Optic nerves are paired cranial nerves and are unique as they represent the extension of the cent... more Optic nerves are paired cranial nerves and are unique as they represent the extension of the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in many cases of acute vision loss, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the detection of its pathologies due to excellent tissue contrast and better delineation of the optic nerve pathways. In this pictorial and narrative review, we present MRI findings in varied cases of acute vision loss due to optic nerve involvement.
A patient of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a rare clinical presentation is des... more A patient of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a rare clinical presentation is described. The temporal profile of the disease suggested parainfectious central demyelination. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also showed large demyelinating lesions scattered bilaterally in the cerebral white matter, thalami and brain stem. However, clinically he had only right ataxic hemiparesis and dysphasia without any impairment of cognition or consciousness.
IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, 2018
—Appropriately combining mental practice (MP) and physical practice (PP) in a poststroke rehabili... more —Appropriately combining mental practice (MP) and physical practice (PP) in a poststroke rehabilitation is critical for ensuring a substantially positive rehabilitation outcome. Here, we present a rehabilitation protocol incorporating a separate active PP stage followed by MP stage, using a hand exoskeleton and brain-computer interface (BCI). The PP stage was mediated by a force sensor feedback-based assist-as-needed control strategy, whereas the MP stage provided BCI-based multimodal neurofeed-back combining anthropomorphic visual feedback and proprioceptive feedback of the impaired hand extension attempt. A six week long clinical trial was conducted on four hemiparetic stroke patients (screened out of 16) with a left-hand disability. The primary outcome, motor functional recovery , was measured in terms of changes in grip-strength (GS) and action research arm test (ARAT) scores; whereas the secondary outcome, usability of the system was measured in terms of changes in mood, fatigue, and motivation on a visual-analog-scale. A positive rehabilitative outcome was found as the group mean changes from the baseline in the GS and ARAT were +6.38 kg and +5.66 accordingly. The VAS scale measurements also showed betterment in mood (−1.38), increased motivation (+2.10) and reduced fatigue (−0.98) as compared to the baseline. Thus, the proposed neurorehabilitation protocol is found to be promising both in terms of clinical effectiveness and usability.
For the first time, Kluver Bucy syndrome (KBS) is described in young children who had no environm... more For the first time, Kluver Bucy syndrome (KBS) is described in young children who had no environmental learning of sex. The syndrome has so far been noted only in adults after bilateral temporal lobe affection. A few of its components, especially the hypersexuality and hypermetamorphosis, are likely to manifest differently in very young children. Seven patients in the pre-pubertal age group, who developed KBS as a post-encephalitic sequelae, are described. The patients, 2.5–6 years old, suffered from acute herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) at 10 months–5.5 years of age and developed KBS on regaining consciousness and ambulation. Altered emotional behaviour, changes in dietary habits, hyperorality and hypersexuality were present in all, while psychic blindness and hypermetamorphosis were noted in a few of the patients. All showed marked indifference and lack of emotional attachment towards their close relatives. Apathy and easy distractibility were rare. Bulimia and strong urge to put non-food items into the mouth were common. Hypersexuality manifested as frequent holding of genitals, intermittent pelvic thrusting movements and rubbing of genitals to the bed on lying prone. Due to lack of environmental learning of sex and also, due to emotional and physical dependence on parents, the manifestations in young children showed modification over those of adults.
Optic nerves are paired cranial nerves and are unique as they represent the extension of the cent... more Optic nerves are paired cranial nerves and are unique as they represent the extension of the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in many cases of acute vision loss, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the detection of its pathologies due to excellent tissue contrast and better delineation of the optic nerve pathways. In this pictorial and narrative review, we present MRI findings in varied cases of acute vision loss due to optic nerve involvement.
A patient of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a rare clinical presentation is des... more A patient of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) with a rare clinical presentation is described. The temporal profile of the disease suggested parainfectious central demyelination. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also showed large demyelinating lesions scattered bilaterally in the cerebral white matter, thalami and brain stem. However, clinically he had only right ataxic hemiparesis and dysphasia without any impairment of cognition or consciousness.
IEEE JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH INFORMATICS, 2018
—Appropriately combining mental practice (MP) and physical practice (PP) in a poststroke rehabili... more —Appropriately combining mental practice (MP) and physical practice (PP) in a poststroke rehabilitation is critical for ensuring a substantially positive rehabilitation outcome. Here, we present a rehabilitation protocol incorporating a separate active PP stage followed by MP stage, using a hand exoskeleton and brain-computer interface (BCI). The PP stage was mediated by a force sensor feedback-based assist-as-needed control strategy, whereas the MP stage provided BCI-based multimodal neurofeed-back combining anthropomorphic visual feedback and proprioceptive feedback of the impaired hand extension attempt. A six week long clinical trial was conducted on four hemiparetic stroke patients (screened out of 16) with a left-hand disability. The primary outcome, motor functional recovery , was measured in terms of changes in grip-strength (GS) and action research arm test (ARAT) scores; whereas the secondary outcome, usability of the system was measured in terms of changes in mood, fatigue, and motivation on a visual-analog-scale. A positive rehabilitative outcome was found as the group mean changes from the baseline in the GS and ARAT were +6.38 kg and +5.66 accordingly. The VAS scale measurements also showed betterment in mood (−1.38), increased motivation (+2.10) and reduced fatigue (−0.98) as compared to the baseline. Thus, the proposed neurorehabilitation protocol is found to be promising both in terms of clinical effectiveness and usability.
For the first time, Kluver Bucy syndrome (KBS) is described in young children who had no environm... more For the first time, Kluver Bucy syndrome (KBS) is described in young children who had no environmental learning of sex. The syndrome has so far been noted only in adults after bilateral temporal lobe affection. A few of its components, especially the hypersexuality and hypermetamorphosis, are likely to manifest differently in very young children. Seven patients in the pre-pubertal age group, who developed KBS as a post-encephalitic sequelae, are described. The patients, 2.5–6 years old, suffered from acute herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) at 10 months–5.5 years of age and developed KBS on regaining consciousness and ambulation. Altered emotional behaviour, changes in dietary habits, hyperorality and hypersexuality were present in all, while psychic blindness and hypermetamorphosis were noted in a few of the patients. All showed marked indifference and lack of emotional attachment towards their close relatives. Apathy and easy distractibility were rare. Bulimia and strong urge to put non-food items into the mouth were common. Hypersexuality manifested as frequent holding of genitals, intermittent pelvic thrusting movements and rubbing of genitals to the bed on lying prone. Due to lack of environmental learning of sex and also, due to emotional and physical dependence on parents, the manifestations in young children showed modification over those of adults.
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