Associated professor in Animal sceinces Phone: 00249912286986 / 00966554747898 Address: Sudan White Nile State University of Bakht Alruda Faculty of Sceince
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, 2014
This study was designed to investigate the effects of experimental infection with Theileria lesto... more This study was designed to investigate the effects of experimental infection with Theileria lestoquardi on some biochemical and haematological pictures in Desert ewes during pregnancy. Twenty Sudanese desert ewes were divided equally into two groups of ten each. The first group(A) received infection with T. lestoquardi, while the second group(B) remained as an uninfected control. The estrous of the two groups were synchronized and allowed to mate. Some haematological and biochemical parameters were determined throughout the pregnancy period and compared in both group. The mean values of Hb, PCV,WBCs, serum total proteins, serum albumin and serum globulins were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the infected ewes(A) compared to the control ones(B). However, serum creatinine and serum urea were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the infected group(A) than in the control ones(B) thus reflecting the direct adverse effects of theileria infection.
This study was carried out in White Nile State, Sudan for a period of one year, and was designed ... more This study was carried out in White Nile State, Sudan for a period of one year, and was designed to investigate the effect of seasons on the blood constituents of dromadery camel (Camelus dromedarius). One hundred and four Samples different sex and age were collected in July (Rainy Season), September (Rainy hot summer), October (Dry wet winter) and April (Dry hot summer). The effect of season on some blood hematology, metabolites, enzymes and minerals profile was studied. The results showed higher significant level were: Monocytes, total protein and GlutamicOxaloacetic Transaminase (GPT) during rainy season, while MCV, MCH, lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils in rainy hot summer, whereas within dry wet winter were: glucose, albumin and k, even in dry hot summer were: MCHC, total white blood cells, neutrophils, uric acid, creatinine, Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Ca. The results also indicate that the fluctuations of seasons were observed in red blood cells, he...
Bulletin of animal health and production in Africa, 2013
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of energy and pro... more This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of energy and protein on the reproductive performance of Sudanese Nubian goats. Forty- four female Nubian goats (3-5 years old) were divided into four equal groups and fed on different levels of energy (2.22 -3.12 Mcal /kg DM) and protein (7.3% - 13.1%dry matter). The animals were synchronized for estrous with progesterone - impregnated intravaginal sponges + PMSG (400 - 500 IU). About 80-90% of treated goats showed estrus response within 48h. The conception rate (72%) and kidding rate(63% and 54%) are higher in goats fed high level of protein ( group HEHP and LEHP) these goats showed significant (P<0.05) shorter time for resumption of ovarian activity after kidding. kid survival is 100% in group HEHP whereas, high mortality rates occurred in groups fed low levels of energy ( LELP and LEHP). Keywords : Nutrient Supplementation, Energy, Protein, Reproductive Performance, Nubian goats
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of Moringa ... more The present study was designed to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance, haematological, biochemical and some physiological parameters of Sudan Nubian goats on three different levels of Moringa oleifera, group A (0%) As control, group B offered (20%) and group C (50%) fed different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves. Thirty yearling females of Nubian goats weighted between 16.00 24.00 kg and their age was nearly 10 12 months were used in this study, the animals were divided according to their live body weight into three groups of ten each, goats were housed in pens of suitable size and were managed as any other commercial goat flock. The animals had free access to water. Forage was fed at rate of 1% of live body weight. They were fed for 6 weeks. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) on body weight in group B than the other two groups. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was increased significantly (P<0.05) in gro...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, 2014
The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching puberty in kid ... more The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching puberty in kid ewes and also reflect the biochemical picture in the serum of experimentally infected kid ewes. Twenty (20) Sudanese desert lamb ewes (2-3 year age) were divided into two groups of ten each. Group (1) received infection with T. lestoquardi group (2) remained as an uninfected group. A significant delay (4-6 months) in reaching puberty in desert lamb ewes were noticed in the infected group. There was also an irregular estrus cycles appear in the progesterone profiles of the infected lamb ewes. There is a decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin values. However, at the same period, there was an increase in serum urea and serum creatinine values in the infected group.
The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurma... more The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurman west plain, western Sudan was surveyed using direct smear, Micro Hematocrit Centrfugation Technique (MHCT) and Card Agglutination Test for T.evansi (CATT/T.evansi). In a total of 220 blood and serum samples, 115 (52.2%) were positive by CATT, 72 (32.7%) were positive by the MHCT and 31 (14.1%) were positive by the wet smear preparation. Contingency tables and parcel Chi2 – test revealed that CATT/T.evansi was statistically the most sensitive technique for T.evansi followed by the MHCT and lastly the wet smear technique. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV %) differed significantly between the diagnostic techniques used. Thus wet smear technique detected positive camels with the lowest PCV%. Camels infection rate with T.evansi did not differ significantly with sex. Treatment of rats infected with T.evansi isolates from Omdurman west area with quinapyramine pro-salt made by three diff...
The objective of this study was to assess the changes in serum minerals profile in desert sheep i... more The objective of this study was to assess the changes in serum minerals profile in desert sheep in Sudan in relation to feed interval; pre feeding (fasting overnight), post feeding (3hrs after feeding). Twenty one yearling unsaturated males of Sudan desert sheep with an average body weight of 31.11kg were used in this study.The serum level of (Cu and Mn) was significantly high (P<0.05) in post feeding than pre feeding, while serum level of (Zn) was high in pre feeding when compared with the post feeding with percentage of changes amounting for (15%). However the serum level of (Na) was significantly (P<0.05) higher during pre feeding than post feeding whereas serum level of (Mg) was higher, while serum level of (K) was lower during pre feeding than post feeding with percentage of changes (8%) and (10%), respectively.
This study was carried out to determine changes in liver enzymes
diagnostic parameters of male Nu... more This study was carried out to determine changes in liver enzymes diagnostic parameters of male Nubian goat's kids male fed diet supplemented with Natron salts and Minerals block levels at rate of (0- 2%), where a total of 40 Nubian goat's kids male (5-7 month old) were used. They were divided into four equal groups and each randomly allocated to diet animal block containing different levels of Natron and Mineral block (0%, 1%, 2%; and 1%, respectively). The experimental period covered twelve weeks. Blood samples were collected every two weeks for chemical analysis, they were taken three times, before feeding in the morning (08.00-09.00), after feeding at midday (01.00-02.00) and in the evening (06.00-07.00). the results indicated that in the evening (06.00-07.00) 8hr after feeding the aminotransferases (GOT, GPT and ALP) values did not show any significant difference between treatment groups (including Control). However, the Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) values in all levels of diet were higher before feeding and decrease significantly after feeding. While Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values in Mineral block 1% and Natron1% were decrease significantly after feeding. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) values for Control, Natron1%, Natron2% and Mineral block 1% observed at midday followed by the evening which were lower than those in the morning. Key words: Natron salt, Minerals block supplementation, Nubian goat's kids, liver enzymes parameters.
Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine
in vitro antibacterial activity... more Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves against clinical isolates and standard bacteria, determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and identify the major chemical components of the plants extracts. Material and Method: The cup agar plate diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the most active extracts were determined using the agar plate dilution method. All data were expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant differences between means were determined by Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant difference was considered at the level of P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that most extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against stranded bacteria and isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged between 25 mg/ml and 50mg/ml for all the organisms. The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves is active against the tested gram positive and gram negative microorganism. The phytochemical screening reveal the presence of flavonoids, sterols, coumarins tannins, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and anthraquinones.
Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine
in vitro antibacterial activity... more Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Waltheria Indica roots against standard bacteria, determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs), study the cytotoxic effect of active extracts against different cell line and identify the major chemical components of the plants extracts. Material and Method: The cup agar plate diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the most active extracts were determined using the agar plate dilution method. Micro-culture-tetrazolium MTT-assay was utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity of extracts. All data were expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant differences between means were determined by Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant difference was considered at the level of P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that most extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against stranded bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was <3.125 mg/ml. Ps.aeruginosa, E.coli, S.aureus and B.subtilis were sensitive to Amoklan at concentration 100µg/ml, while S.aureus was resistant. Most extracts inhibited organism more than drug used. Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and triterpenes were found in extracts. The results of Micro-culture-tetrazolium (MTT) assayrevealed that all extracts tested were non-toxic.
The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching
puberty in kid... more The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching puberty in kid ewes and also reflect the biochemical picture in the serum of experimentally infected kid ewes. Twenty (20) Sudanese desert lamb ewes (2-3 year age) were divided into two groups of ten each. Group (1) received infection with T. lestoquardi group (2) remained as an uninfected group. A significant delay (4-6 months) in reaching puberty in desert lamb ewes were noticed in the infected group. There was also an irregular estrus cycles appear in the progesterone profiles of the infected lamb ewes. There is a decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin values. However, at the same period, there was an increase in serum urea and serum creatinine values in the infected group.
The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurma... more The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurman west plain, western Sudan was surveyed using direct smear, Micro Hematocrit Centrfugation Technique (MHCT) and Card Agglutination Test for T.evansi (CATT/T.evansi). In a total of 220 blood and serum samples, 115 (52.2%) were positive by CATT, 72 (32.7%) were positive by the MHCT and 31 (14.1%) were positive by the wet smear preparation. Contingency tables and parcel Chi2 – test revealed that CATT/T.evansi was statistically the most sensitive technique for T.evansi followed by the MHCT and lastly the wet smear technique. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV %) differed significantly between the diagnostic techniques used. Thus wet smear technique detected positive camels with the lowest PCV%. camels infection rate with T.evansi did not differ significantly with sex. Treatment of rats infected with T.evansi isolates from Omdurman west area with quinapyramine pro-salt made by three different manufacturers revealed that Tryquine (Wockharde, India) was the most effective in clearance of parasitaemia with in tow weeks. Biquin (Star, Pakistan) and quinapyramine (Nicholas primal, India) did not clear the parasitaemia in rats during the same period. The results are discussed in relation to studies leading to control of T.evansi in camels using chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis.
African Journal of Biology and Medical Research, 2020
The purpose of the current study is to explore the relations between coronavirus disease 2019 (CO... more The purpose of the current study is to explore the relations between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case counts and meteorological factors in two capital cities of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A). Meteorological data on daily average (high, low and mean) barometer (atmospheric pressure) (hpa-hectoPascals), relative humidity (%), temperature (o c), wind gust (km/h), wind speed (km/h) and drew point (o c) during the study period, which was 35 days. The finding showed the person correlation coefficients between Daily number of infected cases of COVID-19 and weather factors in Al Riyad and Mecca cities in K.S.A. The results in Al Riayd and Mecca cities were: Daily number of infected cases of COVID-19 had obvious linear positive correlations significantly (p<0.01) with daily average temperature (r = 0.72; 0.72), daily average high temperature (r = 0.70; 0.65) and daily average low temperature (r = 0.67; 0.71); respectively, and significantly (p<0.01) negative correlations with daily average barometer (r =-0.72;-0.50), daily average high barometer (r =-0.63;-0.53), daily average low barometer (r =-0.67;-0.52); respectively. Also, in Al Riayd city the confirmed COVID-19 correlated significantly (p<0.01) with daily average humidity (r =-0.59), daily average high humidity (r =-0.60) and daily average low humidity (r =-0.52) and in Mecca city was lower significant (p<0.5) with daily average humidity (r =-0.38).
A study to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infection among patients attendi... more A study to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infection among patients attending government hospitals in Bauchi state Nigeria was carried out from January to December, 2016. Stool samples were collected from 2000 participants (800 from Bauchi south and 600 each from Bauchi central and Bauchi north senatorial zone) and analyzed using formol-ether concentration technique. The results showed the overall prevalence of 898(44.9%). Similarly, there was significant difference in the prevalence of gastro intestinal helminths among the patients attending government hospitals in Bauchi state in relation to different locations, sex, occupational group and age of the participants (P<0.05). The results also reveal that Entamoeba histolytica had the highest prevalence with 14.9 % followed by Entamoeba coli, Hookworm, Ascaris. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia solium and Schistosoma mansoni had the least 11 %, 9.4 %, 7.7 %, 1.4 %, 0.5 % and 0.2 % respectively. The study reveal high prevalence rate of gastrointestinal parasite in the area, therefore there is need for effective control measures such as massive chemotherapy, provision of adequate social amenities especially portable drinking water, improved sanitation and personal hygiene as well as proper health education (awareness) should be the focus by all tiers of Government and community leaders toward e eradicating the disease.
A twelve-month epidemio-ecological study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis was conducted in Ba... more A twelve-month epidemio-ecological study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis was conducted in Bauchi State, from January to December, 2016. Two thousand 2000 samples each of faeces and urine were collected and examined microscopically for schistosome eggs. The urine samples were examined using sedimentation method while the faecal samples were examined using formol-ether concentration technique. Twenty eight 28 (1.40%) of the entire volunteers urine samples collected had eggs of S.haematobium 3(0.15%) had eggs of S. mansoni in their faecal samples. The infection rates in different month by S.mansoni species, infection rate in different sexes and infection rate in individuals from different senatorial zone by schistosomiasis were not statistically significant while the infection rates in different month by S.heamatobium species, infection rate in different age groups, infection rate in individuals using different water source, infection rate in individuals using different types of toilet facilities and the infection rate in individuals in different occupational groups were all statistically significant at (p<0.05). Though there was low prevalence of the disease in the study area, there is need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or complete eradicate the disease.
The effect of physicochemical parameters on the prevalence, distribution and vector aspects of sn... more The effect of physicochemical parameters on the prevalence, distribution and vector aspects of snail borne diseases was conducted in Bauchi State, from January to December, 2016. Nine (9) of the twenty (20) Local Governments Areas, three (3) from each senatorial zone and two (2) water bodies in each selected Local Government Area were randomly selected for the study. Standard keys were used to identify the snail vectors. Three physicochemical parameters of the water were measured temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Temperature and pH were measured using Hanna instrument temperature tester-H198311 and pH tester-H198107 respectively while dissolved oxygen of the water was measured using Winkler method in the laboratory. One thousand six hundred and five (1605) snails were collected and identified which include 1581 Bulinus globosus and 24 Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Out of this, only 59(3.7 %) of the Bulinus globosus shed cercariae in the water with low temperature and pH value and high dissolved oxygen. The snail abundant varied significantly. Therefore effective snails control programme as well as public awareness on the role of snails in transmitting animal trematode in the area is recommended.
Objective: This experimental work was aimed to study the effect of different ration of some diffe... more Objective: This experimental work was aimed to study the effect of different ration of some different local macroalgae species diets on the significant growth rate and the survival rate of H. impatient juveniles to provide a preview for the large-scale sea cucumber aquaculture. Materials and Methods: A three natural seaweeds diets Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Cystoseira indica (brown algae) and Jania rubens (red algae) were used as a powder (1, 2 and 3% of their initial body weight)to feed sea cucumber juveniles Holothuria impatiens. Growth performance of H. impatiens was calculated for 12 weeks to identify the optimal diet for this species. There was no significant difference between sea cucumber juvenile's weights at the beginning of the experiments. Data (Mean±SE) were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. The SPSS version 18.0 for Windows was used. Results: Sea cucumbers fed on C. indica diets, showed SGRs were significantly higher than those fed C. racemosa and J. rubens diets (F = 25.5, p<0.05). Sea cucumbers fed 2 and 3% powdered seaweeds C. indica (0.5% dayG1 ) obtained the best growth than the other treatments (p<0.05). The ingestion rate was higher when fed the C. racemosa and C. indica diet than when fed the J. rubens diet (p<0.01). Ammonia-nitrogen production was much lower in H. impatiens fed the C. indica and C. racemosa diet than when fed in J. rubens diets. No mortalities were found in sea cucumber juvenile for 12 weeks. Conclusion: This study concluded that C. indica was optimum seaweeds for use in the culture of the seacucumber H. impatiens then C. racemosa seaweeds but the J. rubens seaweeds were the worst.
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, 2014
This study was designed to investigate the effects of experimental infection with Theileria lesto... more This study was designed to investigate the effects of experimental infection with Theileria lestoquardi on some biochemical and haematological pictures in Desert ewes during pregnancy. Twenty Sudanese desert ewes were divided equally into two groups of ten each. The first group(A) received infection with T. lestoquardi, while the second group(B) remained as an uninfected control. The estrous of the two groups were synchronized and allowed to mate. Some haematological and biochemical parameters were determined throughout the pregnancy period and compared in both group. The mean values of Hb, PCV,WBCs, serum total proteins, serum albumin and serum globulins were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the infected ewes(A) compared to the control ones(B). However, serum creatinine and serum urea were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the infected group(A) than in the control ones(B) thus reflecting the direct adverse effects of theileria infection.
This study was carried out in White Nile State, Sudan for a period of one year, and was designed ... more This study was carried out in White Nile State, Sudan for a period of one year, and was designed to investigate the effect of seasons on the blood constituents of dromadery camel (Camelus dromedarius). One hundred and four Samples different sex and age were collected in July (Rainy Season), September (Rainy hot summer), October (Dry wet winter) and April (Dry hot summer). The effect of season on some blood hematology, metabolites, enzymes and minerals profile was studied. The results showed higher significant level were: Monocytes, total protein and GlutamicOxaloacetic Transaminase (GPT) during rainy season, while MCV, MCH, lymphocytes, Eosinophils and Basophils in rainy hot summer, whereas within dry wet winter were: glucose, albumin and k, even in dry hot summer were: MCHC, total white blood cells, neutrophils, uric acid, creatinine, Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Ca. The results also indicate that the fluctuations of seasons were observed in red blood cells, he...
Bulletin of animal health and production in Africa, 2013
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of energy and pro... more This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of energy and protein on the reproductive performance of Sudanese Nubian goats. Forty- four female Nubian goats (3-5 years old) were divided into four equal groups and fed on different levels of energy (2.22 -3.12 Mcal /kg DM) and protein (7.3% - 13.1%dry matter). The animals were synchronized for estrous with progesterone - impregnated intravaginal sponges + PMSG (400 - 500 IU). About 80-90% of treated goats showed estrus response within 48h. The conception rate (72%) and kidding rate(63% and 54%) are higher in goats fed high level of protein ( group HEHP and LEHP) these goats showed significant (P<0.05) shorter time for resumption of ovarian activity after kidding. kid survival is 100% in group HEHP whereas, high mortality rates occurred in groups fed low levels of energy ( LELP and LEHP). Keywords : Nutrient Supplementation, Energy, Protein, Reproductive Performance, Nubian goats
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of Moringa ... more The present study was designed to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves on the performance, haematological, biochemical and some physiological parameters of Sudan Nubian goats on three different levels of Moringa oleifera, group A (0%) As control, group B offered (20%) and group C (50%) fed different levels of Moringa oleifera leaves. Thirty yearling females of Nubian goats weighted between 16.00 24.00 kg and their age was nearly 10 12 months were used in this study, the animals were divided according to their live body weight into three groups of ten each, goats were housed in pens of suitable size and were managed as any other commercial goat flock. The animals had free access to water. Forage was fed at rate of 1% of live body weight. They were fed for 6 weeks. The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) on body weight in group B than the other two groups. Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was increased significantly (P<0.05) in gro...
Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, 2014
The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching puberty in kid ... more The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching puberty in kid ewes and also reflect the biochemical picture in the serum of experimentally infected kid ewes. Twenty (20) Sudanese desert lamb ewes (2-3 year age) were divided into two groups of ten each. Group (1) received infection with T. lestoquardi group (2) remained as an uninfected group. A significant delay (4-6 months) in reaching puberty in desert lamb ewes were noticed in the infected group. There was also an irregular estrus cycles appear in the progesterone profiles of the infected lamb ewes. There is a decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin values. However, at the same period, there was an increase in serum urea and serum creatinine values in the infected group.
The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurma... more The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurman west plain, western Sudan was surveyed using direct smear, Micro Hematocrit Centrfugation Technique (MHCT) and Card Agglutination Test for T.evansi (CATT/T.evansi). In a total of 220 blood and serum samples, 115 (52.2%) were positive by CATT, 72 (32.7%) were positive by the MHCT and 31 (14.1%) were positive by the wet smear preparation. Contingency tables and parcel Chi2 – test revealed that CATT/T.evansi was statistically the most sensitive technique for T.evansi followed by the MHCT and lastly the wet smear technique. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV %) differed significantly between the diagnostic techniques used. Thus wet smear technique detected positive camels with the lowest PCV%. Camels infection rate with T.evansi did not differ significantly with sex. Treatment of rats infected with T.evansi isolates from Omdurman west area with quinapyramine pro-salt made by three diff...
The objective of this study was to assess the changes in serum minerals profile in desert sheep i... more The objective of this study was to assess the changes in serum minerals profile in desert sheep in Sudan in relation to feed interval; pre feeding (fasting overnight), post feeding (3hrs after feeding). Twenty one yearling unsaturated males of Sudan desert sheep with an average body weight of 31.11kg were used in this study.The serum level of (Cu and Mn) was significantly high (P<0.05) in post feeding than pre feeding, while serum level of (Zn) was high in pre feeding when compared with the post feeding with percentage of changes amounting for (15%). However the serum level of (Na) was significantly (P<0.05) higher during pre feeding than post feeding whereas serum level of (Mg) was higher, while serum level of (K) was lower during pre feeding than post feeding with percentage of changes (8%) and (10%), respectively.
This study was carried out to determine changes in liver enzymes
diagnostic parameters of male Nu... more This study was carried out to determine changes in liver enzymes diagnostic parameters of male Nubian goat's kids male fed diet supplemented with Natron salts and Minerals block levels at rate of (0- 2%), where a total of 40 Nubian goat's kids male (5-7 month old) were used. They were divided into four equal groups and each randomly allocated to diet animal block containing different levels of Natron and Mineral block (0%, 1%, 2%; and 1%, respectively). The experimental period covered twelve weeks. Blood samples were collected every two weeks for chemical analysis, they were taken three times, before feeding in the morning (08.00-09.00), after feeding at midday (01.00-02.00) and in the evening (06.00-07.00). the results indicated that in the evening (06.00-07.00) 8hr after feeding the aminotransferases (GOT, GPT and ALP) values did not show any significant difference between treatment groups (including Control). However, the Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) values in all levels of diet were higher before feeding and decrease significantly after feeding. While Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) values in Mineral block 1% and Natron1% were decrease significantly after feeding. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) values for Control, Natron1%, Natron2% and Mineral block 1% observed at midday followed by the evening which were lower than those in the morning. Key words: Natron salt, Minerals block supplementation, Nubian goat's kids, liver enzymes parameters.
Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine
in vitro antibacterial activity... more Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves against clinical isolates and standard bacteria, determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and identify the major chemical components of the plants extracts. Material and Method: The cup agar plate diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the most active extracts were determined using the agar plate dilution method. All data were expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant differences between means were determined by Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant difference was considered at the level of P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that most extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against stranded bacteria and isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged between 25 mg/ml and 50mg/ml for all the organisms. The methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves is active against the tested gram positive and gram negative microorganism. The phytochemical screening reveal the presence of flavonoids, sterols, coumarins tannins, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and anthraquinones.
Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine
in vitro antibacterial activity... more Background and Objective: The aim of this study was the determine in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Waltheria Indica roots against standard bacteria, determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs), study the cytotoxic effect of active extracts against different cell line and identify the major chemical components of the plants extracts. Material and Method: The cup agar plate diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of plant extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the most active extracts were determined using the agar plate dilution method. Micro-culture-tetrazolium MTT-assay was utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity of extracts. All data were expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant differences between means were determined by Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant difference was considered at the level of P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that most extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against stranded bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values was <3.125 mg/ml. Ps.aeruginosa, E.coli, S.aureus and B.subtilis were sensitive to Amoklan at concentration 100µg/ml, while S.aureus was resistant. Most extracts inhibited organism more than drug used. Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols and triterpenes were found in extracts. The results of Micro-culture-tetrazolium (MTT) assayrevealed that all extracts tested were non-toxic.
The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching
puberty in kid... more The study aimed to investigate the effect of T. lestoquardi infection on reaching puberty in kid ewes and also reflect the biochemical picture in the serum of experimentally infected kid ewes. Twenty (20) Sudanese desert lamb ewes (2-3 year age) were divided into two groups of ten each. Group (1) received infection with T. lestoquardi group (2) remained as an uninfected group. A significant delay (4-6 months) in reaching puberty in desert lamb ewes were noticed in the infected group. There was also an irregular estrus cycles appear in the progesterone profiles of the infected lamb ewes. There is a decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin values. However, at the same period, there was an increase in serum urea and serum creatinine values in the infected group.
The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurma... more The incidence of camel trypanosomosis (Guffar) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T.evansi) in Omdurman west plain, western Sudan was surveyed using direct smear, Micro Hematocrit Centrfugation Technique (MHCT) and Card Agglutination Test for T.evansi (CATT/T.evansi). In a total of 220 blood and serum samples, 115 (52.2%) were positive by CATT, 72 (32.7%) were positive by the MHCT and 31 (14.1%) were positive by the wet smear preparation. Contingency tables and parcel Chi2 – test revealed that CATT/T.evansi was statistically the most sensitive technique for T.evansi followed by the MHCT and lastly the wet smear technique. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV %) differed significantly between the diagnostic techniques used. Thus wet smear technique detected positive camels with the lowest PCV%. camels infection rate with T.evansi did not differ significantly with sex. Treatment of rats infected with T.evansi isolates from Omdurman west area with quinapyramine pro-salt made by three different manufacturers revealed that Tryquine (Wockharde, India) was the most effective in clearance of parasitaemia with in tow weeks. Biquin (Star, Pakistan) and quinapyramine (Nicholas primal, India) did not clear the parasitaemia in rats during the same period. The results are discussed in relation to studies leading to control of T.evansi in camels using chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis.
African Journal of Biology and Medical Research, 2020
The purpose of the current study is to explore the relations between coronavirus disease 2019 (CO... more The purpose of the current study is to explore the relations between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case counts and meteorological factors in two capital cities of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A). Meteorological data on daily average (high, low and mean) barometer (atmospheric pressure) (hpa-hectoPascals), relative humidity (%), temperature (o c), wind gust (km/h), wind speed (km/h) and drew point (o c) during the study period, which was 35 days. The finding showed the person correlation coefficients between Daily number of infected cases of COVID-19 and weather factors in Al Riyad and Mecca cities in K.S.A. The results in Al Riayd and Mecca cities were: Daily number of infected cases of COVID-19 had obvious linear positive correlations significantly (p<0.01) with daily average temperature (r = 0.72; 0.72), daily average high temperature (r = 0.70; 0.65) and daily average low temperature (r = 0.67; 0.71); respectively, and significantly (p<0.01) negative correlations with daily average barometer (r =-0.72;-0.50), daily average high barometer (r =-0.63;-0.53), daily average low barometer (r =-0.67;-0.52); respectively. Also, in Al Riayd city the confirmed COVID-19 correlated significantly (p<0.01) with daily average humidity (r =-0.59), daily average high humidity (r =-0.60) and daily average low humidity (r =-0.52) and in Mecca city was lower significant (p<0.5) with daily average humidity (r =-0.38).
A study to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infection among patients attendi... more A study to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth infection among patients attending government hospitals in Bauchi state Nigeria was carried out from January to December, 2016. Stool samples were collected from 2000 participants (800 from Bauchi south and 600 each from Bauchi central and Bauchi north senatorial zone) and analyzed using formol-ether concentration technique. The results showed the overall prevalence of 898(44.9%). Similarly, there was significant difference in the prevalence of gastro intestinal helminths among the patients attending government hospitals in Bauchi state in relation to different locations, sex, occupational group and age of the participants (P<0.05). The results also reveal that Entamoeba histolytica had the highest prevalence with 14.9 % followed by Entamoeba coli, Hookworm, Ascaris. lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia solium and Schistosoma mansoni had the least 11 %, 9.4 %, 7.7 %, 1.4 %, 0.5 % and 0.2 % respectively. The study reveal high prevalence rate of gastrointestinal parasite in the area, therefore there is need for effective control measures such as massive chemotherapy, provision of adequate social amenities especially portable drinking water, improved sanitation and personal hygiene as well as proper health education (awareness) should be the focus by all tiers of Government and community leaders toward e eradicating the disease.
A twelve-month epidemio-ecological study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis was conducted in Ba... more A twelve-month epidemio-ecological study on the prevalence of schistosomiasis was conducted in Bauchi State, from January to December, 2016. Two thousand 2000 samples each of faeces and urine were collected and examined microscopically for schistosome eggs. The urine samples were examined using sedimentation method while the faecal samples were examined using formol-ether concentration technique. Twenty eight 28 (1.40%) of the entire volunteers urine samples collected had eggs of S.haematobium 3(0.15%) had eggs of S. mansoni in their faecal samples. The infection rates in different month by S.mansoni species, infection rate in different sexes and infection rate in individuals from different senatorial zone by schistosomiasis were not statistically significant while the infection rates in different month by S.heamatobium species, infection rate in different age groups, infection rate in individuals using different water source, infection rate in individuals using different types of toilet facilities and the infection rate in individuals in different occupational groups were all statistically significant at (p<0.05). Though there was low prevalence of the disease in the study area, there is need to intensified integrated control measures to reduce or complete eradicate the disease.
The effect of physicochemical parameters on the prevalence, distribution and vector aspects of sn... more The effect of physicochemical parameters on the prevalence, distribution and vector aspects of snail borne diseases was conducted in Bauchi State, from January to December, 2016. Nine (9) of the twenty (20) Local Governments Areas, three (3) from each senatorial zone and two (2) water bodies in each selected Local Government Area were randomly selected for the study. Standard keys were used to identify the snail vectors. Three physicochemical parameters of the water were measured temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. Temperature and pH were measured using Hanna instrument temperature tester-H198311 and pH tester-H198107 respectively while dissolved oxygen of the water was measured using Winkler method in the laboratory. One thousand six hundred and five (1605) snails were collected and identified which include 1581 Bulinus globosus and 24 Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Out of this, only 59(3.7 %) of the Bulinus globosus shed cercariae in the water with low temperature and pH value and high dissolved oxygen. The snail abundant varied significantly. Therefore effective snails control programme as well as public awareness on the role of snails in transmitting animal trematode in the area is recommended.
Objective: This experimental work was aimed to study the effect of different ration of some diffe... more Objective: This experimental work was aimed to study the effect of different ration of some different local macroalgae species diets on the significant growth rate and the survival rate of H. impatient juveniles to provide a preview for the large-scale sea cucumber aquaculture. Materials and Methods: A three natural seaweeds diets Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Cystoseira indica (brown algae) and Jania rubens (red algae) were used as a powder (1, 2 and 3% of their initial body weight)to feed sea cucumber juveniles Holothuria impatiens. Growth performance of H. impatiens was calculated for 12 weeks to identify the optimal diet for this species. There was no significant difference between sea cucumber juvenile's weights at the beginning of the experiments. Data (Mean±SE) were analyzed with a one-way ANOVA. The SPSS version 18.0 for Windows was used. Results: Sea cucumbers fed on C. indica diets, showed SGRs were significantly higher than those fed C. racemosa and J. rubens diets (F = 25.5, p<0.05). Sea cucumbers fed 2 and 3% powdered seaweeds C. indica (0.5% dayG1 ) obtained the best growth than the other treatments (p<0.05). The ingestion rate was higher when fed the C. racemosa and C. indica diet than when fed the J. rubens diet (p<0.01). Ammonia-nitrogen production was much lower in H. impatiens fed the C. indica and C. racemosa diet than when fed in J. rubens diets. No mortalities were found in sea cucumber juvenile for 12 weeks. Conclusion: This study concluded that C. indica was optimum seaweeds for use in the culture of the seacucumber H. impatiens then C. racemosa seaweeds but the J. rubens seaweeds were the worst.
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Papers by E.A. Babeker
diagnostic parameters of male Nubian goat's kids male fed diet
supplemented with Natron salts and Minerals block levels at rate of (0-
2%), where a total of 40 Nubian goat's kids male (5-7 month old) were
used. They were divided into four equal groups and each randomly
allocated to diet animal block containing different levels of Natron and
Mineral block (0%, 1%, 2%; and 1%, respectively). The experimental
period covered twelve weeks. Blood samples were collected every two
weeks for chemical analysis, they were taken three times, before feeding
in the morning (08.00-09.00), after feeding at midday (01.00-02.00) and
in the evening (06.00-07.00). the results indicated that in the evening
(06.00-07.00) 8hr after feeding the aminotransferases (GOT, GPT and
ALP) values did not show any significant difference between treatment
groups (including Control). However, the Glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (GOT) values in all levels of diet were higher before feeding
and decrease significantly after feeding. While Alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) values in Mineral block 1% and Natron1% were decrease
significantly after feeding. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) values for Control,
Natron1%, Natron2% and Mineral block 1% observed at midday followed
by the evening which were lower than those in the morning.
Key words: Natron salt, Minerals block supplementation, Nubian goat's
kids, liver enzymes parameters.
in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Moringa oleifera
leaves against clinical isolates and standard bacteria, determine the
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and identify the major
chemical components of the plants extracts. Material and Method:
The cup agar plate diffusion method was used to screen the
antibacterial activity of plant extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum
Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the most active extracts were
determined using the agar plate dilution method. All data were
expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance
was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant
differences between means were determined by Least Significant
Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant difference was considered at the level of P
<0.05. Results: The results indicated that most extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against
stranded bacteria and isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged
between 25 mg/ml and 50mg/ml for all the organisms. The methanolic extract of Moringa
oleifera leaves is active against the tested gram positive and gram negative microorganism.
The phytochemical screening reveal the presence of flavonoids, sterols, coumarins tannins,
alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and anthraquinones.
in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Waltheria Indica
roots against standard bacteria, determine the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentrations (MICs), study the cytotoxic effect of active extracts
against different cell line and identify the major chemical components
of the plants extracts. Material and Method: The cup agar plate
diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of plant
extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
(MICs) of the most active extracts were determined using the agar
plate dilution method. Micro-culture-tetrazolium MTT-assay was
utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity of extracts. All data were
expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance
was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant differences between means
were determined by Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant
difference was considered at the level of P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that most
extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against stranded bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) values was <3.125 mg/ml. Ps.aeruginosa, E.coli, S.aureus and B.subtilis
were sensitive to Amoklan at concentration 100µg/ml, while S.aureus was resistant. Most
extracts inhibited organism more than drug used. Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, saponins,
sterols and triterpenes were found in extracts. The results of Micro-culture-tetrazolium
(MTT) assayrevealed that all extracts tested were non-toxic.
puberty in kid ewes and also reflect the biochemical picture in the serum of
experimentally infected kid ewes. Twenty (20) Sudanese desert lamb ewes (2-3 year
age) were divided into two groups of ten each. Group (1) received infection with T.
lestoquardi group (2) remained as an uninfected group.
A significant delay (4-6 months) in reaching puberty in desert lamb ewes were
noticed in the infected group. There was also an irregular estrus cycles appear in the
progesterone profiles of the infected lamb ewes.
There is a decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin values.
However, at the same period, there was an increase in serum urea and serum
creatinine values in the infected group.
west plain, western Sudan was surveyed using direct smear, Micro Hematocrit Centrfugation Technique
(MHCT) and Card Agglutination Test for T.evansi (CATT/T.evansi). In a total of 220 blood and serum
samples, 115 (52.2%) were positive by CATT, 72 (32.7%) were positive by the MHCT and 31 (14.1%) were
positive by the wet smear preparation. Contingency tables and parcel Chi2 – test revealed that CATT/T.evansi
was statistically the most sensitive technique for T.evansi followed by the MHCT and lastly the wet smear
technique. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV %) differed significantly between the diagnostic
techniques used. Thus wet smear technique detected positive camels with the lowest PCV%. camels infection
rate with T.evansi did not differ significantly with sex. Treatment of rats infected with T.evansi isolates from
Omdurman west area with quinapyramine pro-salt made by three different manufacturers revealed that
Tryquine (Wockharde, India) was the most effective in clearance of parasitaemia with in tow weeks. Biquin
(Star, Pakistan) and quinapyramine (Nicholas primal, India) did not clear the parasitaemia in rats during the
same period. The results are discussed in relation to studies leading to control of T.evansi in camels using
chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis.
the significant growth rate and the survival rate of H. impatient juveniles to provide a preview for the large-scale sea cucumber
aquaculture. Materials and Methods: A three natural seaweeds diets Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Cystoseira indica (brown algae)
and Jania rubens (red algae) were used as a powder (1, 2 and 3% of their initial body weight)to feed sea cucumber juveniles Holothuria
impatiens. Growth performance of H. impatiens was calculated for 12 weeks to identify the optimal diet for this species. There was no
significant difference between sea cucumber juvenile's weights at the beginning of the experiments. Data (Mean±SE) were analyzed with
a one-way ANOVA. The SPSS version 18.0 for Windows was used. Results: Sea cucumbers fed on C. indica diets, showed SGRs were
significantly higher than those fed C. racemosa and J. rubens diets (F = 25.5, p<0.05). Sea cucumbers fed 2 and 3% powdered seaweeds
C. indica (0.5% dayG1 ) obtained the best growth than the other treatments (p<0.05). The ingestion rate was higher when fed the
C. racemosa and C. indica diet than when fed the J. rubens diet (p<0.01). Ammonia-nitrogen production was much lower in H. impatiens
fed the C. indica and C. racemosa diet than when fed in J. rubens diets. No mortalities were found in sea cucumber juvenile for 12 weeks.
Conclusion: This study concluded that C. indica was optimum seaweeds for use in the culture of the seacucumber H. impatiens then
C. racemosa seaweeds but the J. rubens seaweeds were the worst.
diagnostic parameters of male Nubian goat's kids male fed diet
supplemented with Natron salts and Minerals block levels at rate of (0-
2%), where a total of 40 Nubian goat's kids male (5-7 month old) were
used. They were divided into four equal groups and each randomly
allocated to diet animal block containing different levels of Natron and
Mineral block (0%, 1%, 2%; and 1%, respectively). The experimental
period covered twelve weeks. Blood samples were collected every two
weeks for chemical analysis, they were taken three times, before feeding
in the morning (08.00-09.00), after feeding at midday (01.00-02.00) and
in the evening (06.00-07.00). the results indicated that in the evening
(06.00-07.00) 8hr after feeding the aminotransferases (GOT, GPT and
ALP) values did not show any significant difference between treatment
groups (including Control). However, the Glutamate oxaloacetate
transaminase (GOT) values in all levels of diet were higher before feeding
and decrease significantly after feeding. While Alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) values in Mineral block 1% and Natron1% were decrease
significantly after feeding. The significant (P<0.05) decrease in the
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) values for Control,
Natron1%, Natron2% and Mineral block 1% observed at midday followed
by the evening which were lower than those in the morning.
Key words: Natron salt, Minerals block supplementation, Nubian goat's
kids, liver enzymes parameters.
in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Moringa oleifera
leaves against clinical isolates and standard bacteria, determine the
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) and identify the major
chemical components of the plants extracts. Material and Method:
The cup agar plate diffusion method was used to screen the
antibacterial activity of plant extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum
Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the most active extracts were
determined using the agar plate dilution method. All data were
expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance
was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant
differences between means were determined by Least Significant
Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant difference was considered at the level of P
<0.05. Results: The results indicated that most extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against
stranded bacteria and isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged
between 25 mg/ml and 50mg/ml for all the organisms. The methanolic extract of Moringa
oleifera leaves is active against the tested gram positive and gram negative microorganism.
The phytochemical screening reveal the presence of flavonoids, sterols, coumarins tannins,
alkaloids, saponins, triterpenes and anthraquinones.
in vitro antibacterial activity of different extracts of Waltheria Indica
roots against standard bacteria, determine the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentrations (MICs), study the cytotoxic effect of active extracts
against different cell line and identify the major chemical components
of the plants extracts. Material and Method: The cup agar plate
diffusion method was used to screen the antibacterial activity of plant
extracts and antibiotic. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations
(MICs) of the most active extracts were determined using the agar
plate dilution method. Micro-culture-tetrazolium MTT-assay was
utilized to evaluate the cytotoxicity of extracts. All data were
expressed as mean ± standard Deviation mean. Analysis of variance
was performed by ANOVA using the SPSS software. Significant differences between means
were determined by Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) and student t-test. A significant
difference was considered at the level of P <0.05. Results: The results indicated that most
extracts exhibited inhibitory effect against stranded bacteria. The lowest minimum inhibitory
concentration (MIC) values was <3.125 mg/ml. Ps.aeruginosa, E.coli, S.aureus and B.subtilis
were sensitive to Amoklan at concentration 100µg/ml, while S.aureus was resistant. Most
extracts inhibited organism more than drug used. Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, saponins,
sterols and triterpenes were found in extracts. The results of Micro-culture-tetrazolium
(MTT) assayrevealed that all extracts tested were non-toxic.
puberty in kid ewes and also reflect the biochemical picture in the serum of
experimentally infected kid ewes. Twenty (20) Sudanese desert lamb ewes (2-3 year
age) were divided into two groups of ten each. Group (1) received infection with T.
lestoquardi group (2) remained as an uninfected group.
A significant delay (4-6 months) in reaching puberty in desert lamb ewes were
noticed in the infected group. There was also an irregular estrus cycles appear in the
progesterone profiles of the infected lamb ewes.
There is a decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum globulin values.
However, at the same period, there was an increase in serum urea and serum
creatinine values in the infected group.
west plain, western Sudan was surveyed using direct smear, Micro Hematocrit Centrfugation Technique
(MHCT) and Card Agglutination Test for T.evansi (CATT/T.evansi). In a total of 220 blood and serum
samples, 115 (52.2%) were positive by CATT, 72 (32.7%) were positive by the MHCT and 31 (14.1%) were
positive by the wet smear preparation. Contingency tables and parcel Chi2 – test revealed that CATT/T.evansi
was statistically the most sensitive technique for T.evansi followed by the MHCT and lastly the wet smear
technique. The percentage packed cell volume (PCV %) differed significantly between the diagnostic
techniques used. Thus wet smear technique detected positive camels with the lowest PCV%. camels infection
rate with T.evansi did not differ significantly with sex. Treatment of rats infected with T.evansi isolates from
Omdurman west area with quinapyramine pro-salt made by three different manufacturers revealed that
Tryquine (Wockharde, India) was the most effective in clearance of parasitaemia with in tow weeks. Biquin
(Star, Pakistan) and quinapyramine (Nicholas primal, India) did not clear the parasitaemia in rats during the
same period. The results are discussed in relation to studies leading to control of T.evansi in camels using
chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis.
the significant growth rate and the survival rate of H. impatient juveniles to provide a preview for the large-scale sea cucumber
aquaculture. Materials and Methods: A three natural seaweeds diets Caulerpa racemosa (green algae), Cystoseira indica (brown algae)
and Jania rubens (red algae) were used as a powder (1, 2 and 3% of their initial body weight)to feed sea cucumber juveniles Holothuria
impatiens. Growth performance of H. impatiens was calculated for 12 weeks to identify the optimal diet for this species. There was no
significant difference between sea cucumber juvenile's weights at the beginning of the experiments. Data (Mean±SE) were analyzed with
a one-way ANOVA. The SPSS version 18.0 for Windows was used. Results: Sea cucumbers fed on C. indica diets, showed SGRs were
significantly higher than those fed C. racemosa and J. rubens diets (F = 25.5, p<0.05). Sea cucumbers fed 2 and 3% powdered seaweeds
C. indica (0.5% dayG1 ) obtained the best growth than the other treatments (p<0.05). The ingestion rate was higher when fed the
C. racemosa and C. indica diet than when fed the J. rubens diet (p<0.01). Ammonia-nitrogen production was much lower in H. impatiens
fed the C. indica and C. racemosa diet than when fed in J. rubens diets. No mortalities were found in sea cucumber juvenile for 12 weeks.
Conclusion: This study concluded that C. indica was optimum seaweeds for use in the culture of the seacucumber H. impatiens then
C. racemosa seaweeds but the J. rubens seaweeds were the worst.