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Red-fleshed Apples: Old Autochthonous Fruits as a Novel Source of Anthocyanin Antioxidants

Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2015 Sep;70(3):324-30. doi: 10.1007/s11130-015-0497-2.

Abstract

In order to promote breeding programs and a full reintroduction into production of two local red-fleshed apple varieties grown in Bekran and Bastam (Iran), the evaluation of their antioxidant properties was of interest. LC-MS(n) based metabolic fingerprinting analyses were applied to investigate the anthocyanin content of both peel and flesh components of the fruits. Cyanidin-3-O-hexoside isomers were present in both 'Bekran' and 'Bastam' apples, whereas 'Bekran' apple was a valuable source of anthocyanin rutinose derivatives. Employing DPPH(•), ABTS(•+), and ORAC methods, the antiradical efficacy was evaluated. The ability of the investigated fruit components to scavenge OH(•), and O(2) (•-) reactive species was also assessed. ID(50) values highlighted the massive antioxidant response of 'Bekran' peel component, able to counteract by 50 % OH(•), and O(2) (•-) at 130.3 and 91.6 μg/mL, respectively. The cytoprotective screening towards HeLa, HepG2, A549, SH-5YSY, and SK-N-BE(2)-C cell lines evidenced that the investigated Iranian red-fleshed apple fruits were able to exert a significant antioxidant response in hydrogen peroxide oxidized cell systems. Data collected suggested that the revaluation of 'Bekran' and 'Bastam' apple cultivars could represent a precious source of antioxidant compounds whose dietary intake could improve the human well-being reducing risks of free radical related chronic and degenerative diseases.

MeSH terms

  • Anthocyanins / analysis
  • Anthocyanins / pharmacology*
  • Antioxidants / analysis
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology*
  • Benzothiazoles / metabolism
  • Biphenyl Compounds / metabolism
  • Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  • Disaccharides / analysis
  • Disaccharides / pharmacology
  • Free Radical Scavengers / analysis
  • Free Radical Scavengers / pharmacology
  • Fruit / chemistry*
  • HeLa Cells
  • Hep G2 Cells
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen Peroxide / pharmacology
  • Iran
  • Malus / chemistry*
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Picrates / metabolism
  • Plant Extracts / chemistry
  • Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
  • Species Specificity
  • Sulfonic Acids / metabolism

Substances

  • Anthocyanins
  • Antioxidants
  • Benzothiazoles
  • Biphenyl Compounds
  • Disaccharides
  • Free Radical Scavengers
  • Picrates
  • Plant Extracts
  • Sulfonic Acids
  • rutinose
  • 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
  • cyanidin
  • Hydrogen Peroxide
  • 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl