocoagulation. The cell consisted of 2 L beaker. The cathode consisted of a square horizontal Al plate. The anode was made of 4 arrays of separated horizontal aluminium cylinders; each cylinder had a length of 1.8 cm and 1.2 cm diameter and had 17 cylinders total. The effects of different parameters including electrolysis time, initial calcium and magnesium concentration, initial solution pH, NaCl as an electrolyte concentration and stirrer velocity were evaluated. The study found that the percentage removal increase with increasing electrolysis time until an approximately constant removal has been reached after 60 minutes. The percentage removal increase with increasing the applied current density as it reached 53.53% calcium removed and 100% magnesium removed at 50.56 mA/cm 2 the effect of initial solution pH was maximum in the alkaline range at pH=10. In addition, it was found that the calcium and magnesium...
Phenolic compounds are some of the major hazardous compounds in industrial wastewater due to thei... more Phenolic compounds are some of the major hazardous compounds in industrial wastewater due to their poor biodegradability, high toxicity and ecological aspects. These compounds are listed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) among the priority pollutants for instance phenols are released into water from industrial effluent discharges such as petroleum refinery wastewater. Classical methods employed for phenol removal are either costly or limited to large-scale applications such as biological and thermal decomposition methods. In this study an Egyptian Bentonite clay has been used for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions over a concentration range of 10–100 mg/l, shaking time of 5–120 min, stirring rate from 50-250 r.p.m and adsorbent dosage from 0.1to 0.5 g. The Experiments were carried out for the analysis of adsorption equilibrium capacities using a batch equilibrium technique. The process of uptake follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The com...
In this study, the removal of vegetable oil from wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) using alum... more In this study, the removal of vegetable oil from wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminium electrodes in a batch reactor was investigated. The effect of operating parameters such as current density, electrolyte (NaCl) concentration, pH and initial oil concentration were studied, while chemical oxygen demand (COD) was calculated as an indication. The results illustrated that by increasing the current density the percentage removal of COD increased. The increase in the NaCl concentration increased the COD removal efficiency. The optimum pH for EC was found to be 7. And finally, the COD removal efficiency decreased as the initial oil concentration was increased from 10 – 80 ppm.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering, Feb 16, 2015
Abstract The dewaxing of paraffinic lube stocks is an essential step in the production of lubrica... more Abstract The dewaxing of paraffinic lube stocks is an essential step in the production of lubricants to improve the operability of machines especially in winter. The present work deals with study of the urea dewaxing process of two types of Egyptian vacuum distillates. The effect of different compositions of methanol to water saturated with urea and yield of the oil, percent of wax, pour point, refractive index, viscosity, viscosity index and specific gravity of the oil produced from the two types of distillates (I and II) were evaluated. The operating conditions of the urea adduct formation with n-paraffins using methanol to water mixture achieved the best pour point at −3.88 °C from an initial temperature of 4.4 °C for distillate I at (25/75) methanol to water. At the same ratio of methanol to water the best specific gravity of oil produced changed from 0.865 to 0.867, with viscosity index of 80. Percent yield of 50% for oil and percent wax of 50% were obtained. Results for distillate II, of higher specific gravity, are comparatively higher than those for distillate I. Experiments were carried out at room temperature.
The release of poly aromatic hydrocarbons specially β-Naphthols from industrial plants, especiall... more The release of poly aromatic hydrocarbons specially β-Naphthols from industrial plants, especially in wastewater effluents discharged from desizing processes in the textile industry, causes many ecological problems that must be solved. These highly contaminated wastewaters contain considerable amounts of dissolved organic carbon, causing a high chemical oxygen demand. Various techniques have been investigated for the removal of these organic pollutants hydrocarbons from contaminated water, including biodegradation, adsorption onto activated carbon, membrane processes, and advanced oxidation processes. These techniques suffer from several technical and economic disadvantages. Although biodegradation is an environmentally friendly process, the rate of hydrocarbon biodegradation is considerably slow and thus requires long reaction times in the range. Electrocoagulation is an important water treatment technology that has been widely used for removing heavy metals and organic pollutants....
The abundance of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in North America is not unique, though it i... more The abundance of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in North America is not unique, though it is the only region that has seen significant progress in extracting and monetising these resources. Many countries have successful conventional exploration and production activities, and have developed suitable fiscal terms and governance models, but these models are challenged with the relevancy of these terms when applied to unconventional resource exploration, evaluation and development. This extended abstract reviews factors that are largely in the control of a host government (for example, the fiscal, licensing and regulatory system), and where challenges lie in cost disadvantages (the provision of services and infrastructure, for which different considerations and approaches need to be applied). It also compares the fundamental economic characteristics between similar-sized investments in an onshore unconventional play and in a conventional oil field in deepwater. Previously, the au...
The present study aims to removal of copper ions (Cu2+) as a heavy metal ion from aqueous solutio... more The present study aims to removal of copper ions (Cu2+) as a heavy metal ion from aqueous solution by a high inorganic molecular weight compound. This compound is modified clay (activated bentonite) which is used in oil well drilling, and obtained from local company. The experimental results showed that it is an adsorption reaction that follows Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum removal of copper ions was obtained at low copper ion initial concentration, high adsorbent dosage, low temperature, and high agitation speed. It is clear from the results obtained that the compound within the experimental range investigated cannot be considered as a method for the removal of waste stream within the experimental range investigated as the residual concentration is higher than the limits which are allowed by the environmental limits which are allowed by the low which is 5 ppm. These results may be due to the high initial copper concentration used in this work and low dosage of the compound.
The possibility of using electrocoagulation technique to remove phosphorus compounds from waste e... more The possibility of using electrocoagulation technique to remove phosphorus compounds from waste effluent using an electrochemical reactor has been investigated. To increase the surface area of the anode, a new anode design consisting of raschig rings connected together with a thin wire of aluminum and placed in a perforated plastic basket located above the horizontal cathode was used. Removal of phosphorus compounds was found to be due to combined effect of sweep coagulation and adsorption. The removal of phosphorus compounds was investigated in terms of various parameters namely: pH, operating time, current density, initial phosphorus concentration and addition of NaCl. The study revealed that the optimum conditions for the removal of phosphorus compound were achieved at current density = 8.59 "mA/cm 2" , pH = 7, NaCl concentration = 1 "g/L" and temperature of 25°C remarkable removal of 100% of phosphorus compound after 30 min can be achieved for most of concent...
Na–montmorillonite was modified via an ion-exchange reaction with octadecyl dihydroxy ethyl methy... more Na–montmorillonite was modified via an ion-exchange reaction with octadecyl dihydroxy ethyl methylammonium bromide (ODEM). The modified material (Na–Mt) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The basal spacing of the modified Na–Mt was 2.47nm and the IR spectra of modified Na–Mt showed CH2 vibrations. The adsorption of phenol by modified Na–Mt
ABSTRACT: The possibility of using waste polystyrene to remove the hardness of water has been inv... more ABSTRACT: The possibility of using waste polystyrene to remove the hardness of water has been investigated. Waste of polystyrene is consisting of white coffee cups and foams and they were converted into adsorbent by heterogeneous sulfonation. Consequently, Infra-red technique has been used to confirm the sulfonation. Degree of sulfonation and cation exchange capacity has been determined by titration. Hard water has been prepared by dissolving Mg or Ca salts in distilled water. The modified polymer provides high purification of hard water comparable to conventional adsorbent.
Nano–zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently achieved special attention because of its unique optical, elec... more Nano–zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently achieved special attention because of its unique optical, electrical and chemical properties. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate and ammonium hydroxide wereused as precursor materials for the preparation of Nano–zinc oxide. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of period of contact on the rate of adsorption of Nano-zinc oxide, the impact of interactionperiod on the percentage removal, the effect of pH and the effect of adsorbent dose. Central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to proposed design and augment the elimination of dyes againstinitial dyes concentration, pH, adsorbent mass and time, in addition to study the potential relations among these variables. It was found in this study that when the concentration of Methylene Blue in waste water increases, the percentage removal decreases. Equilibrium concentration is reached after 40 minutes. The isotherm and kinetics estimations demonstrated that Freundlich ...
An electrolytic cell was prepared to remove calcium and magnesium by electrocoagulation. The cell... more An electrolytic cell was prepared to remove calcium and magnesium by electrocoagulation. The cell consisted of 2 L beaker. The cathode consisted of a square horizontal Al plate. The anode was made of 4 arrays of separated horizontal aluminium cylinders; each cylinder had a length of 1.8 cm and 1.2 cm diameter and had 17 cylinders total. The effects of different parameters including electrolysis time, initial calcium and magnesium concentration, initial solution pH, NaCl as an electrolyte concentration and stirrer velocity were evaluated. The study found that the percentage removal increase with increasing electrolysis time until an approximately constant removal has been reached after 60 minutes. The percentage removal increase with increasing the applied current density as it reached 53.53% calcium removed and 100% magnesium removed at 50.56 mA/cm 2 the effect of initial solution pH was maximum in the alkaline range at pH=10. In addition, it was found that the calcium and magnesium...
Phenolic compounds are some of the major hazardous compounds in industrial wastewater due to thei... more Phenolic compounds are some of the major hazardous compounds in industrial wastewater due to their poor biodegradability, high toxicity and ecological aspects. These compounds are listed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) among the priority pollutants for instance phenols are released into water from industrial effluent discharges such as petroleum refinery wastewater. Classical methods employed for phenol removal are either costly or limited to large-scale applications such as biological and thermal decomposition methods. In this study an Egyptian Bentonite clay has been used for the adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions over a concentration range of 10–100 mg/l, shaking time of 5–120 min, stirring rate from 50-250 r.p.m and adsorbent dosage from 0.1to 0.5 g. The Experiments were carried out for the analysis of adsorption equilibrium capacities using a batch equilibrium technique. The process of uptake follows both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The com...
In this study, the removal of vegetable oil from wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) using alum... more In this study, the removal of vegetable oil from wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) using aluminium electrodes in a batch reactor was investigated. The effect of operating parameters such as current density, electrolyte (NaCl) concentration, pH and initial oil concentration were studied, while chemical oxygen demand (COD) was calculated as an indication. The results illustrated that by increasing the current density the percentage removal of COD increased. The increase in the NaCl concentration increased the COD removal efficiency. The optimum pH for EC was found to be 7. And finally, the COD removal efficiency decreased as the initial oil concentration was increased from 10 – 80 ppm.
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