Louis IX of France
| Louis IX | |
|---|---|
 An artist's depiction of Louis | |
| King of France (more...) | |
| Reign | 8 November 1226 – 25 August 1270 |
| Coronation | 29 November 1226 |
| Predecessor | Louis VIII |
| Successor | Philip III |
| Regents | See list
|
| Born | 25 April 1214 Poissy, France |
| Died | 25 August 1270 (aged 56) Tunis, North Africa |
| Burial | 27 November 1270 |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | |
| House | Capet |
| Father | Louis VIII of France |
| Mother | Blanche of Castile |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism |
Louis IX of France | |
|---|---|
| Defender of the Faith, Protector of the Weak, Confessor, King | |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church and Catholic Church of France |
| Canonized | 1297, Rome by Pope Boniface VIII |
| Major shrine | Saint Denis Basilica |
| Attributes | The Crown of Thorns, crown, sceptre, globus cruciger, sword, fleur-de-lis, mantle, and the other parts of the French regalia |
| Patronage | |
Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270) also called Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 to his death. He established the Parlement of Paris. After his death he was canonised (declared a saint) in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII. He was a patron saint of barbers, France, groomers, button makers, sculptors.
Sources
[change | change source]Jean de Joinville was a close friend of Louis and wrote a famous biography of the king, from which we have most of our information about him.
Two other important biographies were written by the king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. Several other people wrote biographies about the king, but only these three had reliable information.
Early life
[change | change source]Louis was born at Poissy, near Paris. He was the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile. Louis was eleven years old when his father died on November 8, 1226. He was crowned king the same year in the cathedral at Reims. Because Louis was so young, his mother ruled France as regent while he was a child.
His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–1285) was made Count of Anjou.
On May 27, 1234 Louis married Marguerite of Provence (1221 – December 21, 1295), whose sister Eleanor was the wife of Henry III of England.
Crusading
[change | change source]At the age of 15 in 1229, Louis brought an end to the Albigensian Crusade after signing an agreement with Count Raymond VII of Toulouse.
He went on crusade twice, in his mid-30s in 1248 and then again in his mid-50s in 1270. In 1250, after initial success in his first crusade, Louis's army of 15,000 men was met by overwhelming resistance from the Egyptian army and people. Louis and his army were captured by Muslims in Egypt. Later that year, they were released. To be released, he had to give back the land that he had taken over.[1] where he was captured. After his release from Egypt, Louis spent four years in the crusader Kingdoms of Acre, Caesarea, and Jaffe. Both crusades were complete disasters;
Louis's kindness towards the poor was much celebrated.
Alliances
[change | change source]In 1252, Louis attempted an alliance with the Egyptians, for the return of Jerusalem if the French assisted with the subduing of Damascus. In 1253, Louis tried to seek allies from the Ismailian Assassins and the Mongols.[2]
Religion
[change | change source]
Louis was Catholic, and he built the Sainte Chapelle ("Holy Chapel") on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. It is thought that the French monarchy was trying to establish the kingdom of France as the "new Jerusalem." [source?]
Louis IX tried to make France, which was seen as being a very religious place, a protector of the Church. It worked, and between the 12th and 13th centuries, France and the pope were very close.
Children
[change | change source]- Blanche (1240 – April 29, 1243)
- Isabelle (March 2, 1241 – January 28, 1271), married Theobald V of Champagne
- Louis (February 25, 1244 – January 1260)
- Philippe III (May 1, 1245 – October 5, 1285)
- Jean (born and died in 1248)
- Jean Tristan (1250 – August 3, 1270), married Yolande of Burgundy
- Pierre (1251–1284), Count of Perche and Alençon; Count of Blois and Chartres in right of his wife, Joanne of Châtillon
- Blanche (1253–1323), married Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castille
- Maria (1253-1281), Married Henry II, King Of Sodor
- Marguerite (1254–1271), married John I, Duke of Brabant
- Robert, Count of Clermont (1256 – February 7, 1317). He was the ancestor of King Henry IV of France.
- Agnes of France (ca 1260 – December 19, 1327), married Robert II, Duke of Burgundy
Death
[change | change source]During his second crusade, Louis died at Tunis, August 25, 1270, and his son, Philip III, replaced him as king. He may have died either of bubonic plague or dysentery.
His body was taken to the French royal necropolis at Saint-Denis just north of Paris. His silver tomb effigy was destroyed in the 15th century.[3]
Places named after Saint Louis
[change | change source]The cities of San Luis Potosí in Mexico, Saint Louis, Missouri, Saint-Louis du Sénégal in Senegal, Saint-Louis in Alsace, Lake Saint-Louis in Quebec, and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia in California.
Many places in Brazil are called São Luís in Portuguese are named after Saint Louis.
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Goliber, Sue Helder. "Louis IX." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013. Web. 27 Feb. 2013.
- ↑ Runciman, pp. 279–280
- ↑ Wright, Georgia Sommers (1971). "The Tomb of Saint Louis". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 34: 65–82. doi:10.2307/751015. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 751015. S2CID 195046299.
Other websites
[change | change source]