My research is split across three themes within the research area of entrepreneurship: the characteristics of nascent entrepreneurs, the rural entrepreneurial ecosystem and the impacts of entrepreneurship education. For each of these I have datasets who span several years and collaborate with researchers from universities from across the world as well as in the UK.
The splitting of bandwidth resources in a cellular system incurs wastage of this premium limited ... more The splitting of bandwidth resources in a cellular system incurs wastage of this premium limited commodity, but is necessary in order to manage the multiplexing and frequency reuse in the system. In FDMA and TDMA systems this normally involves the use of guard bands and with direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems it may result from dividing the overall frequency allocation into smaller spread spectrum bandwidths. Splitting the resources in a DS-CDMA system reduces the overall system capacity and its flexibility to handle a variety of data rates, but enables a higher degree of spectrum utilisation as users within the system can now be managed more efficiently rather than all generating noise contributions in the same part of the spectrum. The paper investigates the optimum allocation and usage of the spectrum in a DS-CDMA cellular environment. This is gauged by the number of users per cell and the overall spectrum efficiency. The paper proposes the use of in-cell toroidal frequency sectorisation to increase the capacity of a DS-CDMA system and therefore the frequency reuse factor, when combined with power control, to determine the coverage radius of the mobile transmitter.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entre... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entrepreneurship education (EEE) activity in UK higher education institutions (HEIs). This is achieved via the use of data obtained from the Research Excellence Framework (REF), the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), the Knowledge Excellence Framework (KEF) and the Higher Education Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) survey. Overall, the analysis suggests, powerfully, that EEE impacts research, teaching and knowledge exchange in a variety of ways. Firstly, it shows that EEE, in terms of the REF, may be up to 46 times more impactful than other management disciplines. Secondly, with regard to TEF submissions, it highlights a positive relationship between the use of the EEE terms and the award level achieved. Finally, research also demonstrates a link between membership of certain HEI mission groups and improved KEF metrics when compared to the sector averages. There is a clear need to research how to develop successful EEE interventions and demonstrate their impact on the graduate, the university ecosystem and the wider economy. These data sources and methodology have not previously been used to develop a narrative for EEE across a university sector in the UK.
This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher educatio... more This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher education and the entrepreneurial interventions an institution can provide to support them. The study uses data collected from 679 undergraduate students from Chinese and UK Universities. The instrument for data collection was a paper-based questionnaire. This study uses the integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions as the theoretical underpinning for this approach. The initial findings highlight the perceived need for a range of entrepreneurship interventions, with business training programmes being the highest priority, followed by mentoring, specialist business advice, low-cost finance, business networking events and enterprise clubs. It also shows that those with different Intention Horizons do request a different portfolio of interventions. The paper provides an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurship education design and the development of interventions to support a range of students with and without entrepreneurial intention. This work suggests a previously under-articulated relationship between the nascent entrepreneur's Intention Horizon, university interventions, and entrepreneurial action. There are numerous calls for further contextualisation of entrepreneurship education which this paper fulfils (Baron and Shane in Psychol Entrepreneurship 19-39, 2007; Byrne et al. in Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014). It further develops the narrative around both contextualisation, the previous experience of the students and the range and importance of these interventions to support the creation of a new venture.
This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher educatio... more This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher education and the entrepreneurial interventions an institution can provide to support them. The study uses data collected from 679 undergraduate students from Chinese and UK Universities. The instrument for data collection was a paper-based questionnaire. This study uses the integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions as the theoretical underpinning for this approach. The initial findings highlight the perceived need for a range of entrepreneurship interventions, with business training programmes being the highest priority, followed by mentoring, specialist business advice, low-cost finance, business networking events and enterprise clubs. It also shows that those with different Intention Horizons do request a different portfolio of interventions. The paper provides an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurship education design and the development of interventions to support a range of stude...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entre... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entrepreneurship education (EEE) activity in UK higher education institutions (HEIs). This is achieved via the use of data obtained from the Research Excellence Framework (REF), the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), the Knowledge Excellence Framework (KEF) and the Higher Education Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) survey. Overall, the analysis suggests, powerfully, that EEE impacts research, teaching and knowledge exchange in a variety of ways. Firstly, it shows that EEE, in terms of the REF, may be up to 46 times more impactful than other management disciplines. Secondly, with regard to TEF submissions, it highlights a positive relationship between the use of the EEE terms and the award level achieved. Finally, research also demonstrates a link between membership of certain HEI mission groups and improved KEF metrics when compared to the sector averages. The...
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research
PurposeFull curriculum-based Venture Creation Programmes (VCPs) are a relatively new and potentia... more PurposeFull curriculum-based Venture Creation Programmes (VCPs) are a relatively new and potentially underutilised form of degree programme in which students explore the on-going creation of a new venture as a primary aspect of their formal study. The highly experiential nature of VCPs has the potential to meet the calls of researchers and policymakers for students to actively participate in and control their own learning for enterprise and entrepreneurship. However, research into VCP's remains limited which constrains their development. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to review the literature surrounding VCPs in order to investigate the current research and explore areas for further study to support the development of these courses.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was conducted in order to find and explore literature around VCPs, defined here as credit-bearing whole programmes of study, focused on learning for entrepreneurship, with the creatio...
The article aims to introduce an exercise template, objectives identified. • To understand and be... more The article aims to introduce an exercise template, objectives identified. • To understand and be able to define Social Enterprise • To explore the business models used within Social Enterprise • To understand the cross-sector theories of Social Enterprise • Identity popular companies with the health sector and discuss their business model
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2018
This article examines entrepreneurial identity in both the United Kingdom and China through the l... more This article examines entrepreneurial identity in both the United Kingdom and China through the lenses of identity theory and social identity theory to develop a deeper and more holistic understanding of the concept of entrepreneurial identity. By examining the entrepreneur as both a role and an identity, this article explores how an entrepreneur views the role of the entrepreneur, the counter-roles to the entrepreneur, and the “self-as-entrepreneur” and seeks to understand how entrepreneurs construct their identity as an entrepreneur. By looking at the role identity in different social constructs, a more nuanced view of entrepreneurial identity can be uncovered for entrepreneurs in both the United Kingdom and China. The study argues that entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom use counter-roles to bridge the disconnect between their understanding of the entrepreneur-as-role and the self-as-entrepreneur, whereas entrepreneurs in China have less conflict reconciling the two and use the c...
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2022
This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment a... more This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment and the development of a loyal brand community. Learners develop an appreciation of how engagement in crowdfunding campaigns can lead to the creation of engaged partners. This is explored through applying the Business Model Canvas to the case of BrewDog, a company that has expanded beyond the niche market of craft brewing to become an international brand. The use of crowdfunding has not only enabled Brewdog to raise the capital to finance expansion but also to develop a special relationship with some of their customers, who through investment and engagement can become partners in the product development process.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 2021
Purpose China has a new rural revitalization strategy to stimulate rural transformation through m... more Purpose China has a new rural revitalization strategy to stimulate rural transformation through modernizing rural areas and resolving their social contradictions. While social capital is recognized as an important element to rural revitalization and entrepreneurship, research into the role of psychological capital is less developed. Therefore, this paper assesses the impact of both social and psychological capital on entrepreneurial performance of Chinese new-generation rural migrant entrepreneurs (NGRMEs) who have returned to their homes to develop businesses as part of the rural revitalization revolution. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey, data were collected from 525 NGRMEs in Shaanxi province. This paper uses factor analysis to determine variables for a multiple linear regression model to investigate the impacts of dimensions of both social capital and psychological capital on NGRMEs’ entrepreneurial performance. Findings Through the factor analysis, social capital o...
The aim of this study is to inform entrepreneurs about how best to implement the positive face of... more The aim of this study is to inform entrepreneurs about how best to implement the positive face of the fear of missing out (FOMO) to foster brand community building in the context of equity crowdfunding in the post-Covid era. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with crowdinvestors from Europe and North America investing via different equity crowdfunding portals, to obtain primary in-depth qualitative data. Using thematic analysis, the authors investigated how FOMO influences the crowdinvestor's decision making. Findings suggest that FOMO is a powerful belongingness facilitator to support the crowdinvestor's self-determination strategies and thus their willingness to be part of a crowdfunding community to share in its values and beliefs. As such it can be used by entrepreneurs to activate identification mechanisms through which they can create a loyal fan base. An entrepreneurial action plan is proposed to guide the entrepreneur in making the most of the equity c...
Globalization and liberalization policies facilitated national and international commodity market... more Globalization and liberalization policies facilitated national and international commodity markets to integrate with each other. This integration facilitated price transmission and market efficiency of commodities at domestic markets, leading traders across the globe to exploit opportunities. India is one of the vibrant and emerging economies in the world absorbing these economic features and integrating its markets with the world. This article, focusing on the Indian sugar market, explores market integration of sugar prices with the US, UK and global average prices and also contributes a policy dimension to enhance the competitiveness of the Indian sugar sector. The article, using Johansen’s co-integration with a vector error correction model (VECM), finds the existence of market integration of Indian sugar prices with international prices. However, the average Indian sugar prices are higher than those in other markets, with the support of government price protection policies. Thes...
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2022
This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment a... more This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment and the development of a loyal brand community. Learners develop an appreciation of how engagement in crowdfunding campaigns can lead to the creation of engaged partners. This is explored through applying the Business Model Canvas to the case of BrewDog, a company that has expanded beyond the niche market of craft brewing to become an international brand. The use of crowdfunding has not only enabled Brewdog to raise the capital to finance expansion but also to develop a special relationship with some of their customers, who through investment and engagement can become partners in the product development process.
The rapidly increasing demand for cellular telephony is placing greater demand on the limited ban... more The rapidly increasing demand for cellular telephony is placing greater demand on the limited bandwidth resources available. This research is concerned with techniques which enhance the capacity of a Direct-Sequence Code-Division-Multiple-Access (DS-CDMA) mobile telephone network. The capacity of both Private Mobile Radio (PMR) and cellular networks are derived and the many techniques which are currently available are reviewed. Areas which may be further investigated are identified. One technique which is developed is the sectorisation of a cell into toroidal rings. This is shown to provide an increased system capacity when the cell is split into these concentric rings and this is compared with cell clustering and other sectorisation schemes. Another technique for increasing the capacity is achieved by adding to the amount of inherent randomness within the transmitted signal so that the system is better able to extract the wanted signal. A system model has been produced for a cellul...
The splitting of bandwidth resources in a cellular system incurs wastage of this premium limited ... more The splitting of bandwidth resources in a cellular system incurs wastage of this premium limited commodity, but is necessary in order to manage the multiplexing and frequency reuse in the system. In FDMA and TDMA systems this normally involves the use of guard bands and with direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems it may result from dividing the overall frequency allocation into smaller spread spectrum bandwidths. Splitting the resources in a DS-CDMA system reduces the overall system capacity and its flexibility to handle a variety of data rates, but enables a higher degree of spectrum utilisation as users within the system can now be managed more efficiently rather than all generating noise contributions in the same part of the spectrum. The paper investigates the optimum allocation and usage of the spectrum in a DS-CDMA cellular environment. This is gauged by the number of users per cell and the overall spectrum efficiency. The paper proposes the use of in-cell toroidal frequency sectorisation to increase the capacity of a DS-CDMA system and therefore the frequency reuse factor, when combined with power control, to determine the coverage radius of the mobile transmitter.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entre... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entrepreneurship education (EEE) activity in UK higher education institutions (HEIs). This is achieved via the use of data obtained from the Research Excellence Framework (REF), the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), the Knowledge Excellence Framework (KEF) and the Higher Education Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) survey. Overall, the analysis suggests, powerfully, that EEE impacts research, teaching and knowledge exchange in a variety of ways. Firstly, it shows that EEE, in terms of the REF, may be up to 46 times more impactful than other management disciplines. Secondly, with regard to TEF submissions, it highlights a positive relationship between the use of the EEE terms and the award level achieved. Finally, research also demonstrates a link between membership of certain HEI mission groups and improved KEF metrics when compared to the sector averages. There is a clear need to research how to develop successful EEE interventions and demonstrate their impact on the graduate, the university ecosystem and the wider economy. These data sources and methodology have not previously been used to develop a narrative for EEE across a university sector in the UK.
This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher educatio... more This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher education and the entrepreneurial interventions an institution can provide to support them. The study uses data collected from 679 undergraduate students from Chinese and UK Universities. The instrument for data collection was a paper-based questionnaire. This study uses the integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions as the theoretical underpinning for this approach. The initial findings highlight the perceived need for a range of entrepreneurship interventions, with business training programmes being the highest priority, followed by mentoring, specialist business advice, low-cost finance, business networking events and enterprise clubs. It also shows that those with different Intention Horizons do request a different portfolio of interventions. The paper provides an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurship education design and the development of interventions to support a range of students with and without entrepreneurial intention. This work suggests a previously under-articulated relationship between the nascent entrepreneur's Intention Horizon, university interventions, and entrepreneurial action. There are numerous calls for further contextualisation of entrepreneurship education which this paper fulfils (Baron and Shane in Psychol Entrepreneurship 19-39, 2007; Byrne et al. in Edward Elgar Publishing, 2014). It further develops the narrative around both contextualisation, the previous experience of the students and the range and importance of these interventions to support the creation of a new venture.
This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher educatio... more This paper explores the link between the entrepreneurial intention of students in higher education and the entrepreneurial interventions an institution can provide to support them. The study uses data collected from 679 undergraduate students from Chinese and UK Universities. The instrument for data collection was a paper-based questionnaire. This study uses the integrated model of entrepreneurial intentions as the theoretical underpinning for this approach. The initial findings highlight the perceived need for a range of entrepreneurship interventions, with business training programmes being the highest priority, followed by mentoring, specialist business advice, low-cost finance, business networking events and enterprise clubs. It also shows that those with different Intention Horizons do request a different portfolio of interventions. The paper provides an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurship education design and the development of interventions to support a range of stude...
The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entre... more The purpose of this paper is to investigate data relating to the outcomes of enterprise and entrepreneurship education (EEE) activity in UK higher education institutions (HEIs). This is achieved via the use of data obtained from the Research Excellence Framework (REF), the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), the Knowledge Excellence Framework (KEF) and the Higher Education Business and Community Interaction (HE-BCI) survey. Overall, the analysis suggests, powerfully, that EEE impacts research, teaching and knowledge exchange in a variety of ways. Firstly, it shows that EEE, in terms of the REF, may be up to 46 times more impactful than other management disciplines. Secondly, with regard to TEF submissions, it highlights a positive relationship between the use of the EEE terms and the award level achieved. Finally, research also demonstrates a link between membership of certain HEI mission groups and improved KEF metrics when compared to the sector averages. The...
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research
PurposeFull curriculum-based Venture Creation Programmes (VCPs) are a relatively new and potentia... more PurposeFull curriculum-based Venture Creation Programmes (VCPs) are a relatively new and potentially underutilised form of degree programme in which students explore the on-going creation of a new venture as a primary aspect of their formal study. The highly experiential nature of VCPs has the potential to meet the calls of researchers and policymakers for students to actively participate in and control their own learning for enterprise and entrepreneurship. However, research into VCP's remains limited which constrains their development. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to review the literature surrounding VCPs in order to investigate the current research and explore areas for further study to support the development of these courses.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review was conducted in order to find and explore literature around VCPs, defined here as credit-bearing whole programmes of study, focused on learning for entrepreneurship, with the creatio...
The article aims to introduce an exercise template, objectives identified. • To understand and be... more The article aims to introduce an exercise template, objectives identified. • To understand and be able to define Social Enterprise • To explore the business models used within Social Enterprise • To understand the cross-sector theories of Social Enterprise • Identity popular companies with the health sector and discuss their business model
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2018
This article examines entrepreneurial identity in both the United Kingdom and China through the l... more This article examines entrepreneurial identity in both the United Kingdom and China through the lenses of identity theory and social identity theory to develop a deeper and more holistic understanding of the concept of entrepreneurial identity. By examining the entrepreneur as both a role and an identity, this article explores how an entrepreneur views the role of the entrepreneur, the counter-roles to the entrepreneur, and the “self-as-entrepreneur” and seeks to understand how entrepreneurs construct their identity as an entrepreneur. By looking at the role identity in different social constructs, a more nuanced view of entrepreneurial identity can be uncovered for entrepreneurs in both the United Kingdom and China. The study argues that entrepreneurs in the United Kingdom use counter-roles to bridge the disconnect between their understanding of the entrepreneur-as-role and the self-as-entrepreneur, whereas entrepreneurs in China have less conflict reconciling the two and use the c...
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2022
This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment a... more This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment and the development of a loyal brand community. Learners develop an appreciation of how engagement in crowdfunding campaigns can lead to the creation of engaged partners. This is explored through applying the Business Model Canvas to the case of BrewDog, a company that has expanded beyond the niche market of craft brewing to become an international brand. The use of crowdfunding has not only enabled Brewdog to raise the capital to finance expansion but also to develop a special relationship with some of their customers, who through investment and engagement can become partners in the product development process.
International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 2021
Purpose China has a new rural revitalization strategy to stimulate rural transformation through m... more Purpose China has a new rural revitalization strategy to stimulate rural transformation through modernizing rural areas and resolving their social contradictions. While social capital is recognized as an important element to rural revitalization and entrepreneurship, research into the role of psychological capital is less developed. Therefore, this paper assesses the impact of both social and psychological capital on entrepreneurial performance of Chinese new-generation rural migrant entrepreneurs (NGRMEs) who have returned to their homes to develop businesses as part of the rural revitalization revolution. Design/methodology/approach Based on a survey, data were collected from 525 NGRMEs in Shaanxi province. This paper uses factor analysis to determine variables for a multiple linear regression model to investigate the impacts of dimensions of both social capital and psychological capital on NGRMEs’ entrepreneurial performance. Findings Through the factor analysis, social capital o...
The aim of this study is to inform entrepreneurs about how best to implement the positive face of... more The aim of this study is to inform entrepreneurs about how best to implement the positive face of the fear of missing out (FOMO) to foster brand community building in the context of equity crowdfunding in the post-Covid era. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with crowdinvestors from Europe and North America investing via different equity crowdfunding portals, to obtain primary in-depth qualitative data. Using thematic analysis, the authors investigated how FOMO influences the crowdinvestor's decision making. Findings suggest that FOMO is a powerful belongingness facilitator to support the crowdinvestor's self-determination strategies and thus their willingness to be part of a crowdfunding community to share in its values and beliefs. As such it can be used by entrepreneurs to activate identification mechanisms through which they can create a loyal fan base. An entrepreneurial action plan is proposed to guide the entrepreneur in making the most of the equity c...
Globalization and liberalization policies facilitated national and international commodity market... more Globalization and liberalization policies facilitated national and international commodity markets to integrate with each other. This integration facilitated price transmission and market efficiency of commodities at domestic markets, leading traders across the globe to exploit opportunities. India is one of the vibrant and emerging economies in the world absorbing these economic features and integrating its markets with the world. This article, focusing on the Indian sugar market, explores market integration of sugar prices with the US, UK and global average prices and also contributes a policy dimension to enhance the competitiveness of the Indian sugar sector. The article, using Johansen’s co-integration with a vector error correction model (VECM), finds the existence of market integration of Indian sugar prices with international prices. However, the average Indian sugar prices are higher than those in other markets, with the support of government price protection policies. Thes...
The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2022
This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment a... more This case study provides a critical understanding of the connection between start-up investment and the development of a loyal brand community. Learners develop an appreciation of how engagement in crowdfunding campaigns can lead to the creation of engaged partners. This is explored through applying the Business Model Canvas to the case of BrewDog, a company that has expanded beyond the niche market of craft brewing to become an international brand. The use of crowdfunding has not only enabled Brewdog to raise the capital to finance expansion but also to develop a special relationship with some of their customers, who through investment and engagement can become partners in the product development process.
The rapidly increasing demand for cellular telephony is placing greater demand on the limited ban... more The rapidly increasing demand for cellular telephony is placing greater demand on the limited bandwidth resources available. This research is concerned with techniques which enhance the capacity of a Direct-Sequence Code-Division-Multiple-Access (DS-CDMA) mobile telephone network. The capacity of both Private Mobile Radio (PMR) and cellular networks are derived and the many techniques which are currently available are reviewed. Areas which may be further investigated are identified. One technique which is developed is the sectorisation of a cell into toroidal rings. This is shown to provide an increased system capacity when the cell is split into these concentric rings and this is compared with cell clustering and other sectorisation schemes. Another technique for increasing the capacity is achieved by adding to the amount of inherent randomness within the transmitted signal so that the system is better able to extract the wanted signal. A system model has been produced for a cellul...
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Papers by David Bozward