Wraz z rozwojem sieci komórkowych i wzrostem ich zaawansowania technologicznego pojawiła się potr... more Wraz z rozwojem sieci komórkowych i wzrostem ich zaawansowania technologicznego pojawiła się potrzeba opracowania metod umożliwiających efektywne szacowanie pojemności ruchowej sieci. Wprowadzenie zaawansowanych mechanizmów zarządzania ruchem oznacza konieczność opracowania nowych lub modyfikacji istniejących metod modelowania interfejsów sieci komórkowej.
Monografia została poświęcona konstrukcji analitycznych modeli wielousługowych systemów komórkowych względniających zarówno mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem stosowane w interfejsach sieci dostępowej, jak i możliwość obsługi mieszaniny ruchów o różnych właściwościach i różnych wymaganiach jakościowych. Do najważniejszych rezultatów badań przedstawionych w monografi można zaliczyć opracowanie modeli analitycznych systemów ielousługowych, w których zastosowano następujące mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem: mechanizm priorytetyzacji wszystkich lub wybranych klas ruchu, mechanizm kompresji bezprogowej, mechanizm jednokierunkowej kompresji progowej, mechanizm dwukierunkowej kompresji progowej oraz mechanizm wielokrotnej histerezy zgłoszeń. W pracy zaproponowano również metody wyznaczania prawdopodobieństwa blokady w wielousługowych sieciach komórkowych z połączeniami rozgałęźnymi.
Efektywność zapronowanych metod modelowania systemów wielousługowych z mechanizmami zarządzania ruchem została zweryfikowana symulacyjnie. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty symulacyjne potwierdziły dokładność wyników obliczeń uzyskanych na podstawie przedstawionych metod analitycznych.
"This book is a must-read for all network planners and other professionals wishing to improve the... more "This book is a must-read for all network planners and other professionals wishing to improve the quality and cost efficiency of 3G and LTE networks
In this book, the authors address the architecture of the 2/3G network and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. The book proposes analytical models that make the analysis and dimensioning of the most important interfaces, i.e. WCDMA or Iub, possible. Furthermore, the authors include descriptions of fundamental technological issues in 2/3 G networks, basic traffic engineering models and frequent examples of the application of analytical models in the analysis and dimensioning of the interface of cellular networks. The specific knowledge included in the content will enable the reader to understand and then to prepare appropriate programming softwares that will allow them to evaluate quality parameters of cellular networks, i.e. blocking probabilities or call losses. Additionally, the book presents models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams. Finally, the analytical models presented in the book can be also used in the process of modeling and optimization of LTE networks.
Key Features:
Describes the architecture and the modes of operation of the cellular 2/3/4G systems and the LTE network
Covers the traffic theory and engineering within the context of mobile networks
Presents original analytical methods that enable their users to dimension selected interfaces of cellular networks
Discusses models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams
Includes problems as well as an accompanying website containing solutions, software tools and interactive flash animations (http://wiley.teletraffic.pl)
This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optimization engineers, transmission engineers, core network engineers, Service Management engineers) working in the areas of mobile wireless networks technology, not only in optimization process, but also in profitability assessment of newly implemented services (i.e. in NPV - Net Present Value analysis), and researchers and scientists. Advanced students in the fields of mobile communications networks and systems will also find this book insightful."
Prezentowana książka jest pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym opracowaniem, dotyczącym inżynierii ru... more Prezentowana książka jest pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym opracowaniem, dotyczącym inżynierii ruchu i wymiarowania sieci bezprzewodowych. W książce omówiono zarówno zagadnienia podstawowe, tj. wprowadzenie do teorii ruchu oraz jednokanałowe systemy z przelewem ruchu, jak i zagadnienia bardziej zaawansowane, tj. modele systemów z ruchem zintegrowanym oraz modele kolejkowe. Książka zawiera również algorytmy umożliwiające praktyczne wymiarowanie oraz optymalizację wybranych interfejsów w sieciach telefonii komórkowej 2/3 G.
"Niniejszy podręcznik, (…), jest – zgodnie z wiedzą autorów – pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym op... more "Niniejszy podręcznik, (…), jest – zgodnie z wiedzą autorów – pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym opracowaniem na temat inżynierii ruchu i wymiarowania sieci.
Praca składa się ze wstępu i ośmiu rozdziałów. Rozdział 1 dotyczy podstaw teorii ruchu, tj. modeli strumieni zgłoszeń i procesów obsługi w systemach telekomunikacyjnych oraz wiązkach. (...) W rozdziale 2 przedstawiono najważniejsze rozkłady zajętości wiązek w systemach z ruchem jednousługowym. Zaprezentowano w nim najważniejsze modele jednowymiarowe (modele Erlanga, Engseta, Bernoullego i Poissona) oraz modele dwu- i wielowymiarowe (wielowymiarowy model Erlanga, dwuwymiarowy model Erlanga i model Erlanga-Engseta). (…) Rozdział 3 poświecono modelowaniu systemów z przelewem ruchu. Przedstawiono w nim metody wyznaczania optymalnej liczby łączy w wiązkach bezpośrednich oraz metody wymiarowania wiązek alternatywnych, tj. metodę ekwiwalentnych zamian i metodę Fredericksa-Haywarda. (…) W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono dwa najbardziej znane analityczne modele pól komutacyjnych. Umożliwiają one obliczenie prawdopodobieństwa blokady i innych ważnych charakterystyk pola komutacyjnego dla różnych typów selekcji. (...) Rozdział 5 jest poświęcony koncepcji modelu efektywnej dostępności. Omówiono w nim i poddano analizie porównawczej najważniejsze metody obliczeń pól komutacyjnych opracowane na podstawie tej koncepcji, tj. metody CIRB, CLIGS-A, CLIGS-B, PPL, PPLM, MRP, MB i inne. (...) W rozdziale 6 przedstawiono zagadnienia modelowania wiązek w systemach z ruchem zintegrowanym. (...) W rozdziale 7 omówiono sposoby wymiarowania wiązek sieci szerokopasmowych. Zamieszczono w nim opis podstawowych modeli źródeł ruchu(...). Omówiono tez wybrane metody wyznaczania pasma ekwiwalentnego (...). Rozdział 8 dotyczy modeli węzłów transmisyjnych w sieciach pakietowych. Przedstawiono w nim podstawowe systemy kolejkowe stosowane do modelowania i wymiarowania buforów węzłów sieci pakietowych. (...)"
This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optim... more This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optimization engineers, transmission engineers, core network engineers, Service Management engineers) working in the areas of mobile wireless networks technology, not only in optimization process, but also in profitability assessment of newly implemented services (i.e. in NPV - Net Present Value analysis), and researchers and scientists. Advanced students in the fields of mobile communications networks and systems will also find this book insightful.
This paper presents a methodology for the modelling and optimization of multi-service radio acces... more This paper presents a methodology for the modelling and optimization of multi-service radio access for universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) networks. The paper provides a description of the basis for modelling of a tandem pair: a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) interface and a Iub interface. The models involved in the study take into consideration a possibility of setting priorities to a number of selected traffic classes. Particular attention is given to the development of simple computational algorithms that would make it possible to determine the blocking probability for call streams with different priorities. The results of the analytical calculations are then compared with the results of simulation experiments, which confirms the high accuracy of the proposed analytical solutions.
AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Jan 24, 2014
The Quality of Service (QoS) routing requires a special approach to graph algorithms modeling. On... more The Quality of Service (QoS) routing requires a special approach to graph algorithms modeling. One of the mathematical concepts that reflects this class of problems is the multi-constrained minimum Steiner tree problem (MCMST). In this article, the RDP (named after the concept of the RenDezvouz Point), a novel algorithm for solving the MCMST problem is presented.
Telecommunications Systems, Springer Netherlands, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1091-1100. , Feb 2013
In this paper, a new analytical method of blocking probability calculation in multi-service cellu... more In this paper, a new analytical method of blocking probability calculation in multi-service cellular systems with multicast connections is proposed. The new analytical method considers the influence of both WCDMA and Iub interfaces on multicast traffic streams characteristics. The basis for the discussed method is a model of the full-availability group with traffic compression and the fixed-point methodology. The results of the analytical calculations of the cellular system with multicast connections are compared with the results of the simulation experiments, which confirms the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed scheme can be applicable for a cost-effective resource management in UMTS/HSPA/LTE mobile networks and can be easily applied in proper network dimensioning.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Feb 2013
The dynamic development of multiservice cellular networks has resulted in significant changes in ... more The dynamic development of multiservice cellular networks has resulted in significant changes in the system architecture, which, in turn, has led to a broad distribution of many mechanisms and functions responsible for traffic management. These mechanisms take advantage of appropriate algorithms and analytic dependencies to ensure optimal quality of service that can be tailored to the objectives of the network operator. This paper proposes a new analytical model of a cellular network that supports multicast connections in a distributed environment. It is assumed that, in the cells participating in multicast connections, it is possible to apply different and independent traffic management mechanisms such as, for example, threshold mechanisms and resource reservation mechanisms. The proposed method can be used in an evaluation and scientific methods of research in the traffic effectiveness of multicast connections in given load conditions of a cellular network. An application of the method can have a particular significance in designing high-bit-rate multicast services to users in 4G networks. The analytical model proposed in this paper is verified on the basis of simulation examinations of cellular networks with multicast connections. The investigations confirm high accuracy of the model and the correctness of all theoretical assumptions adopted in the study.
International Journal of Communication Systems, Wiley, Volume 27, Issue 10, pages 1441–1458, Oct 2014
Multicast holds out great promise to significantly reduce network load between the sender and a g... more Multicast holds out great promise to significantly reduce network load between the sender and a group of receivers by delivering a single data stream to many recipients. Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) Sparse Mode and its variant PIM Source-Specific Multicast (PIM SSM) are the most widely used IP multicast protocols. Protocols offer low latency data delivery capabilities with relatively high reliability and are characterized by large signaling overhead. This article presents a new multicast protocol, called Lightweight PIM (LPIM), tackling the main problem hindering widespread usage of IP multicast protocols, which is a large volume of signaling traffic. Given the existing usability of the PIM family protocols, a decision was made to base the new LPIM protocol on PIM SSM. The improvements used in LPIM lead to a considerable reduction of state data and signaling messages required by LPIM as compared with PIM SSM. Similar to its predecessor, LPIM is capable of handling large groups, although with significantly lower overhead.
IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. E95.B (2012) No. 1 P 120-132 , Jan 1, 2012
This paper presents a new generalized single threshold model that can be used in communications a... more This paper presents a new generalized single threshold model that can be used in communications and cellular networks. In the proposed model, called Single Hysteresis Model (SHM), it is assumed that the amount of resources accessible for a new call of a given class can depend on two load areas of the system. The switching between areas is modulated by the two-state Markov chain which determines the average time the system spends in a particular load area, i.e. the area in which calls of selected classes with a reduced amount of resources (high load area) and with the initial amount of resources (low load area) are serviced. The results obtained for the discussed analytical model are compared with the results of the simulation of an exemplary WCDMA radio interface carrying a mixture of different multi-rate traffic streams. The research study confirms high accuracy of the proposed model.
IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. E92-B , No. 4, pp. 1156–1165. , Apr 2009
This article proposes a method that can calculate the blocking probability of multi-service cellu... more This article proposes a method that can calculate the blocking probability of multi-service cellular systems with Wideband Code Division Multiple Access radio interface. The method considers a finite and an infinite source population and takes into account the interdependency of calls service processes in neighboring cells and in both the uplink and the downlink directions. The basis of the proposed method is the fixed-point methodology. A comparison of the results of analytical calculations to those of simulations confirms the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed scheme can realize cost-effective radio resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
European Transactions on Communications, No. 20, Issue 2, pp.. 123-137. , Nov 1, 2007
This paper presents an approximate calculation methodology of the occupancy distribution and the ... more This paper presents an approximate calculation methodology of the occupancy distribution and the blocking probability in a virtual circuit switching node with multi-rate unicast and multicast traffic streams. Particular traffic streams are generated by an infinite as well as by a finite population of traffic sources. The model enables calculations of any structure of the groups forming the outgoing directions of the node. Additionally, bandwidth reservation algorithms are also proposed in order to improve traffic characteristics of different traffic classes. The results of the analytical calculations have been compared with the simulation results of a switching node carrying multicast and unicast traffic streams.
In this paper, a new approximate effective availability method of the point-to-group blocking pro... more In this paper, a new approximate effective availability method of the point-to-group blocking probability calculation in switching networks carrying a mixture of different multi-rate unicast and multicast traffic streams is presented. Until recently, such methods have only been proposed for the single-services switching networks. To the best of our knowledge, methods of blocking probability calculation for multi-service switching network with multicast connection have not yet been considered. In this paper, four algorithms of setting-up multicast connections in multi-service switching networks are considered and discussed. Special attention is paid to the methods for determining the effective availability parameter in the case of multicast connections. The results of the analytical calculations are compared with the data of the digital simulations of the switching networks with unicast and multicast connections.
The paper presents a new analytical method for blocking probability determination in the WCDMA in... more The paper presents a new analytical method for blocking probability determination in the WCDMA interface of the UMTS network with priorities. In our considerations we use a new model of the full-availability group servicing PCT1 and PCT2 multi-rate traffic with priorities. The proposed scheme is applicable for cost-effective WCDMA resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied
The paper presents and describes the uplink blocking probability calculation method in cellular s... more The paper presents and describes the uplink blocking probability calculation method in cellular systems with WCDMA radio interface and finite source population. The method is based on the model of the full availability group with multi-rate traffic streams. The proposed method can be easily applied to 3G network capacity calculations during planning stages of its design.
The analytical model proposed in the paper can be directly applied for modeling and dimensioning ... more The analytical model proposed in the paper can be directly applied for modeling and dimensioning of the Iub interface in the UMTS network servicing the mixture of the Release 99 and HSDPA traffic streams. The presented model can be used for the blocking probability and the throughput determination for particular traffic classes carried by the Iub interface. The proposed scheme can be applicable for a cost-effective radio resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Sep 30, 2014
The research of computer networks construction of models that reflect the current audited environ... more The research of computer networks construction of models that reflect the current audited environment to carry out practical research is extremely difficult and often involves significant costs. Hence, the popularity of simulation tools that help developers to determine as early as at the stage of the simulation whether a given solution can be deployed in a real network. However, over time many different simulation tools have been developed, each with different characteristics, different uses, different strengths and weaknesses. It is the task of the researcher then to select, before starting the actual research, one of the available simulators in accordance
with the needs and adopted criteria of evaluation. In the article the authors present issues related to the simulation tools and the main advantages of simulation as well as their drawbacks. To help researchers select an appropriate simulation environment, the authors present statistical information gathered during a literature survey of a number of research articles from the most popular publishers in which the selected simulators were used in initial system design.
Wraz z rozwojem sieci komórkowych i wzrostem ich zaawansowania technologicznego pojawiła się potr... more Wraz z rozwojem sieci komórkowych i wzrostem ich zaawansowania technologicznego pojawiła się potrzeba opracowania metod umożliwiających efektywne szacowanie pojemności ruchowej sieci. Wprowadzenie zaawansowanych mechanizmów zarządzania ruchem oznacza konieczność opracowania nowych lub modyfikacji istniejących metod modelowania interfejsów sieci komórkowej.
Monografia została poświęcona konstrukcji analitycznych modeli wielousługowych systemów komórkowych względniających zarówno mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem stosowane w interfejsach sieci dostępowej, jak i możliwość obsługi mieszaniny ruchów o różnych właściwościach i różnych wymaganiach jakościowych. Do najważniejszych rezultatów badań przedstawionych w monografi można zaliczyć opracowanie modeli analitycznych systemów ielousługowych, w których zastosowano następujące mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem: mechanizm priorytetyzacji wszystkich lub wybranych klas ruchu, mechanizm kompresji bezprogowej, mechanizm jednokierunkowej kompresji progowej, mechanizm dwukierunkowej kompresji progowej oraz mechanizm wielokrotnej histerezy zgłoszeń. W pracy zaproponowano również metody wyznaczania prawdopodobieństwa blokady w wielousługowych sieciach komórkowych z połączeniami rozgałęźnymi.
Efektywność zapronowanych metod modelowania systemów wielousługowych z mechanizmami zarządzania ruchem została zweryfikowana symulacyjnie. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty symulacyjne potwierdziły dokładność wyników obliczeń uzyskanych na podstawie przedstawionych metod analitycznych.
"This book is a must-read for all network planners and other professionals wishing to improve the... more "This book is a must-read for all network planners and other professionals wishing to improve the quality and cost efficiency of 3G and LTE networks
In this book, the authors address the architecture of the 2/3G network and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. The book proposes analytical models that make the analysis and dimensioning of the most important interfaces, i.e. WCDMA or Iub, possible. Furthermore, the authors include descriptions of fundamental technological issues in 2/3 G networks, basic traffic engineering models and frequent examples of the application of analytical models in the analysis and dimensioning of the interface of cellular networks. The specific knowledge included in the content will enable the reader to understand and then to prepare appropriate programming softwares that will allow them to evaluate quality parameters of cellular networks, i.e. blocking probabilities or call losses. Additionally, the book presents models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams. Finally, the analytical models presented in the book can be also used in the process of modeling and optimization of LTE networks.
Key Features:
Describes the architecture and the modes of operation of the cellular 2/3/4G systems and the LTE network
Covers the traffic theory and engineering within the context of mobile networks
Presents original analytical methods that enable their users to dimension selected interfaces of cellular networks
Discusses models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams
Includes problems as well as an accompanying website containing solutions, software tools and interactive flash animations (http://wiley.teletraffic.pl)
This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optimization engineers, transmission engineers, core network engineers, Service Management engineers) working in the areas of mobile wireless networks technology, not only in optimization process, but also in profitability assessment of newly implemented services (i.e. in NPV - Net Present Value analysis), and researchers and scientists. Advanced students in the fields of mobile communications networks and systems will also find this book insightful."
Prezentowana książka jest pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym opracowaniem, dotyczącym inżynierii ru... more Prezentowana książka jest pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym opracowaniem, dotyczącym inżynierii ruchu i wymiarowania sieci bezprzewodowych. W książce omówiono zarówno zagadnienia podstawowe, tj. wprowadzenie do teorii ruchu oraz jednokanałowe systemy z przelewem ruchu, jak i zagadnienia bardziej zaawansowane, tj. modele systemów z ruchem zintegrowanym oraz modele kolejkowe. Książka zawiera również algorytmy umożliwiające praktyczne wymiarowanie oraz optymalizację wybranych interfejsów w sieciach telefonii komórkowej 2/3 G.
"Niniejszy podręcznik, (…), jest – zgodnie z wiedzą autorów – pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym op... more "Niniejszy podręcznik, (…), jest – zgodnie z wiedzą autorów – pierwszym w Polsce tak obszernym opracowaniem na temat inżynierii ruchu i wymiarowania sieci.
Praca składa się ze wstępu i ośmiu rozdziałów. Rozdział 1 dotyczy podstaw teorii ruchu, tj. modeli strumieni zgłoszeń i procesów obsługi w systemach telekomunikacyjnych oraz wiązkach. (...) W rozdziale 2 przedstawiono najważniejsze rozkłady zajętości wiązek w systemach z ruchem jednousługowym. Zaprezentowano w nim najważniejsze modele jednowymiarowe (modele Erlanga, Engseta, Bernoullego i Poissona) oraz modele dwu- i wielowymiarowe (wielowymiarowy model Erlanga, dwuwymiarowy model Erlanga i model Erlanga-Engseta). (…) Rozdział 3 poświecono modelowaniu systemów z przelewem ruchu. Przedstawiono w nim metody wyznaczania optymalnej liczby łączy w wiązkach bezpośrednich oraz metody wymiarowania wiązek alternatywnych, tj. metodę ekwiwalentnych zamian i metodę Fredericksa-Haywarda. (…) W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono dwa najbardziej znane analityczne modele pól komutacyjnych. Umożliwiają one obliczenie prawdopodobieństwa blokady i innych ważnych charakterystyk pola komutacyjnego dla różnych typów selekcji. (...) Rozdział 5 jest poświęcony koncepcji modelu efektywnej dostępności. Omówiono w nim i poddano analizie porównawczej najważniejsze metody obliczeń pól komutacyjnych opracowane na podstawie tej koncepcji, tj. metody CIRB, CLIGS-A, CLIGS-B, PPL, PPLM, MRP, MB i inne. (...) W rozdziale 6 przedstawiono zagadnienia modelowania wiązek w systemach z ruchem zintegrowanym. (...) W rozdziale 7 omówiono sposoby wymiarowania wiązek sieci szerokopasmowych. Zamieszczono w nim opis podstawowych modeli źródeł ruchu(...). Omówiono tez wybrane metody wyznaczania pasma ekwiwalentnego (...). Rozdział 8 dotyczy modeli węzłów transmisyjnych w sieciach pakietowych. Przedstawiono w nim podstawowe systemy kolejkowe stosowane do modelowania i wymiarowania buforów węzłów sieci pakietowych. (...)"
This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optim... more This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optimization engineers, transmission engineers, core network engineers, Service Management engineers) working in the areas of mobile wireless networks technology, not only in optimization process, but also in profitability assessment of newly implemented services (i.e. in NPV - Net Present Value analysis), and researchers and scientists. Advanced students in the fields of mobile communications networks and systems will also find this book insightful.
This paper presents a methodology for the modelling and optimization of multi-service radio acces... more This paper presents a methodology for the modelling and optimization of multi-service radio access for universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) networks. The paper provides a description of the basis for modelling of a tandem pair: a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) interface and a Iub interface. The models involved in the study take into consideration a possibility of setting priorities to a number of selected traffic classes. Particular attention is given to the development of simple computational algorithms that would make it possible to determine the blocking probability for call streams with different priorities. The results of the analytical calculations are then compared with the results of simulation experiments, which confirms the high accuracy of the proposed analytical solutions.
AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Jan 24, 2014
The Quality of Service (QoS) routing requires a special approach to graph algorithms modeling. On... more The Quality of Service (QoS) routing requires a special approach to graph algorithms modeling. One of the mathematical concepts that reflects this class of problems is the multi-constrained minimum Steiner tree problem (MCMST). In this article, the RDP (named after the concept of the RenDezvouz Point), a novel algorithm for solving the MCMST problem is presented.
Telecommunications Systems, Springer Netherlands, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 1091-1100. , Feb 2013
In this paper, a new analytical method of blocking probability calculation in multi-service cellu... more In this paper, a new analytical method of blocking probability calculation in multi-service cellular systems with multicast connections is proposed. The new analytical method considers the influence of both WCDMA and Iub interfaces on multicast traffic streams characteristics. The basis for the discussed method is a model of the full-availability group with traffic compression and the fixed-point methodology. The results of the analytical calculations of the cellular system with multicast connections are compared with the results of the simulation experiments, which confirms the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed scheme can be applicable for a cost-effective resource management in UMTS/HSPA/LTE mobile networks and can be easily applied in proper network dimensioning.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Feb 2013
The dynamic development of multiservice cellular networks has resulted in significant changes in ... more The dynamic development of multiservice cellular networks has resulted in significant changes in the system architecture, which, in turn, has led to a broad distribution of many mechanisms and functions responsible for traffic management. These mechanisms take advantage of appropriate algorithms and analytic dependencies to ensure optimal quality of service that can be tailored to the objectives of the network operator. This paper proposes a new analytical model of a cellular network that supports multicast connections in a distributed environment. It is assumed that, in the cells participating in multicast connections, it is possible to apply different and independent traffic management mechanisms such as, for example, threshold mechanisms and resource reservation mechanisms. The proposed method can be used in an evaluation and scientific methods of research in the traffic effectiveness of multicast connections in given load conditions of a cellular network. An application of the method can have a particular significance in designing high-bit-rate multicast services to users in 4G networks. The analytical model proposed in this paper is verified on the basis of simulation examinations of cellular networks with multicast connections. The investigations confirm high accuracy of the model and the correctness of all theoretical assumptions adopted in the study.
International Journal of Communication Systems, Wiley, Volume 27, Issue 10, pages 1441–1458, Oct 2014
Multicast holds out great promise to significantly reduce network load between the sender and a g... more Multicast holds out great promise to significantly reduce network load between the sender and a group of receivers by delivering a single data stream to many recipients. Protocol-Independent Multicast (PIM) Sparse Mode and its variant PIM Source-Specific Multicast (PIM SSM) are the most widely used IP multicast protocols. Protocols offer low latency data delivery capabilities with relatively high reliability and are characterized by large signaling overhead. This article presents a new multicast protocol, called Lightweight PIM (LPIM), tackling the main problem hindering widespread usage of IP multicast protocols, which is a large volume of signaling traffic. Given the existing usability of the PIM family protocols, a decision was made to base the new LPIM protocol on PIM SSM. The improvements used in LPIM lead to a considerable reduction of state data and signaling messages required by LPIM as compared with PIM SSM. Similar to its predecessor, LPIM is capable of handling large groups, although with significantly lower overhead.
IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. E95.B (2012) No. 1 P 120-132 , Jan 1, 2012
This paper presents a new generalized single threshold model that can be used in communications a... more This paper presents a new generalized single threshold model that can be used in communications and cellular networks. In the proposed model, called Single Hysteresis Model (SHM), it is assumed that the amount of resources accessible for a new call of a given class can depend on two load areas of the system. The switching between areas is modulated by the two-state Markov chain which determines the average time the system spends in a particular load area, i.e. the area in which calls of selected classes with a reduced amount of resources (high load area) and with the initial amount of resources (low load area) are serviced. The results obtained for the discussed analytical model are compared with the results of the simulation of an exemplary WCDMA radio interface carrying a mixture of different multi-rate traffic streams. The research study confirms high accuracy of the proposed model.
IEICE Transactions on Communications, Vol. E92-B , No. 4, pp. 1156–1165. , Apr 2009
This article proposes a method that can calculate the blocking probability of multi-service cellu... more This article proposes a method that can calculate the blocking probability of multi-service cellular systems with Wideband Code Division Multiple Access radio interface. The method considers a finite and an infinite source population and takes into account the interdependency of calls service processes in neighboring cells and in both the uplink and the downlink directions. The basis of the proposed method is the fixed-point methodology. A comparison of the results of analytical calculations to those of simulations confirms the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed scheme can realize cost-effective radio resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
European Transactions on Communications, No. 20, Issue 2, pp.. 123-137. , Nov 1, 2007
This paper presents an approximate calculation methodology of the occupancy distribution and the ... more This paper presents an approximate calculation methodology of the occupancy distribution and the blocking probability in a virtual circuit switching node with multi-rate unicast and multicast traffic streams. Particular traffic streams are generated by an infinite as well as by a finite population of traffic sources. The model enables calculations of any structure of the groups forming the outgoing directions of the node. Additionally, bandwidth reservation algorithms are also proposed in order to improve traffic characteristics of different traffic classes. The results of the analytical calculations have been compared with the simulation results of a switching node carrying multicast and unicast traffic streams.
In this paper, a new approximate effective availability method of the point-to-group blocking pro... more In this paper, a new approximate effective availability method of the point-to-group blocking probability calculation in switching networks carrying a mixture of different multi-rate unicast and multicast traffic streams is presented. Until recently, such methods have only been proposed for the single-services switching networks. To the best of our knowledge, methods of blocking probability calculation for multi-service switching network with multicast connection have not yet been considered. In this paper, four algorithms of setting-up multicast connections in multi-service switching networks are considered and discussed. Special attention is paid to the methods for determining the effective availability parameter in the case of multicast connections. The results of the analytical calculations are compared with the data of the digital simulations of the switching networks with unicast and multicast connections.
The paper presents a new analytical method for blocking probability determination in the WCDMA in... more The paper presents a new analytical method for blocking probability determination in the WCDMA interface of the UMTS network with priorities. In our considerations we use a new model of the full-availability group servicing PCT1 and PCT2 multi-rate traffic with priorities. The proposed scheme is applicable for cost-effective WCDMA resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied
The paper presents and describes the uplink blocking probability calculation method in cellular s... more The paper presents and describes the uplink blocking probability calculation method in cellular systems with WCDMA radio interface and finite source population. The method is based on the model of the full availability group with multi-rate traffic streams. The proposed method can be easily applied to 3G network capacity calculations during planning stages of its design.
The analytical model proposed in the paper can be directly applied for modeling and dimensioning ... more The analytical model proposed in the paper can be directly applied for modeling and dimensioning of the Iub interface in the UMTS network servicing the mixture of the Release 99 and HSDPA traffic streams. The presented model can be used for the blocking probability and the throughput determination for particular traffic classes carried by the Iub interface. The proposed scheme can be applicable for a cost-effective radio resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Sep 30, 2014
The research of computer networks construction of models that reflect the current audited environ... more The research of computer networks construction of models that reflect the current audited environment to carry out practical research is extremely difficult and often involves significant costs. Hence, the popularity of simulation tools that help developers to determine as early as at the stage of the simulation whether a given solution can be deployed in a real network. However, over time many different simulation tools have been developed, each with different characteristics, different uses, different strengths and weaknesses. It is the task of the researcher then to select, before starting the actual research, one of the available simulators in accordance
with the needs and adopted criteria of evaluation. In the article the authors present issues related to the simulation tools and the main advantages of simulation as well as their drawbacks. To help researchers select an appropriate simulation environment, the authors present statistical information gathered during a literature survey of a number of research articles from the most popular publishers in which the selected simulators were used in initial system design.
The International Journal on Advances in Software, ISSN: 1942-2628, vol. 7, no. 1& 2,year 2014,, Jul 1, 2014
The development of concepts derived from the generic approach to solving the problem of the short... more The development of concepts derived from the generic approach to solving the problem of the shortest path resulted in numerous and various algorithms that appeared over the past decades. The studies on the most basic operation aimed at the determination of the shortest path between two given points in a graph (in other words, often a network) have resulted in sophisticated solutions designed for more and more demanding applications. Those include finding the sets of paths with the shortest distance between all pairs of nodes or searching for a shortest path tree. The aim of the present article is to give the reader an introduction to the problem of the shortest path and a detailed review of two groups of selected algorithms designed to solve particular problems. In the study described herein, different algorithms have been examined for their efficacy in their operation in directed graphs of different type represented in a well-defined data structure. The empirical simulation-based analysis proves that the performance varies among algorithms under investigation and allows to suggest, which methods ought to be used to solve specific variants of the shortest path problem and which algorithms should be avoided or used with caution.
The interest in services offered by wireless network has been growing for many years. It has enco... more The interest in services offered by wireless network has been growing for many years. It has encouraged the development of wireless technologies. New solutions are able to satisfy the ever-increasing demands concerning wireless services. It is also evident in the diversification of quality assessment methods employed with reference to connections used in such networks. One of the basic elements used in connection quality assessment are metrics. The use of metrics is directly linked to the type of the routing protocol applied in a given network. The selection of a given routing protocol is often determined by its specific properties that might be advantageous in a certain network type, or that are important in terms of the type or scope of services provided. Therefore, it is easy to identify a relationship between metrics and the area of application of a given routing protocol. The significance and diversity of metrics is also reflected inWireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). The proposed paper presents a review of the current state-of-the-art routing metrics for Ad-hoc and WMN networks
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Sep 30, 2013
This paper presents a single hysteresis model for limited-availability group that are offered Erl... more This paper presents a single hysteresis model for limited-availability group that are offered Erlang, Engset and Pascal traffic streams. The occupancy distribution in the system is pproximated by a weighted sum of occupancy distributions in multi-threshold systems. Distribution weights are obtained on the basis of a specially constructed Markovian switching process. The results of the calculations of radio interfaces in which the single hysteresis mechanism has been implemented are compared with the results of the simulation experiments. The study demonstrates high ccuracy of the proposed model.
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Mar 30, 2013
Theoretical considerations of the multicast Quality of Service (QoS) routing have been a rapidly ... more Theoretical considerations of the multicast Quality of Service (QoS) routing have been a rapidly developing and dynamic research area for years. Several algorithms derived from different approaches have been proposed, while the pool of valid solutions to the problem is steadily growing. When new solutions are compared with their predecessors, as much information as possible about their characteristics and differences is needed. Both the graph theory and the optimization theory provide robust and objective means of comparing not only algorithms, but also the results they produce. However, any possible extension to the comparison methods is vital and can bring interesting new infor-
mation that would eventually lead to innovative conclusions. This article presents a method, derived from practice and experience, that simulates the drainage of resources accumulated by consecutive communication allocations. The nature
of this comparison is an extension to the classical measurement of the success ratio and this creates a context of the continuous measure of a success rather than a simple binary value. In this article such a method with regard to algorithms optimizing multicast problems for more than two criteria is used for the first time and leads to an interesting conclusion about the influence of the number of the criteria on the result.
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, Dec 2012
Due to the process of network convergence, the variety of types of traffic transmitted over a sin... more Due to the process of network convergence, the variety of types of traffic transmitted over a single medium increases steeply. This phenomenon can be handled by the existing networking structure although the protocols that are used and, especially, the underlying routing protocols need to be improved. The problem of finding the shortest path on the Internet can no longer be easily defined as there is an increasing number of different characteristics to describe a point-to-point link. The definition of the shortest path may differ for different traffic types. Therefore, in the mathematical models used to solve the modern routing problems multiple criteria must be taken into account. One of the interesting classes of the optimization problem is the problem of finding the solution that is minimized against one of the criteria under certain constraints with regard to the others. In this paper, two algorithms solving this kind of problems are presented and compared with a new solution proposed by the authors
International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing, Sep 2012
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been gaining growing interest in the past years, which has r... more Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been gaining growing interest in the past years, which has resulted in many proposals of their new applications. The main tasks of a sensor network include not only monitoring and measuring certain phenomena, but also delivering gathered data. Hence, every single node needs to be a wireless router aside from being only a simple sensing device. The idea and the attributes of a Wireless Sensor Network require
designers to apply different techniques than those hitherto used in wired as well as in wireless networks. The dynamic progress in the field of WSNs entails the need of creating simulators that have more specific capabilities. Such simulation tools should allow researchers to verify new ideas and compare the proposed solutions in a virtual environment helping to avoid unnecessary, time-consuming or expensive hardware implementations. When beginning to work with Wireless Sensor Networks, it is important to choose a simulation environment that will be up to requirements and will allow the researcher to conduct experiments in a given area. Appropriately, the researcher faces a necessity of finding and getting oneself familiar with many simulators, often designed for radically different applications. This
article presents a classification and a wide review the main features of various simulation platforms.
The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic is a versatile algorithmic optimization approach... more The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic is a versatile algorithmic optimization approach based on the observation of the behaviour of ants. As a result of numerous analyses, ACO has been applied to solving various combinatorial problems. The ant colony metaheuristic proves itself to be efficient in solving NP-hard problems, often generating the best solution in the shortest amount of time. However, not enough attention has been paid to ACO as a means of solving problems that have optimal solutions which can be found using other methods.
The shortest path problem is undoubtedly one of the aspects of great significance to navigation and telecommunications. It is used, amongst others, for determining the shortest route between two geographical locations, for routing in packet networks, and to balance and optimize network utilization. Thus, this article introduces ShortestPathACO, an Ant Colony Optimization based algorithm designed to find the shortest path in a graph. The algorithm consists of several subproblems that are presented successively. Each subproblem is discussed from many points of view to enable researchers to find the most suitable solutions to the problems they investigate.
Limited resources in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are the key concern that needs to be given a... more Limited resources in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are the key concern that needs to be given a careful consideration when studying virtually any aspect of a sensor network. Therefore, energy demands and radio bandwidth utilization should be addressed, especially in one-to-many communication. It is evident that a need for centralized networkwide topology knowledge can jeopardize scarce energy resources of a sensor network. Thus, localized geographic multicast relies solely on locally available information about the position of current node, other nodes within the radio range and the location of destination group members.
Greedy multicast routing procedures often transport messages along paths that may be far from being optimal. Therefore, Dijkstrabased Localized Energy-Efficient Multicast Algorithm (DLEMA) is presented, described with pseudocode, and discussed. DLEMA focuses on discovering energy shortest paths leading through nodes that provide the maximum geographical advance towards desired destinations. Local routes are followed owing to the use of a source routing technique. Additionally, the algorithm takes advantage of the broadcast nature of omnidirectional radio communication and utilizes perimeter routing to find a solution for local optimum situations. The analysis of the simulation results confirms interesting characteristics of the proposed algorithm
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, Sep 30, 2009
The article presents the application of a new analytical model of the full-availability group car... more The article presents the application of a new analytical model of the full-availability group carrying a mixture of different multi-rate traffic classes with compression property for modeling the WCDMA radio interface with packet scheduling. The proposed model can be directly used for modeling of the WCDMA interface in the UMTS network servicing different traffic classes. The described model can be applied for a validation of the efficiency of the WCDMA interface measured by the blocking probability and the average carried traffic for particular traffic classes.
International Journal on Advances in Systems and Measurements, Sep 2009
The article proposes a novel multicast routing algorithm without constraints and introduces the g... more The article proposes a novel multicast routing algorithm without constraints and introduces the group members arrangement as a new parameter for analyzing multicast routing algorithms finding multicast trees. The objective of STA (Switched Trees Algorithm) is to minimize the total cost of the multicast tree using a modification of the classical Prim’s algorithm (Pruned Prim’s Heuristic) and the SPT (Shortest Path Tree) algorithm that constructs a shortest path tree between a source and each multicast node. In the article, the results of the proposed STA algorithm are compared with the representative algorithms without constrains. The results part of the article also contains some selected statistical properties of the multicast routing algorithms finding multicast trees as part of a wider research methodology.
Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Science, Jun 2009
There have been many heuristic algorithms finding multicast trees proposed over the past few year... more There have been many heuristic algorithms finding multicast trees proposed over the past few years. The necessity for finding a better and more suitable algorithm is still a current and important challenge. The article presents a new multicast routing algorithm for finding a multicast tree in packet networks. The objective of the K-Shortest Path Multicast Algorithm (KSPMA) is to minimize the cost of paths between the source and each destination node using a generalized Dijkstra’s algorithm that would comply with maximum delay bound along each path. A wide range of simulation research carried out by the authors for many network topologies and parameters has confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Theoretical and Applied Informatics Polish Academy of Science, Dec 2007
Admission control in wireless networks with the WCDMA radio interface admits or blocks new calls ... more Admission control in wireless networks with the WCDMA radio interface admits or blocks new calls depending on a current load situation both in the access cell and in neighboring cells. A new call is rejected if the predicted load exceeds particular thresholds set by radio network planning. This article presents a new blocking probability calculation method in cellular systems with the WCDMA radio interface for the uplink and the downlink directions. The model considers a finite and an infinite source population of users. In the model we use the load factor to estimate whether a new call can be admitted or blocked. In the proposed calculation method the corresponding value of the load factor in the neighboring cell is based on the Okumura-Hata propagation model. The results of the analytical calculations are compared with the results of the simulation experiments, confirming the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed scheme can be applicable for a cost-effective radio resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
| Full text of the article: http://i-scover.ieice.org/proceedings/ICTF/2013/pdf/COMM4-4.pdf | The... more | Full text of the article: http://i-scover.ieice.org/proceedings/ICTF/2013/pdf/COMM4-4.pdf | The paper presents the means to use ShortestPathACO algorithm to find the shortest path between a pair of nodes in a directed graph. This Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic based algorithm allows to influence the quality of generated solutions, through the application of an approach dissimilar from the one typically used to solve a single-pair shortest path problem. The operation of the algorithm is discussed in relation to the pseudocode introduced in the paper. The attention paid to the parameters that influence the results is accompanied by the motivation of usage scenarios. Experiments carried out within the custom made framework of the experiment are the source of suggestions concerning the selection of values and computation methods optimal for particular applications. The influence of the choice of number of ants and the pheromone evaporation speed is investigated. The quality of ...
14th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and Planning Symposium (NETWORKS), 2010
In this paper a new analytical method of blocking probability calculation in multi-service cellul... more In this paper a new analytical method of blocking probability calculation in multi-service cellular systems with multicast connections is proposed. The new analytical method considers the influence of both the WCDMA and Iub interfaces for traffic streams service characteristics. The basis for the discussed method is a model of the full-availability group with traffic compression and the fixed-point methodology. The results of the analytical calculations of the cellular system with multicast connections were compared with the results of the simulation experiments, which confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed scheme can be applicable for a cost-effective resource management in UMTS/HSPA/LTE mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
Multicast transmission offers efficient network resource utilization, but, at the same time, it i... more Multicast transmission offers efficient network resource utilization, but, at the same time, it is also a demanding and complex technology. Multicast protocols are far more sophisticated than their unicast counterparts. As a result, building one's own simulation environment is a difficult, time-consuming and error-prone endeavor. Hence, there is a need for ready-made network simulation tools supporting these protocols. One of
In this paper bandwidth reservation algorithms for a virtual circuit switching node are proposed.... more In this paper bandwidth reservation algorithms for a virtual circuit switching node are proposed. The node is offered a mixture of different multi-rate traffic streams, including multicast streams. An analytical method of blocking probability calculation in the considered system is also proposed. It is assumed that each of outgoing directions of the node could be modelled by a limited-availability group composed of links of various capacities. Hence, the model enables calculations of blocking probabilities for calls of all traffic classes for any structure of the groups forming the outgoing directions. The problem of blocking probability evaluation in the switching node with bandwidth reservation and multicast connections is solved in the paper by the fixed point methodology. Analytical results of the blocking probabilities in a switching node with bandwidth reservation are compared with simulation results. This research indicates a high accuracy of the proposed model
Multicast heuristic algorithms are currently the field of interest for networks researchers. The ... more Multicast heuristic algorithms are currently the field of interest for networks researchers. The optimization analysis of fast algorithms is performed using random and heuristic networks (graphs). This theoretical work approaches problem of constructing trees between the sender and group of receivers in real computer networks. The paper presents basic methods of generating the Internet topology on graph level -Waxman method and the Barabasi-Albert method. A performance study of multicast trees constructed by the algorithms is carried out and analysed, also with the heuristic network generator -Inet.
Proceedings of 3rd Polish-German Teletraffic Symposium, 2004
The paper presents and describes the uplink blocking probability calculation
method in cellular ... more The paper presents and describes the uplink blocking probability calculation
method in cellular systems with WCDMA radio interface. The method is based on the model
of the full availability group with multi-rate traffic streams. The proposed method can be
easily applied to 3G network capacity calculations during planning stages of its design.
The paper presents an approximate method for modeling of the WCDMA interface in the UMTS network ... more The paper presents an approximate method for modeling of the WCDMA interface in the UMTS network in which the mobile operator introduces priorities and user differentiation. In our considerations we use a model of the full-availability group servicing multi-rate traffic with priorities for services. In the proposed model we assume that user priorities and the priorities for classes of services are introduced into the network. The proposed scheme is applicable for cost-effective WCDMA resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
The paper proposes an analytical approach to blocking probability calculation in the UMTS network... more The paper proposes an analytical approach to blocking probability calculation in the UMTS network carrying a mixture of multi-rate traffic, under the assumption that the part of resources of the interface is dedicated for servicing handoff traffic. In the proposed method, handoff connections are modeled on the basis of the fixed point methodology and dynamic reservation. The results of analytical calculation of the blocking probability in the group of cells carrying a mixture of different multi-rate traffic streams are compared with the results of the simulation experiments, which confirms a rather high accuracy of the method. The described calculation scheme is applicable for cost-effective resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
In this paper a new analytical model of a switching node carrying a mixture of different traffic ... more In this paper a new analytical model of a switching node carrying a mixture of different traffic streams, including multicast streams, has been proposed. It is assumed that each of the outgoing directions of the node could be modelled by a limited-availability group composed of links of various capacities. Hence, the model enables calculations of blocking probabilities for calls of
International Symposium on Information Theory and Its Applications (ISITA) , Dec 2008
The paper presents a new analytical method for blocking probability determination in the WCDMA in... more The paper presents a new analytical method for blocking probability determination in the WCDMA interface of the UMTS network with priorities. In our considerations we use a new model fo the full-availability group servicing PCT1 and PCT2 multi-rate traffic with priorities. The proposed scheme is applicable for cost-effective WCDMA resource management in 3G mobile networks and can be easily applied to network capacity calculations.
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Monografia została poświęcona konstrukcji analitycznych modeli wielousługowych systemów komórkowych względniających zarówno mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem stosowane w interfejsach sieci dostępowej, jak i możliwość obsługi mieszaniny ruchów o różnych właściwościach i różnych wymaganiach jakościowych. Do najważniejszych rezultatów badań przedstawionych w monografi można zaliczyć opracowanie modeli analitycznych systemów ielousługowych, w których zastosowano następujące mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem: mechanizm priorytetyzacji wszystkich lub wybranych klas ruchu, mechanizm kompresji bezprogowej, mechanizm jednokierunkowej kompresji progowej, mechanizm dwukierunkowej kompresji progowej oraz mechanizm wielokrotnej histerezy zgłoszeń. W pracy zaproponowano również metody wyznaczania prawdopodobieństwa blokady w wielousługowych sieciach komórkowych z połączeniami rozgałęźnymi.
Efektywność zapronowanych metod modelowania systemów wielousługowych z mechanizmami zarządzania ruchem została zweryfikowana symulacyjnie. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty symulacyjne potwierdziły dokładność wyników obliczeń uzyskanych na podstawie przedstawionych metod analitycznych.
In this book, the authors address the architecture of the 2/3G network and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. The book proposes analytical models that make the analysis and dimensioning of the most important interfaces, i.e. WCDMA or Iub, possible. Furthermore, the authors include descriptions of fundamental technological issues in 2/3 G networks, basic traffic engineering models and frequent examples of the application of analytical models in the analysis and dimensioning of the interface of cellular networks. The specific knowledge included in the content will enable the reader to understand and then to prepare appropriate programming softwares that will allow them to evaluate quality parameters of cellular networks, i.e. blocking probabilities or call losses. Additionally, the book presents models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams. Finally, the analytical models presented in the book can be also used in the process of modeling and optimization of LTE networks.
Key Features:
Describes the architecture and the modes of operation of the cellular 2/3/4G systems and the LTE network
Covers the traffic theory and engineering within the context of mobile networks
Presents original analytical methods that enable their users to dimension selected interfaces of cellular networks
Discusses models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams
Includes problems as well as an accompanying website containing solutions, software tools and interactive flash animations (http://wiley.teletraffic.pl)
This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optimization engineers, transmission engineers, core network engineers, Service Management engineers) working in the areas of mobile wireless networks technology, not only in optimization process, but also in profitability assessment of newly implemented services (i.e. in NPV - Net Present Value analysis), and researchers and scientists. Advanced students in the fields of mobile communications networks and systems will also find this book insightful."
Praca składa się ze wstępu i ośmiu rozdziałów. Rozdział 1 dotyczy podstaw teorii ruchu, tj. modeli strumieni zgłoszeń i procesów obsługi w systemach telekomunikacyjnych oraz wiązkach. (...) W rozdziale 2 przedstawiono najważniejsze rozkłady zajętości wiązek w systemach z ruchem jednousługowym. Zaprezentowano w nim najważniejsze modele jednowymiarowe (modele Erlanga, Engseta, Bernoullego i Poissona) oraz modele dwu- i wielowymiarowe (wielowymiarowy model Erlanga, dwuwymiarowy model Erlanga i model Erlanga-Engseta). (…) Rozdział 3 poświecono modelowaniu systemów z przelewem ruchu. Przedstawiono w nim metody wyznaczania optymalnej liczby łączy w wiązkach bezpośrednich oraz metody wymiarowania wiązek alternatywnych, tj. metodę ekwiwalentnych zamian i metodę Fredericksa-Haywarda. (…) W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono dwa najbardziej znane analityczne modele pól komutacyjnych. Umożliwiają one obliczenie prawdopodobieństwa blokady i innych ważnych charakterystyk pola komutacyjnego dla różnych typów selekcji. (...) Rozdział 5 jest poświęcony koncepcji modelu efektywnej dostępności. Omówiono w nim i poddano analizie porównawczej najważniejsze metody obliczeń pól komutacyjnych opracowane na podstawie tej koncepcji, tj. metody CIRB, CLIGS-A, CLIGS-B, PPL, PPLM, MRP, MB i inne. (...) W rozdziale 6 przedstawiono zagadnienia modelowania wiązek w systemach z ruchem zintegrowanym. (...) W rozdziale 7 omówiono sposoby wymiarowania wiązek sieci szerokopasmowych. Zamieszczono w nim opis podstawowych modeli źródeł ruchu(...). Omówiono tez wybrane metody wyznaczania pasma ekwiwalentnego (...). Rozdział 8 dotyczy modeli węzłów transmisyjnych w sieciach pakietowych. Przedstawiono w nim podstawowe systemy kolejkowe stosowane do modelowania i wymiarowania buforów węzłów sieci pakietowych. (...)"
with the needs and adopted criteria of evaluation. In the article the authors present issues related to the simulation tools and the main advantages of simulation as well as their drawbacks. To help researchers select an appropriate simulation environment, the authors present statistical information gathered during a literature survey of a number of research articles from the most popular publishers in which the selected simulators were used in initial system design.
Monografia została poświęcona konstrukcji analitycznych modeli wielousługowych systemów komórkowych względniających zarówno mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem stosowane w interfejsach sieci dostępowej, jak i możliwość obsługi mieszaniny ruchów o różnych właściwościach i różnych wymaganiach jakościowych. Do najważniejszych rezultatów badań przedstawionych w monografi można zaliczyć opracowanie modeli analitycznych systemów ielousługowych, w których zastosowano następujące mechanizmy zarządzania ruchem: mechanizm priorytetyzacji wszystkich lub wybranych klas ruchu, mechanizm kompresji bezprogowej, mechanizm jednokierunkowej kompresji progowej, mechanizm dwukierunkowej kompresji progowej oraz mechanizm wielokrotnej histerezy zgłoszeń. W pracy zaproponowano również metody wyznaczania prawdopodobieństwa blokady w wielousługowych sieciach komórkowych z połączeniami rozgałęźnymi.
Efektywność zapronowanych metod modelowania systemów wielousługowych z mechanizmami zarządzania ruchem została zweryfikowana symulacyjnie. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty symulacyjne potwierdziły dokładność wyników obliczeń uzyskanych na podstawie przedstawionych metod analitycznych.
In this book, the authors address the architecture of the 2/3G network and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. The book proposes analytical models that make the analysis and dimensioning of the most important interfaces, i.e. WCDMA or Iub, possible. Furthermore, the authors include descriptions of fundamental technological issues in 2/3 G networks, basic traffic engineering models and frequent examples of the application of analytical models in the analysis and dimensioning of the interface of cellular networks. The specific knowledge included in the content will enable the reader to understand and then to prepare appropriate programming softwares that will allow them to evaluate quality parameters of cellular networks, i.e. blocking probabilities or call losses. Additionally, the book presents models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams. Finally, the analytical models presented in the book can be also used in the process of modeling and optimization of LTE networks.
Key Features:
Describes the architecture and the modes of operation of the cellular 2/3/4G systems and the LTE network
Covers the traffic theory and engineering within the context of mobile networks
Presents original analytical methods that enable their users to dimension selected interfaces of cellular networks
Discusses models for the analysis and dimensioning of the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) radio interface and the Iub interface, both carrying a mixture of Release 99 traffic (R99) and High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) traffic streams
Includes problems as well as an accompanying website containing solutions, software tools and interactive flash animations (http://wiley.teletraffic.pl)
This book will be an invaluable guide for professional engineers (radio planning engineers, optimization engineers, transmission engineers, core network engineers, Service Management engineers) working in the areas of mobile wireless networks technology, not only in optimization process, but also in profitability assessment of newly implemented services (i.e. in NPV - Net Present Value analysis), and researchers and scientists. Advanced students in the fields of mobile communications networks and systems will also find this book insightful."
Praca składa się ze wstępu i ośmiu rozdziałów. Rozdział 1 dotyczy podstaw teorii ruchu, tj. modeli strumieni zgłoszeń i procesów obsługi w systemach telekomunikacyjnych oraz wiązkach. (...) W rozdziale 2 przedstawiono najważniejsze rozkłady zajętości wiązek w systemach z ruchem jednousługowym. Zaprezentowano w nim najważniejsze modele jednowymiarowe (modele Erlanga, Engseta, Bernoullego i Poissona) oraz modele dwu- i wielowymiarowe (wielowymiarowy model Erlanga, dwuwymiarowy model Erlanga i model Erlanga-Engseta). (…) Rozdział 3 poświecono modelowaniu systemów z przelewem ruchu. Przedstawiono w nim metody wyznaczania optymalnej liczby łączy w wiązkach bezpośrednich oraz metody wymiarowania wiązek alternatywnych, tj. metodę ekwiwalentnych zamian i metodę Fredericksa-Haywarda. (…) W rozdziale 4 przedstawiono dwa najbardziej znane analityczne modele pól komutacyjnych. Umożliwiają one obliczenie prawdopodobieństwa blokady i innych ważnych charakterystyk pola komutacyjnego dla różnych typów selekcji. (...) Rozdział 5 jest poświęcony koncepcji modelu efektywnej dostępności. Omówiono w nim i poddano analizie porównawczej najważniejsze metody obliczeń pól komutacyjnych opracowane na podstawie tej koncepcji, tj. metody CIRB, CLIGS-A, CLIGS-B, PPL, PPLM, MRP, MB i inne. (...) W rozdziale 6 przedstawiono zagadnienia modelowania wiązek w systemach z ruchem zintegrowanym. (...) W rozdziale 7 omówiono sposoby wymiarowania wiązek sieci szerokopasmowych. Zamieszczono w nim opis podstawowych modeli źródeł ruchu(...). Omówiono tez wybrane metody wyznaczania pasma ekwiwalentnego (...). Rozdział 8 dotyczy modeli węzłów transmisyjnych w sieciach pakietowych. Przedstawiono w nim podstawowe systemy kolejkowe stosowane do modelowania i wymiarowania buforów węzłów sieci pakietowych. (...)"
with the needs and adopted criteria of evaluation. In the article the authors present issues related to the simulation tools and the main advantages of simulation as well as their drawbacks. To help researchers select an appropriate simulation environment, the authors present statistical information gathered during a literature survey of a number of research articles from the most popular publishers in which the selected simulators were used in initial system design.
mation that would eventually lead to innovative conclusions. This article presents a method, derived from practice and experience, that simulates the drainage of resources accumulated by consecutive communication allocations. The nature
of this comparison is an extension to the classical measurement of the success ratio and this creates a context of the continuous measure of a success rather than a simple binary value. In this article such a method with regard to algorithms optimizing multicast problems for more than two criteria is used for the first time and leads to an interesting conclusion about the influence of the number of the criteria on the result.
designers to apply different techniques than those hitherto used in wired as well as in wireless networks. The dynamic progress in the field of WSNs entails the need of creating simulators that have more specific capabilities. Such simulation tools should allow researchers to verify new ideas and compare the proposed solutions in a virtual environment helping to avoid unnecessary, time-consuming or expensive hardware implementations. When beginning to work with Wireless Sensor Networks, it is important to choose a simulation environment that will be up to requirements and will allow the researcher to conduct experiments in a given area. Appropriately, the researcher faces a necessity of finding and getting oneself familiar with many simulators, often designed for radically different applications. This
article presents a classification and a wide review the main features of various simulation platforms.
The shortest path problem is undoubtedly one of the aspects of great significance to navigation and telecommunications. It is used, amongst others, for determining the shortest route between two geographical locations, for routing in packet networks, and to balance and optimize network utilization. Thus, this article introduces ShortestPathACO, an Ant Colony Optimization based algorithm designed to find the shortest path in a graph. The algorithm consists of several subproblems that are presented successively. Each subproblem is discussed from many points of view to enable researchers to find the most suitable solutions to the problems they investigate.
Greedy multicast routing procedures often transport messages along paths that may be far from being optimal. Therefore, Dijkstrabased Localized Energy-Efficient Multicast Algorithm (DLEMA) is presented, described with pseudocode, and discussed. DLEMA focuses on discovering energy shortest paths leading through nodes that provide the maximum geographical advance towards desired destinations. Local routes are followed owing to the use of a source routing technique. Additionally, the algorithm takes advantage of the broadcast nature of omnidirectional radio communication and utilizes perimeter routing to find a solution for local optimum situations. The analysis of the simulation results confirms interesting characteristics of the proposed algorithm
method in cellular systems with WCDMA radio interface. The method is based on the model
of the full availability group with multi-rate traffic streams. The proposed method can be
easily applied to 3G network capacity calculations during planning stages of its design.