Background Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes o... more Background Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10-24 years during the past three decades. Methods Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31•1 million DALYs (of which 16•2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10-24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34•4% (from 17•5 to 11•5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47•7% (from 15•9 to 8•3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80•5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39•4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010-19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16•7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48•5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0•2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010-19. Interpretation As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low-middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priori... more Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2•5th and 97•5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings From an estimated 13•7 million (95% UI 10•9-17•1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7•7 million deaths (5•7-10•2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13•6% (10•2-18•1) of all global deaths and 56•2% (52•1-60•1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-were responsible for 54•9% (52•9-56•9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185-285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52•2 deaths (37•4-71•5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.
The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be
a... more The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like allergy, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other infectious diseases. So modulation of immune responses to much required to controlling the various infectious diseases. The texts of traditional Indian medicine literature consist of a number of plants reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity, lesser number of side effects against synthetic immunomodulatory agent.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release were deve... more Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release were developed through incorporation of nano-hydroxyapatite [nHAp] powders within ionotropically-gelled calcium ion-induced alginate-poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends polymeric systems. nHAp powders were synthesized by precipitation technique using calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and orthophosphoric acid [H3PO4] as raw materials. The average particle size of these was synthesized. nHAp powders was found as 19.04nm and used to prepare nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS. These beads exhibited drug entrapment efficiency (%) of 65.82±1.88 to 94.45±3.72% and average bead sizes of 0.98±0.07 to 1.23±0.15mm. These beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. Various nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS exhibited prolonged sustained drug release and followed the Koresmeyer-Peppas model of drug release (R(2)=0.9908-0.9978) with non-Fickian release (anomalous transport) mechanism (n=0.73-0.84) for drug release over 8h.
This study was conducted to find the K. pneumoniae were screened for blaNDM-1 in clinical isolate... more This study was conducted to find the K. pneumoniae were screened for blaNDM-1 in clinical isolates from neonatal intensive care unit. The blaNDM-1 producing K. pneumoniae has been emerged in recent years because highly resistant to different groups of antibiotics including carbapenems. We attempted to screen carbapenemase producers K. pneumoniae strain from NICU at Aligarh hospital located in North India, which is a tertiary care hospital. A total of 627 samples, 560 clinical strains were examined from 280 admitted patients and 67 strains from environmental, from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Aligarh hospital located in North India, which is a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by standard disc diffusion method and MIC was determined using two fold agar dilution methods according to CLSI guidelines. PCR amplification and sequencing were performed to detect the presence of various resistant markers. We found that 76.71 % isolates were positive...
Abstract Alginates are the biodegradable natural biopolymeric group of alginic acid salts extensi... more Abstract Alginates are the biodegradable natural biopolymeric group of alginic acid salts extensively exploited in the designing of various pharmaceutical dosage forms to deliver drugs. Alginates have also been used by the dental practitioners for over years as dental biomaterial. Many successful attempts have been accomplished for the use of sodium alginate as well as modified alginates to improve their usefulness for the delivery of drugs in the dentistry. The present chapter intends to thoroughly discuss on the applications of alginate-based systems for the drug delivery in the dentistry to treat various dental disorders.
The present work was employing the Quality by Design approach for the development and validation ... more The present work was employing the Quality by Design approach for the development and validation of a LC-MS-MS method to support the clinical advancement in determination of sildenafil in human plasma using lorazepam as an internal standard. Sample preparation involved solid phase extraction and calibration range observed between 3 and 1,700 ng/mL. The method was systematically optimized by employing Box-Behnken design and used mobile phase flow rate, pH and composition of mobile phase as the critical factors, and assessing the design for retention time and peak area as the responses. A substantial decrease in the variability associated with the method variables was shown in optimization studies and confirmed enhanced method robustness. The present studies revealed that developed method achieves all the regulatory requirements for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the determination of sildenafil in human plasma. There was not any significant ...
The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be a... more The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like allergy, asthma, arthritis, canc...
In biopharmaceutical industries/companies the product quality has an imperative role. The quality... more In biopharmaceutical industries/companies the product quality has an imperative role. The quality by design (QbD) concept has been significantly applied to biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical industries. The QbD has a vital role to lead and enhance the product design and the manufacturing process. It helps in reducing the manufacturing and development expenses. The QbD approach has applications in the development of modified release products, sterile manufacturing, gel manufacturing, dispersible tablets, nanosuspension preparation, protein manufacturing, in nanomedicine, etc. The QbD has a significant role in the process of designing of drug molecules, development, and production of superior quality of pharmaceutical drug products.
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology (IJDDT) , 2021
Solubility can be defined as the phenomenon of dissolving a solute in a solvent to prepare a homo... more Solubility can be defined as the phenomenon of dissolving a solute in a solvent to prepare a homogenous system. It is essential to get a required drug concentration in plasma to get a desired pharmacological response. More than 40% of new chemical entities developed by the pharmaceutical industry are insoluble in water practically. Low plasma concentration can be a challenge for formulation scientists to deliver drugs with low aqueous solubility. This, in turn, will affect the dissolution process and, lastly, the bioavailability of drug molecules. Dissolution may be a rate-limiting step for Bio Pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and IV drugs. Several techniques to enhance solubility like particle size reduction, micro-ionization, nanoionization, solid dispersion, complexation, pH adjustment, hydrotropy etc. have been studied and successfully applied for the last decade. Solubility enhancement is done by hydrotropy deals using anionic organic salts (hydrotropic agents) to improve the solubility of poorly soluble solutes by forming weak interactions. This technique possesses various advantages like it is highly selective, non-flammable, environment-friendly, and cost-effective. Hydrotropic agents may act as drug carriers. Along these can be used in formulation development for oral, parenteral, and topical use. This review focuses on using hydrotropy as a solubility enhancement technique through a concise overview, mechanism, and different advancements towards drug delivery.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of a ne... more The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of a new form of pneumonia. It was subsequently named COVID-19 and reported as the source of a respiratory disease occurrence starting in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It has been affirmed a public health emergency of international significance by the World Health Organization. It is regarded as a subset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); COVID-19 is triggered by a betacoronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which affects the lower respiratory tract and occurs in humans as pneumonia. A variety of drugs, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluate for the management of COVID-19. The effect of the pandemic as well as the epidemic that follows through the life cycles of various recycled plastic is evaluated, particularly those required for personal safety and health care. In response to the growth in COVID-19 cases worldwide, the energy and environmental impacts of these lifecycle management have risen rapidly. However, significant hazardous waste management concerns arise due to the need to assure the elimination of residual pathogens in household and medical wastes. This review article summarizes the preventive and environmental management of COVID-19.
Background Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes o... more Background Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10-24 years during the past three decades. Methods Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10-14, 15-19, and 20-24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31•1 million DALYs (of which 16•2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10-24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34•4% (from 17•5 to 11•5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47•7% (from 15•9 to 8•3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80•5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39•4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010-19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16•7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48•5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0•2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010-19. Interpretation As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low-middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priori... more Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2•5th and 97•5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings From an estimated 13•7 million (95% UI 10•9-17•1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7•7 million deaths (5•7-10•2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13•6% (10•2-18•1) of all global deaths and 56•2% (52•1-60•1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-were responsible for 54•9% (52•9-56•9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185-285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52•2 deaths (37•4-71•5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and Department of Health and Social Care, using UK aid funding managed by the Fleming Fund.
The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be
a... more The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like allergy, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other infectious diseases. So modulation of immune responses to much required to controlling the various infectious diseases. The texts of traditional Indian medicine literature consist of a number of plants reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity, lesser number of side effects against synthetic immunomodulatory agent.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release were deve... more Alginate-based bipolymeric-nanobioceramic composite matrices for sustained drug release were developed through incorporation of nano-hydroxyapatite [nHAp] powders within ionotropically-gelled calcium ion-induced alginate-poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) blends polymeric systems. nHAp powders were synthesized by precipitation technique using calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and orthophosphoric acid [H3PO4] as raw materials. The average particle size of these was synthesized. nHAp powders was found as 19.04nm and used to prepare nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS. These beads exhibited drug entrapment efficiency (%) of 65.82±1.88 to 94.45±3.72% and average bead sizes of 0.98±0.07 to 1.23±0.15mm. These beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform-infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses. Various nHAp-alginate-PVP beads containing DS exhibited prolonged sustained drug release and followed the Koresmeyer-Peppas model of drug release (R(2)=0.9908-0.9978) with non-Fickian release (anomalous transport) mechanism (n=0.73-0.84) for drug release over 8h.
This study was conducted to find the K. pneumoniae were screened for blaNDM-1 in clinical isolate... more This study was conducted to find the K. pneumoniae were screened for blaNDM-1 in clinical isolates from neonatal intensive care unit. The blaNDM-1 producing K. pneumoniae has been emerged in recent years because highly resistant to different groups of antibiotics including carbapenems. We attempted to screen carbapenemase producers K. pneumoniae strain from NICU at Aligarh hospital located in North India, which is a tertiary care hospital. A total of 627 samples, 560 clinical strains were examined from 280 admitted patients and 67 strains from environmental, from Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Aligarh hospital located in North India, which is a tertiary care hospital. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by standard disc diffusion method and MIC was determined using two fold agar dilution methods according to CLSI guidelines. PCR amplification and sequencing were performed to detect the presence of various resistant markers. We found that 76.71 % isolates were positive...
Abstract Alginates are the biodegradable natural biopolymeric group of alginic acid salts extensi... more Abstract Alginates are the biodegradable natural biopolymeric group of alginic acid salts extensively exploited in the designing of various pharmaceutical dosage forms to deliver drugs. Alginates have also been used by the dental practitioners for over years as dental biomaterial. Many successful attempts have been accomplished for the use of sodium alginate as well as modified alginates to improve their usefulness for the delivery of drugs in the dentistry. The present chapter intends to thoroughly discuss on the applications of alginate-based systems for the drug delivery in the dentistry to treat various dental disorders.
The present work was employing the Quality by Design approach for the development and validation ... more The present work was employing the Quality by Design approach for the development and validation of a LC-MS-MS method to support the clinical advancement in determination of sildenafil in human plasma using lorazepam as an internal standard. Sample preparation involved solid phase extraction and calibration range observed between 3 and 1,700 ng/mL. The method was systematically optimized by employing Box-Behnken design and used mobile phase flow rate, pH and composition of mobile phase as the critical factors, and assessing the design for retention time and peak area as the responses. A substantial decrease in the variability associated with the method variables was shown in optimization studies and confirmed enhanced method robustness. The present studies revealed that developed method achieves all the regulatory requirements for linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity and stability for the determination of sildenafil in human plasma. There was not any significant ...
The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be a... more The immune system is one of our most complex biological system in the body. Immunization may be active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like allergy, asthma, arthritis, canc...
In biopharmaceutical industries/companies the product quality has an imperative role. The quality... more In biopharmaceutical industries/companies the product quality has an imperative role. The quality by design (QbD) concept has been significantly applied to biopharmaceuticals and pharmaceutical industries. The QbD has a vital role to lead and enhance the product design and the manufacturing process. It helps in reducing the manufacturing and development expenses. The QbD approach has applications in the development of modified release products, sterile manufacturing, gel manufacturing, dispersible tablets, nanosuspension preparation, protein manufacturing, in nanomedicine, etc. The QbD has a significant role in the process of designing of drug molecules, development, and production of superior quality of pharmaceutical drug products.
International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology (IJDDT) , 2021
Solubility can be defined as the phenomenon of dissolving a solute in a solvent to prepare a homo... more Solubility can be defined as the phenomenon of dissolving a solute in a solvent to prepare a homogenous system. It is essential to get a required drug concentration in plasma to get a desired pharmacological response. More than 40% of new chemical entities developed by the pharmaceutical industry are insoluble in water practically. Low plasma concentration can be a challenge for formulation scientists to deliver drugs with low aqueous solubility. This, in turn, will affect the dissolution process and, lastly, the bioavailability of drug molecules. Dissolution may be a rate-limiting step for Bio Pharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II and IV drugs. Several techniques to enhance solubility like particle size reduction, micro-ionization, nanoionization, solid dispersion, complexation, pH adjustment, hydrotropy etc. have been studied and successfully applied for the last decade. Solubility enhancement is done by hydrotropy deals using anionic organic salts (hydrotropic agents) to improve the solubility of poorly soluble solutes by forming weak interactions. This technique possesses various advantages like it is highly selective, non-flammable, environment-friendly, and cost-effective. Hydrotropic agents may act as drug carriers. Along these can be used in formulation development for oral, parenteral, and topical use. This review focuses on using hydrotropy as a solubility enhancement technique through a concise overview, mechanism, and different advancements towards drug delivery.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of a ne... more The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized a novel coronavirus as the causative agent of a new form of pneumonia. It was subsequently named COVID-19 and reported as the source of a respiratory disease occurrence starting in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. It has been affirmed a public health emergency of international significance by the World Health Organization. It is regarded as a subset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS); COVID-19 is triggered by a betacoronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, which affects the lower respiratory tract and occurs in humans as pneumonia. A variety of drugs, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluate for the management of COVID-19. The effect of the pandemic as well as the epidemic that follows through the life cycles of various recycled plastic is evaluated, particularly those required for personal safety and health care. In response to the growth in COVID-19 cases worldwide, the energy and environmental impacts of these lifecycle management have risen rapidly. However, significant hazardous waste management concerns arise due to the need to assure the elimination of residual pathogens in household and medical wastes. This review article summarizes the preventive and environmental management of COVID-19.
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Papers by Mohammad Tabish
active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop
immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration
of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use
of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the
favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase
the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the
cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal
which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non
specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like
allergy, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other infectious diseases. So modulation of immune responses to
much required to controlling the various infectious diseases. The texts of traditional Indian medicine
literature consist of a number of plants reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve
defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity, lesser number of side effects against synthetic
immunomodulatory agent.
active or passive. The active immunization involves stimulation with an antigen to develop
immunological defences against a future exposure and Passive immunization involves administration
of preformed antibodies to an individual who is already exposed to be exposed to an antigen. The use
of a variety of agents to enhance immunological and nonspecific host defences and thus to modify the
favorably is an exciting development in immunopharmacology that is such agents may act by increase
the humoral antibody responses, enhancing the phagocytic activity of macrophages or modifying the
cell-mediated immune response. Immunomodulatory agents originate from both plant and animal
which increases the immune responsiveness of the body against pathogens by activating the non
specific immune system. The immune system dysfunction is responsible for various diseases like
allergy, asthma, arthritis, cancer and other infectious diseases. So modulation of immune responses to
much required to controlling the various infectious diseases. The texts of traditional Indian medicine
literature consist of a number of plants reputed to promote physical and mental health, improve
defence mechanisms of the body and enhance longevity, lesser number of side effects against synthetic
immunomodulatory agent.