ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of aivlosin tylosin tiamulin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, spe... more ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of aivlosin tylosin tiamulin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, lincomycin, lincomycin-spectinomycin (1:2) and enrofloxacin were determined against twenty-eight isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and 4 isolates of Mycoplasma synoviae using microbroth dilution method. The isolates showed various susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents. Aivlosin, lincomycin-spectinomycin (1:2), tylosin, tiamulin, enrofloxacin and also lincomycin were commonly more effective against these field isolates. However, aivlosin was the most effective drugs against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae as its MIC was the lowest of all. Oxytetracycline, erythromycin and spectinomycin were not effective against all isolates, as their MICs for some of isolates were extremely high. The MIC of erythromycin and oxytetracycline were distributed across a broad range. Resistant strains to two mentioned antibiotics were obtained from the field.
2 Abstract: Based on experimental inoculation of chickens and sequence of amino acids at cleavage... more 2 Abstract: Based on experimental inoculation of chickens and sequence of amino acids at cleavage site, H9N2 AIV is pathotyped as low pathogenic avian influenza virus. But our extensive field experiences during last decade show serious disease problems and high mortality associated with this subtype in some Asian countries. One of the possible explanations for such a high mortality and
This study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis viru... more This study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis virus inoculation. Ninety clinically healthy 1-d-old Ross chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups: control (n = 20) and infected group (n = 70). At the age of 20 d, all birds in the infected group were challenged intranasally with allantoic fluid containing 10(5) embryo lethal dose (ELD50)/0.1 mL of the infectious bronchitis virus. Blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy and 70 infected chicks at prior and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, and 20 d postinoculation. On d 1, 7, and 11 postinoculation 4 chickens from the experimental group and 2 chickens from the control group were randomly selected. Their trachea, lungs, and cecal tonsil were collected for virus detection and quantitation by real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay. In the serum the acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α), and serum sialic acid (total, TSA; lipid-bound, LBSA; and protein-bound, PBSA) concentrations were measured using validated standard procedures. All variables were significantly higher in the infected birds after virus inoculation compared with the healthy group (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations between all variables in the infected group. Correlation coefficients were significantly positive between haptoglobin and interferon-γ, LBSA and TSA, and TSA and LBSA (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations among viral RNA and all studied variables; however, these correlations were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
This study was conducted to assess efficacy of heat-stable I-2 vaccine against Newcastle diseases... more This study was conducted to assess efficacy of heat-stable I-2 vaccine against Newcastle diseases in vaccinated and vaccinated in contact birds group following challenge against virulent Newcastle disease (ND) virus in village chicken. Also, to assess whether birds that have been exposed to vaccine virus-shedding, birds were protected against mortality and clinical signs after infection with a virulent strain of the ND virus (NDV). One hundred fifty one-day-old native chickens were divided into seven groups (4 experimental groups of 30 birds/group and 3 control groups (unvaccinated unchallenged, challenged, and just vaccinated). Birds in experimental groups were vaccinated either via drinking water or as food carrier with thermostable I-2 vaccine and then challenged with virulent isolate of NDV (JF820294.1), and eight birds were added as in-contact birds to vaccinated groups. Following challenge, seven extra birds were added to each group as in contact with vaccinated and challenged birds. Survival rate, clinical signs, necropsy finding, and mean antibody titer were evaluated in different experimental and control groups. Birds vaccinated via drinking water showed 100% survival rate. However, birds vaccinated with food carrier vaccine showed less than 50% survival rate. Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be recommended that I-2 vaccination via drinking water can effectively prevent ND in village chicken, since I-2 strain has been able to transmit to non-vaccinated-sensitive birds more effectively than velogenic NDV.
ABSTRACT Diuretic agents have been used in the treatment of several situations such as cardiopulm... more ABSTRACT Diuretic agents have been used in the treatment of several situations such as cardiopulmonary and urinary diseases in humans and animals, but they have not been extensively studied in poultry. Some Iranian poultry producers traditionally use urotropin (hexamine), alhagi ( Camelorum fisch ) and malt beverage to get therapeutic effect in broiler or laying hens. Diuretics may be used after drug therapy in order to get rid of tissue residues and in some toxicity conditions in birds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diuretic properties of several herbal and chemical agents in adult laying hens. Adult laying hens were randomly divided into 9 groups, each group consisting of 5 birds. Specific doses of diuretics were administrated to anesthetized hens (with xylazine and ketamine) following 24 h off-feed period. Urine samples were collected for 2 h after drug administration. Blood samples were also taken at 90 min. The concentrations of chloride, albumin, glucose, creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen were measured in serum and urine samples. Urine volume and specific gravity, sodium and potassium concentrations were also determined in urine. Statistical analysis of data showed that furosemide had a positive significant effect on urine volume compared to other agents. Urotropin also increased the urine volume but this effect was not significant. With respect to the effects on electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), intramuscular furosemide, oral urotropin and hydrochlorothiazide exerted some changes, but no consistent pattern was observed with respect to the other factors measured in serum and/or in urine. Diuretic effect was more pronounced following intramuscular administration of furosemide.
... Corresponding author: Dr. Saeed Seifi, School ... farms and the most prominent lesions in aff... more ... Corresponding author: Dr. Saeed Seifi, School ... farms and the most prominent lesions in affected dead birds were respiratory airway hyperemia and severe exudation, which lead to tubular cast formation in the tracheal bifurcation, extending to the lower bronchi (NILI and ASASI ...
Since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza has occurred in the Iranian poultry industry. The agen... more Since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza has occurred in the Iranian poultry industry. The agent was pathotyped as non-highly pathogenic and subtyped as an H9N2 avian influenza virus. Therefore it did not require eradication. However, frequent incidences of high mortality were observed commonly on broiler farms. No other species of bird were affected. The circulation of the virus and mixed infection with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were incriminated in the high mortality on poultry farms and resulting great economic losses. Clinical signs in both field and experimental studies included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, nasal and ocular discharge, and severe respiratory distress. However, in the experimental study, the mortality rate was much lower than in the natural outbreak. Gross lesions identified included extensive congestion of the respiratory tissues, and exudation with cast formation in the tracheal bifurcation, which extended to the secondary bronchi. Severe necrotizing tracheatis was the predominate histological lesion. Ultrastructurally, orthomyxovirus-like particles were identified in the inoculum used for the experimental study. An inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine prevented mortality in experimentally challenged chickens.
An epidemic of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2) occurred in broiler chicken farms in Iran during 1998-... more An epidemic of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2) occurred in broiler chicken farms in Iran during 1998-01. Mortality between 20% and 60% was commonly observed on the affected farms. Mixed infections of the influenza virus with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were thought to be responsible for such high mortality, which resulted in great economic losses. Clinical signs included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, typical respiratory discharge, and severe respiratory distress. Gross lesions included extensive hyperemia of the respiratory system followed by exudation and cast formation in the tracheal biforcation extending into the secondary bronchi. Light microscopy lesions were characterized by severe necrotizing tracheatis. Serological examination using H9N2 AI viral antigen produced inconsistent results. Ultrastructural findings showed typical viral replication through budding processes on cell membranes of the tracheal epithelium.
Clinical signs, serologic response, viral contents of the trachea and intestine, and histopatholo... more Clinical signs, serologic response, viral contents of the trachea and intestine, and histopathological and ultrastructural changes of the tracheal epithelium of Japanese quail experimentally infected with field isolate of H9N2 avian influenza were studied. Vaccinated and unvaccinated quail were inoculated with 10(6.3) 50% embryo infectious dose/bird of A/ chicken/Iran/SH-110/99 (H9N2) virus via nasal inoculation. Clinical signs such as depression, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, and nasal and eye discharges were observed 6 days postinfection (PI). No mortality was observed; however, there was reduction in feed and water consumption and egg production. However, the serologic response of vaccinated challenged and unvaccinated challenged birds was not significantly different. Unvaccinated challenged quail showed more severe histopathologic reaction in their lungs and trachea. Hyperemia, edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and deciliation and sloughing of the tracheal epithelium were observed. Ultrastructural study showed dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and degeneration of Golgi apparatus and cilia of the tracheal lining cells of respiratory epithelium.
ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of aivlosin tylosin tiamulin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, spe... more ABSTRACT The in vitro activities of aivlosin tylosin tiamulin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin, lincomycin, lincomycin-spectinomycin (1:2) and enrofloxacin were determined against twenty-eight isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and 4 isolates of Mycoplasma synoviae using microbroth dilution method. The isolates showed various susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents. Aivlosin, lincomycin-spectinomycin (1:2), tylosin, tiamulin, enrofloxacin and also lincomycin were commonly more effective against these field isolates. However, aivlosin was the most effective drugs against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae as its MIC was the lowest of all. Oxytetracycline, erythromycin and spectinomycin were not effective against all isolates, as their MICs for some of isolates were extremely high. The MIC of erythromycin and oxytetracycline were distributed across a broad range. Resistant strains to two mentioned antibiotics were obtained from the field.
2 Abstract: Based on experimental inoculation of chickens and sequence of amino acids at cleavage... more 2 Abstract: Based on experimental inoculation of chickens and sequence of amino acids at cleavage site, H9N2 AIV is pathotyped as low pathogenic avian influenza virus. But our extensive field experiences during last decade show serious disease problems and high mortality associated with this subtype in some Asian countries. One of the possible explanations for such a high mortality and
This study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis viru... more This study was performed to clarify the acute phase response following infectious bronchitis virus inoculation. Ninety clinically healthy 1-d-old Ross chicks were randomly assigned into 2 groups: control (n = 20) and infected group (n = 70). At the age of 20 d, all birds in the infected group were challenged intranasally with allantoic fluid containing 10(5) embryo lethal dose (ELD50)/0.1 mL of the infectious bronchitis virus. Blood samples were collected from 20 clinically healthy and 70 infected chicks at prior and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, and 20 d postinoculation. On d 1, 7, and 11 postinoculation 4 chickens from the experimental group and 2 chickens from the control group were randomly selected. Their trachea, lungs, and cecal tonsil were collected for virus detection and quantitation by real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay. In the serum the acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A), pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α), and serum sialic acid (total, TSA; lipid-bound, LBSA; and protein-bound, PBSA) concentrations were measured using validated standard procedures. All variables were significantly higher in the infected birds after virus inoculation compared with the healthy group (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations between all variables in the infected group. Correlation coefficients were significantly positive between haptoglobin and interferon-γ, LBSA and TSA, and TSA and LBSA (P < 0.05). There were positive correlations among viral RNA and all studied variables; however, these correlations were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
This study was conducted to assess efficacy of heat-stable I-2 vaccine against Newcastle diseases... more This study was conducted to assess efficacy of heat-stable I-2 vaccine against Newcastle diseases in vaccinated and vaccinated in contact birds group following challenge against virulent Newcastle disease (ND) virus in village chicken. Also, to assess whether birds that have been exposed to vaccine virus-shedding, birds were protected against mortality and clinical signs after infection with a virulent strain of the ND virus (NDV). One hundred fifty one-day-old native chickens were divided into seven groups (4 experimental groups of 30 birds/group and 3 control groups (unvaccinated unchallenged, challenged, and just vaccinated). Birds in experimental groups were vaccinated either via drinking water or as food carrier with thermostable I-2 vaccine and then challenged with virulent isolate of NDV (JF820294.1), and eight birds were added as in-contact birds to vaccinated groups. Following challenge, seven extra birds were added to each group as in contact with vaccinated and challenged birds. Survival rate, clinical signs, necropsy finding, and mean antibody titer were evaluated in different experimental and control groups. Birds vaccinated via drinking water showed 100% survival rate. However, birds vaccinated with food carrier vaccine showed less than 50% survival rate. Based on the results obtained from this study, it can be recommended that I-2 vaccination via drinking water can effectively prevent ND in village chicken, since I-2 strain has been able to transmit to non-vaccinated-sensitive birds more effectively than velogenic NDV.
ABSTRACT Diuretic agents have been used in the treatment of several situations such as cardiopulm... more ABSTRACT Diuretic agents have been used in the treatment of several situations such as cardiopulmonary and urinary diseases in humans and animals, but they have not been extensively studied in poultry. Some Iranian poultry producers traditionally use urotropin (hexamine), alhagi ( Camelorum fisch ) and malt beverage to get therapeutic effect in broiler or laying hens. Diuretics may be used after drug therapy in order to get rid of tissue residues and in some toxicity conditions in birds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diuretic properties of several herbal and chemical agents in adult laying hens. Adult laying hens were randomly divided into 9 groups, each group consisting of 5 birds. Specific doses of diuretics were administrated to anesthetized hens (with xylazine and ketamine) following 24 h off-feed period. Urine samples were collected for 2 h after drug administration. Blood samples were also taken at 90 min. The concentrations of chloride, albumin, glucose, creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen were measured in serum and urine samples. Urine volume and specific gravity, sodium and potassium concentrations were also determined in urine. Statistical analysis of data showed that furosemide had a positive significant effect on urine volume compared to other agents. Urotropin also increased the urine volume but this effect was not significant. With respect to the effects on electrolytes (sodium, potassium and chloride), intramuscular furosemide, oral urotropin and hydrochlorothiazide exerted some changes, but no consistent pattern was observed with respect to the other factors measured in serum and/or in urine. Diuretic effect was more pronounced following intramuscular administration of furosemide.
... Corresponding author: Dr. Saeed Seifi, School ... farms and the most prominent lesions in aff... more ... Corresponding author: Dr. Saeed Seifi, School ... farms and the most prominent lesions in affected dead birds were respiratory airway hyperemia and severe exudation, which lead to tubular cast formation in the tracheal bifurcation, extending to the lower bronchi (NILI and ASASI ...
Since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza has occurred in the Iranian poultry industry. The agen... more Since 1998, an epidemic of avian influenza has occurred in the Iranian poultry industry. The agent was pathotyped as non-highly pathogenic and subtyped as an H9N2 avian influenza virus. Therefore it did not require eradication. However, frequent incidences of high mortality were observed commonly on broiler farms. No other species of bird were affected. The circulation of the virus and mixed infection with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were incriminated in the high mortality on poultry farms and resulting great economic losses. Clinical signs in both field and experimental studies included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, nasal and ocular discharge, and severe respiratory distress. However, in the experimental study, the mortality rate was much lower than in the natural outbreak. Gross lesions identified included extensive congestion of the respiratory tissues, and exudation with cast formation in the tracheal bifurcation, which extended to the secondary bronchi. Severe necrotizing tracheatis was the predominate histological lesion. Ultrastructurally, orthomyxovirus-like particles were identified in the inoculum used for the experimental study. An inactivated H9N2 avian influenza vaccine prevented mortality in experimentally challenged chickens.
An epidemic of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2) occurred in broiler chicken farms in Iran during 1998-... more An epidemic of avian influenza (AI) (H9N2) occurred in broiler chicken farms in Iran during 1998-01. Mortality between 20% and 60% was commonly observed on the affected farms. Mixed infections of the influenza virus with other respiratory pathogens, particularly infectious bronchitis virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum, were thought to be responsible for such high mortality, which resulted in great economic losses. Clinical signs included swelling of the periorbital tissues and sinuses, typical respiratory discharge, and severe respiratory distress. Gross lesions included extensive hyperemia of the respiratory system followed by exudation and cast formation in the tracheal biforcation extending into the secondary bronchi. Light microscopy lesions were characterized by severe necrotizing tracheatis. Serological examination using H9N2 AI viral antigen produced inconsistent results. Ultrastructural findings showed typical viral replication through budding processes on cell membranes of the tracheal epithelium.
Clinical signs, serologic response, viral contents of the trachea and intestine, and histopatholo... more Clinical signs, serologic response, viral contents of the trachea and intestine, and histopathological and ultrastructural changes of the tracheal epithelium of Japanese quail experimentally infected with field isolate of H9N2 avian influenza were studied. Vaccinated and unvaccinated quail were inoculated with 10(6.3) 50% embryo infectious dose/bird of A/ chicken/Iran/SH-110/99 (H9N2) virus via nasal inoculation. Clinical signs such as depression, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, and nasal and eye discharges were observed 6 days postinfection (PI). No mortality was observed; however, there was reduction in feed and water consumption and egg production. However, the serologic response of vaccinated challenged and unvaccinated challenged birds was not significantly different. Unvaccinated challenged quail showed more severe histopathologic reaction in their lungs and trachea. Hyperemia, edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and deciliation and sloughing of the tracheal epithelium were observed. Ultrastructural study showed dilatation of endoplasmic reticulum and degeneration of Golgi apparatus and cilia of the tracheal lining cells of respiratory epithelium.
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