We conducted a content-analysis on Modern Age American comic books recording the gender, race, an... more We conducted a content-analysis on Modern Age American comic books recording the gender, race, and class of the main and background comic book characters. Our data shows that white males are the majority of overall characters, main characters, and aggressors in altercations. With regard to class, black characters were more likely to be represented as having lower socioeconomic status compared to white characters. Black background characters were significantly underrepresented overall compared to white comic book readers. The implications of the under-representation of women, people of color, and women of color in comic books are discussed for perpetuating stereotypes in those who read them.
Objective: Drugging (administering a drug to someone without their knowledge or consent) is ackno... more Objective: Drugging (administering a drug to someone without their knowledge or consent) is acknowledged as a problem in “watch your drink” campaigns. However, research on this phenomenon is nascent. Prior research has primarily focused on drugging as a means of sexual assault, and has not addressed drugging more generally. Method: Survey data from 6,064 students at 3 universities was used to explore drugging among those who had drugged someone (or knew someone who had) and those who had been drugged. Results: More than 1 in 13 students reported being drugged (462 students, 7.8% of the sample, reported 539 incidents), and 83 students (1.4%) reported 172 incidents of drugging someone. Participants’ perceptions of why people drug others varied by gender. Women were much more likely to mention sex or sexual assault as a motive, while men were more likely to mention having fun as a motive. Participants also mentioned getting others more drunk or high and getting someone to relax as motives. It is possible that some motives (e.g., “to ‘loosen’ me up”) could be euphemisms for more coercive or sexual motives not directly stated. Outcomes for those drugged were also gendered, with female victims experiencing more negative outcomes, including sexual assault, blacking out, and getting sick. Although over 4 out of 5 of victims reported negative outcomes, a small number of (mostly male) victims said they enjoyed being drugged. Conclusions: To design interventions to prevent the negative consequences of drugging, the full context of drugging must be better understood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Beginning medical students' beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied inter... more Beginning medical students' beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied internationally but have only been minimally studied in the United States (U.S.) recently. Up-to-date research on U.S. medical students' beliefs is warranted so educators can employ these predispositions as a baseline for curriculum and student professional development. We conducted focus groups with a first-year class (n=189) of U.S. medical students at the beginning of their academic year. In an iterative theming process, investigators worked in dyads and subsequently as a group to develop a list of preliminary themes expressed in the focus groups. Investigators individually sorted preliminary themes into similar categories. All sorted preliminary themes and categories were placed in a matrix from which final themes were derived. Investigators found eight themes for the question "Why pursue a career in medicine?" and six themes for "What makes a good doctor?". Studen...
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are increasingly involved in providing a range of services in co... more Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are increasingly involved in providing a range of services in communities and research indicates that such involvement will increase in the future. However, like other types of organizations, FBOs generally have been slow to embrace evidence-based practices (EBPs)—those that have scientific evidence of being beneficial. We contend that incorporating EBPs into both new and existing FBOs’ service programs can enhance their effectiveness. In this paper, we discuss several relevant issues when implementing EBPs within FBO service. In this discussion we briefly explore FBO service provision, public policy to increase funding for FBO service, criteria for EBPs, and provide some considerations for future applications of EBPs within FBOs.
The comprehension of sexual consent is a crucial factor in
healthy sexual relationships. This stu... more The comprehension of sexual consent is a crucial factor in healthy sexual relationships. This study examined the connection between the understanding of sexual consent and perpetration of sexual aggression. We surveyed 217 heterosexual male college students (M age = 20.9 years) using measures of sexual aggression, comprehension of sexual consent, rape myth acceptance, conformity to masculine norms, peer support of abuse, and attachment to abusive peers. We tested models examining factors related to comprehension of consent and the extent to which comprehension of consent was related to perpetration of sexual aggression. Rape myth acceptance, peer support of abuse, and conformity to masculine norms were found to predict comprehension of consent, which mediated the relationship between the social and cognitive variables and sexual aggression.
Research suggests that the effectiveness of religious belief as a coping strategy may depend on w... more Research suggests that the effectiveness of religious belief as a coping strategy may depend on whether an
individual adopts a positive or negative view of the association between life events and their religious belief.
Many individuals with psychiatric disabilities consider their faith an important aspect of their lives, especially
in times of increased distress. As with other populations, they often rely on their religious beliefs to help them
improve their daily functioning. Positive religious coping consistently predicts improved psychosocial adjustment,
such as lower reports of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, whereas negative religious coping predicts
the opposite effects. It is possible that religious coping influences psychosocial adjustment through optimism,
which is a strong predictor of positive psychological outcomes for those with psychiatric disabilities. We
proposed a model in which optimism mediated the effect of religious coping on life satisfaction and
psychological adjustment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities. We found that optimism mediated the
effect of religious coping on both life satisfaction and psychological distress. Negative religious coping was
associated with direct and indirect reductions in life satisfaction and increases in psychological distress.
Although positive religious coping was associated with direct and indirect increases in life satisfaction, psychological
distress was only indirectly reduced. These results bring attention to the ways that religious coping can
improve quality of life, as well as negatively affect outcomes for those diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities.
This study explored the relationships and differences among two measures of indirect aggression [... more This study explored the relationships and differences among two measures of indirect aggression [Bjorkqvist et al., 1994; Richardson and Green, 1997] and one of relational aggression [Crick and Grotpeter, 1995]. Over 300 students (mean age 22.8 years; 61.5% female) from two colleges in the Southeastern United States completed measures of indirect and relational aggression and related constructs (e.g., empathy, anger expression, direct aggression). Although there were subtle differences among the three measures with regard to their relationships with associated variables, overall the patterns of relationships were similar as well as distinct from the pattern for direct aggression. Factor analysis of scores for measures of aggression revealed that the indirect and relational measures composed a single factor of nondirect aggression, separate from direct aggression. Further factor analysis of all unique items from the nondirect scales found the overall construct of nondirect aggression to comprise six distinct factors. Implications for applications and further research are discussed.
Beginning medical students’ beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied internati... more Beginning medical students’ beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied internationally but have only been minimally studied in the United States (U.S.) recently. Up-to-date research on U.S. medical students’ beliefs is warranted so educators can employ these predispositions as a baseline for curriculum and student professional development. We conducted focus groups with a first-year class (n=189) of U.S. medical students at the beginning of their academic year. In an iterative theming process, investigators worked in dyads and subsequently as a group to develop a list of preliminary themes expressed in the focus groups. Investigators individually sorted preliminary themes into similar categories. All sorted preliminary themes and categories were placed in a matrix from which final themes were derived. Investigators found eight themes for the question “Why pursue a career in medicine?” and six themes for “What makes
a good doctor?“. Students expected medicine to be intellectually and personally fulfilling, they expected to be respected by the
community, indicated that early experiences with medicine impacted their career choices, and anticipated that a medical career would yield financial security. A good doctor was described as a committed, smart, decisive leader who enthusiastically partners with patients via effective interpersonal skills. Beginning U.S. medical students hold multi-faceted beliefs about medicine that are similar to international medical students’ beliefs. Themes related to patient-centeredness, decisive leadership, and intellectual curiosity have particular utility in curriculum and professional development and should not be ignored. Administrators seeking to expand the physician workforce should consider early experiences, status, and monetary rewards.
The goal of this research was to understand better the perspectives held by physicians and patien... more The goal of this research was to understand better the perspectives held by physicians and patients regarding what factors determine the appropriateness of medical visits. We also wished to create a convenient measure of those perspectives. In our first study, we conducted focus groups separately composed of 22 physicians and 16 patients to determine their respective views. In our second study, a 40-item measure derived from Study 1 themes was administered to a sample of 202 patients. Study 1
identified 20 themes, collapsing into 6 dimensions. Physicians held views that some patients were manipulative when seeking medical care. Study 2 revealed factors of “Symptom Experience” and “Doctor Expertise.” The two studies revealed that the perception of medical utilization varies between patients and physicians, but both groups share many similar beliefs.
We conducted a content-analysis on Modern Age American comic books recording the gender, race, an... more We conducted a content-analysis on Modern Age American comic books recording the gender, race, and class of the main and background comic book characters. Our data shows that white males are the majority of overall characters, main characters, and aggressors in altercations. With regard to class, black characters were more likely to be represented as having lower socioeconomic status compared to white characters. Black background characters were significantly underrepresented overall compared to white comic book readers. The implications of the under-representation of women, people of color, and women of color in comic books are discussed for perpetuating stereotypes in those who read them.
Objective: Drugging (administering a drug to someone without their knowledge or consent) is ackno... more Objective: Drugging (administering a drug to someone without their knowledge or consent) is acknowledged as a problem in “watch your drink” campaigns. However, research on this phenomenon is nascent. Prior research has primarily focused on drugging as a means of sexual assault, and has not addressed drugging more generally. Method: Survey data from 6,064 students at 3 universities was used to explore drugging among those who had drugged someone (or knew someone who had) and those who had been drugged. Results: More than 1 in 13 students reported being drugged (462 students, 7.8% of the sample, reported 539 incidents), and 83 students (1.4%) reported 172 incidents of drugging someone. Participants’ perceptions of why people drug others varied by gender. Women were much more likely to mention sex or sexual assault as a motive, while men were more likely to mention having fun as a motive. Participants also mentioned getting others more drunk or high and getting someone to relax as motives. It is possible that some motives (e.g., “to ‘loosen’ me up”) could be euphemisms for more coercive or sexual motives not directly stated. Outcomes for those drugged were also gendered, with female victims experiencing more negative outcomes, including sexual assault, blacking out, and getting sick. Although over 4 out of 5 of victims reported negative outcomes, a small number of (mostly male) victims said they enjoyed being drugged. Conclusions: To design interventions to prevent the negative consequences of drugging, the full context of drugging must be better understood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Beginning medical students' beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied inter... more Beginning medical students' beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied internationally but have only been minimally studied in the United States (U.S.) recently. Up-to-date research on U.S. medical students' beliefs is warranted so educators can employ these predispositions as a baseline for curriculum and student professional development. We conducted focus groups with a first-year class (n=189) of U.S. medical students at the beginning of their academic year. In an iterative theming process, investigators worked in dyads and subsequently as a group to develop a list of preliminary themes expressed in the focus groups. Investigators individually sorted preliminary themes into similar categories. All sorted preliminary themes and categories were placed in a matrix from which final themes were derived. Investigators found eight themes for the question "Why pursue a career in medicine?" and six themes for "What makes a good doctor?". Studen...
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are increasingly involved in providing a range of services in co... more Faith-based organizations (FBOs) are increasingly involved in providing a range of services in communities and research indicates that such involvement will increase in the future. However, like other types of organizations, FBOs generally have been slow to embrace evidence-based practices (EBPs)—those that have scientific evidence of being beneficial. We contend that incorporating EBPs into both new and existing FBOs’ service programs can enhance their effectiveness. In this paper, we discuss several relevant issues when implementing EBPs within FBO service. In this discussion we briefly explore FBO service provision, public policy to increase funding for FBO service, criteria for EBPs, and provide some considerations for future applications of EBPs within FBOs.
The comprehension of sexual consent is a crucial factor in
healthy sexual relationships. This stu... more The comprehension of sexual consent is a crucial factor in healthy sexual relationships. This study examined the connection between the understanding of sexual consent and perpetration of sexual aggression. We surveyed 217 heterosexual male college students (M age = 20.9 years) using measures of sexual aggression, comprehension of sexual consent, rape myth acceptance, conformity to masculine norms, peer support of abuse, and attachment to abusive peers. We tested models examining factors related to comprehension of consent and the extent to which comprehension of consent was related to perpetration of sexual aggression. Rape myth acceptance, peer support of abuse, and conformity to masculine norms were found to predict comprehension of consent, which mediated the relationship between the social and cognitive variables and sexual aggression.
Research suggests that the effectiveness of religious belief as a coping strategy may depend on w... more Research suggests that the effectiveness of religious belief as a coping strategy may depend on whether an
individual adopts a positive or negative view of the association between life events and their religious belief.
Many individuals with psychiatric disabilities consider their faith an important aspect of their lives, especially
in times of increased distress. As with other populations, they often rely on their religious beliefs to help them
improve their daily functioning. Positive religious coping consistently predicts improved psychosocial adjustment,
such as lower reports of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, whereas negative religious coping predicts
the opposite effects. It is possible that religious coping influences psychosocial adjustment through optimism,
which is a strong predictor of positive psychological outcomes for those with psychiatric disabilities. We
proposed a model in which optimism mediated the effect of religious coping on life satisfaction and
psychological adjustment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities. We found that optimism mediated the
effect of religious coping on both life satisfaction and psychological distress. Negative religious coping was
associated with direct and indirect reductions in life satisfaction and increases in psychological distress.
Although positive religious coping was associated with direct and indirect increases in life satisfaction, psychological
distress was only indirectly reduced. These results bring attention to the ways that religious coping can
improve quality of life, as well as negatively affect outcomes for those diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities.
This study explored the relationships and differences among two measures of indirect aggression [... more This study explored the relationships and differences among two measures of indirect aggression [Bjorkqvist et al., 1994; Richardson and Green, 1997] and one of relational aggression [Crick and Grotpeter, 1995]. Over 300 students (mean age 22.8 years; 61.5% female) from two colleges in the Southeastern United States completed measures of indirect and relational aggression and related constructs (e.g., empathy, anger expression, direct aggression). Although there were subtle differences among the three measures with regard to their relationships with associated variables, overall the patterns of relationships were similar as well as distinct from the pattern for direct aggression. Factor analysis of scores for measures of aggression revealed that the indirect and relational measures composed a single factor of nondirect aggression, separate from direct aggression. Further factor analysis of all unique items from the nondirect scales found the overall construct of nondirect aggression to comprise six distinct factors. Implications for applications and further research are discussed.
Beginning medical students’ beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied internati... more Beginning medical students’ beliefs about the medical profession have been well studied internationally but have only been minimally studied in the United States (U.S.) recently. Up-to-date research on U.S. medical students’ beliefs is warranted so educators can employ these predispositions as a baseline for curriculum and student professional development. We conducted focus groups with a first-year class (n=189) of U.S. medical students at the beginning of their academic year. In an iterative theming process, investigators worked in dyads and subsequently as a group to develop a list of preliminary themes expressed in the focus groups. Investigators individually sorted preliminary themes into similar categories. All sorted preliminary themes and categories were placed in a matrix from which final themes were derived. Investigators found eight themes for the question “Why pursue a career in medicine?” and six themes for “What makes
a good doctor?“. Students expected medicine to be intellectually and personally fulfilling, they expected to be respected by the
community, indicated that early experiences with medicine impacted their career choices, and anticipated that a medical career would yield financial security. A good doctor was described as a committed, smart, decisive leader who enthusiastically partners with patients via effective interpersonal skills. Beginning U.S. medical students hold multi-faceted beliefs about medicine that are similar to international medical students’ beliefs. Themes related to patient-centeredness, decisive leadership, and intellectual curiosity have particular utility in curriculum and professional development and should not be ignored. Administrators seeking to expand the physician workforce should consider early experiences, status, and monetary rewards.
The goal of this research was to understand better the perspectives held by physicians and patien... more The goal of this research was to understand better the perspectives held by physicians and patients regarding what factors determine the appropriateness of medical visits. We also wished to create a convenient measure of those perspectives. In our first study, we conducted focus groups separately composed of 22 physicians and 16 patients to determine their respective views. In our second study, a 40-item measure derived from Study 1 themes was administered to a sample of 202 patients. Study 1
identified 20 themes, collapsing into 6 dimensions. Physicians held views that some patients were manipulative when seeking medical care. Study 2 revealed factors of “Symptom Experience” and “Doctor Expertise.” The two studies revealed that the perception of medical utilization varies between patients and physicians, but both groups share many similar beliefs.
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Papers by Peter Warren
healthy sexual relationships. This study examined the connection
between the understanding of sexual consent and perpetration
of sexual aggression. We surveyed 217 heterosexual
male college students (M age = 20.9 years) using measures of
sexual aggression, comprehension of sexual consent, rape myth
acceptance, conformity to masculine norms, peer support of
abuse, and attachment to abusive peers. We tested models
examining factors related to comprehension of consent and
the extent to which comprehension of consent was related to
perpetration of sexual aggression. Rape myth acceptance, peer
support of abuse, and conformity to masculine norms were
found to predict comprehension of consent, which mediated
the relationship between the social and cognitive variables
and sexual aggression.
individual adopts a positive or negative view of the association between life events and their religious belief.
Many individuals with psychiatric disabilities consider their faith an important aspect of their lives, especially
in times of increased distress. As with other populations, they often rely on their religious beliefs to help them
improve their daily functioning. Positive religious coping consistently predicts improved psychosocial adjustment,
such as lower reports of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, whereas negative religious coping predicts
the opposite effects. It is possible that religious coping influences psychosocial adjustment through optimism,
which is a strong predictor of positive psychological outcomes for those with psychiatric disabilities. We
proposed a model in which optimism mediated the effect of religious coping on life satisfaction and
psychological adjustment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities. We found that optimism mediated the
effect of religious coping on both life satisfaction and psychological distress. Negative religious coping was
associated with direct and indirect reductions in life satisfaction and increases in psychological distress.
Although positive religious coping was associated with direct and indirect increases in life satisfaction, psychological
distress was only indirectly reduced. These results bring attention to the ways that religious coping can
improve quality of life, as well as negatively affect outcomes for those diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities.
a good doctor?“. Students expected medicine to be intellectually and personally fulfilling, they expected to be respected by the
community, indicated that early experiences with medicine impacted their career choices, and anticipated that a medical career would yield financial security. A good doctor was described as a committed, smart, decisive leader who enthusiastically partners with patients via effective interpersonal skills. Beginning U.S. medical students hold multi-faceted beliefs about medicine that are similar to international medical students’ beliefs. Themes related to patient-centeredness, decisive leadership, and intellectual curiosity have particular utility in curriculum and professional development and should not be ignored. Administrators seeking to expand the physician workforce should consider early experiences, status, and monetary rewards.
identified 20 themes, collapsing into 6 dimensions. Physicians held views that some patients were manipulative when seeking medical care. Study 2 revealed factors of “Symptom Experience” and “Doctor Expertise.” The two studies revealed that the perception of medical utilization varies between patients and physicians, but both groups share many similar beliefs.
healthy sexual relationships. This study examined the connection
between the understanding of sexual consent and perpetration
of sexual aggression. We surveyed 217 heterosexual
male college students (M age = 20.9 years) using measures of
sexual aggression, comprehension of sexual consent, rape myth
acceptance, conformity to masculine norms, peer support of
abuse, and attachment to abusive peers. We tested models
examining factors related to comprehension of consent and
the extent to which comprehension of consent was related to
perpetration of sexual aggression. Rape myth acceptance, peer
support of abuse, and conformity to masculine norms were
found to predict comprehension of consent, which mediated
the relationship between the social and cognitive variables
and sexual aggression.
individual adopts a positive or negative view of the association between life events and their religious belief.
Many individuals with psychiatric disabilities consider their faith an important aspect of their lives, especially
in times of increased distress. As with other populations, they often rely on their religious beliefs to help them
improve their daily functioning. Positive religious coping consistently predicts improved psychosocial adjustment,
such as lower reports of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem, whereas negative religious coping predicts
the opposite effects. It is possible that religious coping influences psychosocial adjustment through optimism,
which is a strong predictor of positive psychological outcomes for those with psychiatric disabilities. We
proposed a model in which optimism mediated the effect of religious coping on life satisfaction and
psychological adjustment for individuals with psychiatric disabilities. We found that optimism mediated the
effect of religious coping on both life satisfaction and psychological distress. Negative religious coping was
associated with direct and indirect reductions in life satisfaction and increases in psychological distress.
Although positive religious coping was associated with direct and indirect increases in life satisfaction, psychological
distress was only indirectly reduced. These results bring attention to the ways that religious coping can
improve quality of life, as well as negatively affect outcomes for those diagnosed with psychiatric disabilities.
a good doctor?“. Students expected medicine to be intellectually and personally fulfilling, they expected to be respected by the
community, indicated that early experiences with medicine impacted their career choices, and anticipated that a medical career would yield financial security. A good doctor was described as a committed, smart, decisive leader who enthusiastically partners with patients via effective interpersonal skills. Beginning U.S. medical students hold multi-faceted beliefs about medicine that are similar to international medical students’ beliefs. Themes related to patient-centeredness, decisive leadership, and intellectual curiosity have particular utility in curriculum and professional development and should not be ignored. Administrators seeking to expand the physician workforce should consider early experiences, status, and monetary rewards.
identified 20 themes, collapsing into 6 dimensions. Physicians held views that some patients were manipulative when seeking medical care. Study 2 revealed factors of “Symptom Experience” and “Doctor Expertise.” The two studies revealed that the perception of medical utilization varies between patients and physicians, but both groups share many similar beliefs.