Petrochemical

Egyptian oil shale was investigated as a source of adsorbent for removal of zinc from aqueous solutions. Egyptian oil shale (OS) was used as an adsorbent without any treatment, then thermally activated in absence of air (Carbo-OS), and separately burned to produce ash (OS-ash). Egyptian oil shale was also chemically activated by zinc chloride (ZnCl2-OS) respectively. The present study aims at investigating the removal of Zn2+ ions from an aqueous solution via adsorption and thermal and chemical activation of locally sourced oil shale. Also, the effect of different operation parameters, like heavy metal and sorbent concentration as well as adsorbent’s uptake time of heavy metals is studied. It was found that activated oil shale successfully removed high amount of Zn from an aqueous solution. As the adsorbent concentration was increased keeping zinc concentration constant, greater metal removal from the solution was observed. And, as the zinc concentration was increased keeping sorben...

This work explores the possibility of using electrocoagulation to remove phenolic compounds from oil refinery waste effluent using an electrochemical reactor with a fixed bed anode made of randomly oriented Al raschig rings packed in a perforated plastic basket located above the horizontal cathode. The removal of phenolic compounds was investigated in terms of various parameters in batch mode namely: pH, operating time, current density, initial phenol concentration, addition of NaCl, temperature and the effect of phenol structure (effect of functional groups). The chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also measured. In order to throw some light on the economics of the process, energy consumption as well as Al consumption were calculated under different conditions. The study revealed that the optimum conditions for the removal of phenolic compounds were achieved at current density = 8.59 mA/cm 2 , pH = 7, NaCl concentration = 1 g/L and temperature of 25°C. Remarkable removal of 100% of ph...

An electrolytic cell was prepared to remove calcium and magnesium by electrocoagulation. The cell consisted of 2 L beaker. The cathode consisted of a square horizontal Al plate. The anode was made of 4 arrays of separated horizontal aluminium cylinders; each cylinder had a length of 1.8 cm and 1.2 cm diameter and had 17 cylinders total. The effects of different parameters including electrolysis time, initial calcium and magnesium concentration, initial solution pH, NaCl as an electrolyte concentration and stirrer velocity were evaluated. The study found that the percentage removal increase with increasing electrolysis time until an approximately constant removal has been reached after 60 minutes. The percentage removal increase with increasing the applied current density as it reached 53.53% calcium removed and 100% magnesium removed at 50.56 mA/cm 2 the effect of initial solution pH was maximum in the alkaline range at pH=10. In addition, it was found that the calcium and magnesium...

Nano–zinc oxide (ZnO) has recently achieved special attention because of its unique optical, electrical and chemical properties. Zinc sulfate heptahydrate and ammonium hydroxide wereused as precursor materials for the preparation of Nano–zinc oxide. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of period of contact on the rate of adsorption of Nano-zinc oxide, the impact of interactionperiod on the percentage removal, the effect of pH and the effect of adsorbent dose. Central composite design (CCD) in response surface methodology (RSM) was used to proposed design and augment the elimination of dyes againstinitial dyes concentration, pH, adsorbent mass and time, in addition to study the potential relations among these variables. It was found in this study that when the concentration of Methylene Blue in waste water increases, the percentage removal decreases. Equilibrium concentration is reached after 40 minutes. The isotherm and kinetics estimations demonstrated that Freundlich ...

ABSTRACT: The possibility of using waste polystyrene to remove the hardness of water has been investigated. Waste of polystyrene is consisting of white coffee cups and foams and they were converted into adsorbent by heterogeneous sulfonation. Consequently, Infra-red technique has been used to confirm the sulfonation. Degree of sulfonation and cation exchange capacity has been determined by titration. Hard water has been prepared by dissolving Mg or Ca salts in distilled water. The modified polymer provides high purification of hard water comparable to conventional adsorbent.

The present study aims to removal of copper ions (Cu2+) as a heavy metal ion from aqueous solution by a high inorganic molecular weight compound. This compound is modified clay (activated bentonite) which is used in oil well drilling, and obtained from local company. The experimental results showed that it is an adsorption reaction that follows Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum removal of copper ions was obtained at low copper ion initial concentration, high adsorbent dosage, low temperature, and high agitation speed. It is clear from the results obtained that the compound within the experimental range investigated cannot be considered as a method for the removal of waste stream within the experimental range investigated as the residual concentration is higher than the limits which are allowed by the environmental limits which are allowed by the low which is 5 ppm. These results may be due to the high initial copper concentration used in this work and low dosage of the compound.