CI-988 (PD-134,308) je lek koji deluje kao holecistokininski antagonist, selektivan za CCKB tip. U životinjskim studijama on je manifestovao anksiolitsko dejstvo[3][4] kao i pojačanje analgetskog dejstva morfina[5] i endogenih opioidnih peptida,[6][7] sprečavanje razvoja tolerancije na opioide[8][9] i umanjenje simptoma povlačenja.[10][11] Konsekventno smatralo se da on možda može da nađe kliničku primenu u lečenju bola i anksioznosti kod ljudi, ali su rezultati kliničkih ispitivanja bili razočaravajući. Samo su minimalni terapeutski efekti primećeni čak i na visokim dozama.[12][13][14][15] Razlozi za neuspeh CI-988-a i drugih CCKB antagonista na ljudima uprkos pozitivnih rezultata na životinjama nisu jasni. Slabe farmakokinetičke osobine su moguće objašnjenje,[16] tako da se CCKB antagonisti još uvek istražuju kao mogući pomoćni lekovi za pojačanje dejstva drugih lekova.[17]
↑Evan E. Bolton, Yanli Wang, Paul A. Thiessen, Stephen H. Bryant (2008). „Chapter 12 PubChem: Integrated Platform of Small Molecules and Biological Activities”. Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry4: 217-241. DOI:10.1016/S1574-1400(08)00012-1.
↑Hughes J, Boden P, Costall B, Domeney A, Kelly E, Horwell DC, Hunter JC, Pinnock RD, Woodruff GN. Development of a class of selective cholecystokinin type B receptor antagonists having potent anxiolytic activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1990 Sep;87(17):6728-32. PMID1975695
↑Singh L, Field MJ, Hughes J, Menzies R, Oles RJ, Vass CA, Woodruff GN. The behavioural properties of CI-988, a selective cholecystokininB receptor antagonist. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1991 Sep;104(1):239-45. PMID1686205
↑Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Xu XJ, Hughes J, Horwell DC, Hökfelt T. PD134308, a selective antagonist of cholecystokinin type B receptor, enhances the analgesic effect of morphine and synergistically interacts with intrathecal galanin to depress spinal nociceptive reflexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 1990 Sep;87(18):7105-9. PMID1698290
↑Durieux C, Derrien M, Maldonado R, Valverde O, Blommaert A, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. CCK-B antagonists exhibit antidepressant-like effects and potentiate endogenous enkephalin analgesia. Correlation with in vivo binding affinities and brain penetration. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1994 Mar 23;713:355-7. PMID8185186
↑Valverde O, Maldonado R, Fournie-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. Cholecystokinin B antagonists strongly potentiate antinociception mediated by endogenous enkephalins. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 1994 Jul;270(1):77-88. PMID8035345
↑Xu XJ, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, Hughes J, Horwell DC, Hökfelt T. CI988, a selective antagonist of cholecystokininB receptors, prevents morphine tolerance in the rat. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1992 Mar;105(3):591-6. PMID1628146
↑Hoffmann O, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z. The CCK-B receptor antagonist Cl 988 reverses tolerance to morphine in rats. Neuroreport. 1994 Dec 20;5(18):2565-8. PMID7696605
↑Maldonado R, Valverde O, Ducos B, Blommaert AG, Fournie-Zaluski MC, Roques BP. Inhibition of morphine withdrawal by the association of RB 101, an inhibitor of enkephalin catabolism, and the CCKB antagonist PD-134,308. British Journal of Pharmacology. 1995 Mar;114(5):1031-9. PMID7780637
↑Valverde O, Roques BP. Cholecystokinin modulates the aversive component of morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. Neuroscience Letters. 1998 Mar 6;244(1):37-40. PMID9578139
↑Bradwejn J, Koszycki D, Paradis M, Reece P, Hinton J, Sedman A. Effect of CI-988 on cholecystokinin tetrapeptide-induced panic symptoms in healthy volunteers. Biological Psychiatry. 1995 Dec 1;38(11):742-6. PMID8580227
↑Adams JB, Pyke RE, Costa J, Cutler NR, Schweizer E, Wilcox CS, Wisselink PG, Greiner M, Pierce MW, Pande AC. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a CCK-B receptor antagonist, CI-988, in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995 Dec;15(6):428-34. PMID8748432
↑van Megen HJ, Westenberg HG, den Boer JA, Slaap B, van Es-Radhakishun F, Pande AC. The cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist CI-988 failed to affect CCK-4 induced symptoms in panic disorder patients. Psychopharmacology (Berlin). 1997 Feb;129(3):243-8. PMID9084062
↑Goddard AW, Woods SW, Money R, Pande AC, Charney DS, Goodman WK, Heninger GR, Price LH. Effects of the CCK(B) antagonist CI-988 on responses to mCPP in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research. 1999 Mar 22;85(3):225-40. PMID10333376
↑Pande AC, Greiner M, Adams JB, Lydiard RB, Pierce MW. Placebo-controlled trial of the CCK-B antagonist, CI-988, in panic disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1999 Sep 15;46(6):860-2. PMID10494457
↑Le Guen S, Mas Nieto M, Canestrelli C, Chen H, Fournié-Zaluski MC, Cupo A, Maldonado R, Roques BP, Noble F. Pain management by a new series of dual inhibitors of enkephalin degrading enzymes: long lasting antinociceptive properties and potentiation by CCK2 antagonist or methadone. Pain. 2003 Jul;104(1-2):139-48. DOI 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00486-4 PMID12855323