Gasoline
Gasoline /ˈɡæsəliːn/, or petrol /ˈpɛtrəl/, is a toxic, flammable and clear liquid that is mostly used as a fuel in internal combustion engines.
More precisely, used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
It is made by boiling petroleum, a fossil fuel. In a distillation process, petroleum is heated to a very high temperature, then it separates into its components, one of them is gasoline. This is an expensive process. It is made mostly of octane (C8H18), a hydrocarbon.
Gasoline is sold at gas stations (petrol stations). In order to burn properly in high-compression internal combustion engines, each brand of gasoline includes gasoline additives. So, the exact make up of gasoline is different at different stations. Gasoline is graded by its octane rating that measures how well it will burn. Most car engines can burn "regular" gasoline which has an octane rating of 87. Precision-made engines require or prefer "premium" gasoline with an octane rating of 93. Most stations offer three different mixtures of gasoline with three separate octane ratings and prices.
| Energy content of some fuels compared with gasoline:[1] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel type | MJ/L | MJ/kg | Research octane number |
| Ethanol | 21.2[2] | 26.8[2] | 108.6[3] |
| E85 (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline) |
25.2 | 33.2 | 105 |
| Liquefied natural gas | 25.3 | ~55 | |
| Autogas (LPG) (60% propane + 40% butane) |
26.8 | 50. | |
| Aviation gasoline (high-octane gasoline, not jet fuel) |
33.5 | 46.8 | 100/130 (lean/rich) |
| Gasohol (90% gasoline + 10% ethanol) |
33.7 | 47.1 | 93/94 |
| Regular gasoline | 34.8 | 44.4[4] | min. 91 |
| Premium gasoline | max. 104 | ||
| Diesel | 38.6 | 45.4 | 25 |
Uses
[change | change source]Gasoline is most often used in vehicles like cars, vans, etc. Gasoline can be used in a wide variety of other things that we use every day, such as lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and small boat motors. Some larger vehicles like trucks or ships may use diesel fuel instead of gasoline.
Dangers
[change | change source]Gasoline is very dangerous. It can explode when an electric spark lights it. It is also harmful if a human drinks it or if it gets on the skin. It hurts the environment and human health by creating poisonous gases such as carbon monoxide. If a gasoline engine is used indoors or in a closed space, the carbon monoxide can cause death in minutes. Many people die every year from using gasoline-powered generators indoors, or leaving vehicles running inside a garage.
Usage and pricing
[change | change source]The US accounts for about 44% of the world’s gasoline consumption.[5] In 2003 The US consumed 476.474 gigalitres (1.25871×1011 US gal; 1.04810×1011 imp gal),[6] which equates to 1.3 gigalitres of gasoline each day (about 360 million US or 300 million imperial gallons). The US used about 510 billion litres (138 billion US gal/115 billion imp gal) of gasoline in 2006, of which 5.6% was mid-grade and 9.5% was premium grade.[7]
Europe
[change | change source]Unlike the US, countries in Europe impose substantial taxes on fuels such as gasoline. For example, price for gasoline in Europe is more than twice that in the US.
| Country |
Dec. 2004 |
May 2005 |
July 2007 |
April 2008 |
Jan 2009 |
Mar 2010 |
Feb 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Germany | 1.19 | 1.18 | 1.37 | 1.43 | 1.09 | 1.35 | 1.50 |
| France | 1.05 | 1.15 | 1.31 | 1.38 | 1.07 | 1.35 | 1.53 |
| Italy | 1.10 | 1.23 | 1.35 | 1.39 | 1.10 | 1.34 | 1.46 |
| Netherlands | 1.26 | 1.33 | 1.51 | 1.56 | 1.25 | 1.54 | 1.66 |
| Poland | 0.80 | 0.92 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 0.82 | 1.12 | 1.26 |
| Switzerland | 0.92 | 0.98 | 1.06 | 1.14 | 0.88 | 1.12 | 1.29 |
| Hungary | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 0.86 | 1.22 | 1.32 |
United States
[change | change source]Because of the low fuel taxes, the retail price of gasoline in the US is subject to greater changes (than outside the US) when calculated as a percentage of cost-per-unit. From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline was between $1 and $2 USD per U.S. gallon.[8] After 2004, the price increased until the average gas price reached a high of $4.11 per U.S. gallon in mid-2008, then dropped approximately $2.60 per U.S. gallon as of September 2009.[8] Recently, the U.S. has experienced an upswing in gas prices of 13.51% from Jan 31st to March 7, 2011.[9]
Most consumer goods have posted prices that exclude tax; taxes are added based on a percentage of the purchase price. Because of primitive gasoline pumps in the 1920s, United States gasoline prices are posted with taxes included and the taxes are set on cents per gallon. Taxes are added by federal, state and local governments. (These taxes collect the cost of maintaining the roads.) As of 2009, the federal tax is 18.4¢ per gallon for gasoline and 24.4¢ per gallon for diesel (excluding red diesel).[10] Among states, the highest gasoline tax rates, as of January 2011, are California (47.7¢/gal), New York (47.3¢/gal), Hawaii (45.8¢/gal), and Connecticut (45.2¢/gal).[11] The federal government and many states fail to increase their gasoline taxes over time with inflation. However, some states[Note 1] also charge a sales tax as a percentage and vary in amount depending on the cost of the gasoline.
About 9% of all gasoline sold in the US in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration. Some car manufacturers "recommend" premium gasoline but have computer-controlled engines that adjust the timing to avoid knocking. So, most cars can burn regular grade gasoline but at a slightly reduced performance.[12] The Associated Press said premium gas–which is a higher octane and costs several cents a gallon more than regular unleaded–should be used only if the manufacturer says it is “required”.[13]
To reduce the use of imported oil, the US uses Gasohol (10% ethanol) and E85 (85% ethanol) ethanol/gasoline mixtures.
Brazil
[change | change source]Brazil has the largest national fuel ethanol industry. Gasoline sold in Brazil contains at least 25% anhydrous ethanol. Hydrous ethanol (about 95% ethanol and 5% water) can be used as fuel in more than 90% of new cars sold in the country. Brazilian ethanol is produced from sugar cane and noted for high carbon sequestration.[14]
Notes
[change | change source]- ↑ California, Connecticut, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, Virginia Rising Gasoline Prices Benefit a Few States. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
References
[change | change source]- ↑ "Appendix B - Transportation Energy Data Book". cta.ornl.gov.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Thomas, George: Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen ProgramPDF (99.6 KB). Livermore, CA. Sandia National Laboratories. 2000.
- ↑ Eyidogan, Muharrem; Ozsezen, Ahmet Necati; Canakci, Mustafa; Turkcan, Ali (2010). "Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine". Fuel. 89 (10): 2713–2720. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032.
- ↑ Thomas, George (2000). "Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program" (PDF). Sandia National Laboratories. Retrieved 2009-08-01.
- ↑ http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5579 Archived 2013-10-13 at the Wayback Machine , http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/international/oilconsumption.html
- ↑ "EarthTrends: Energy and Resources - Transportation: Motor gasoline consumption Units: Million liters". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ↑ "U.S. Prime Supplier Sales Volumes of Petroleum Products". United States Energy Information Administration. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Fuel Economy.gov, FAQ
- ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "When did the Federal Government begin collecting the gas tax? - Ask the Rambler - Highway History - FHWA". Fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2010-10-17.
- ↑ "State Gasoline Tax Rates, as of January 1, 2011". Tax Foundation. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
- ↑ "Paying for premium gas can be a waste of money". Consumer Reports. March 2011. Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. Retrieved November 25, 2011.
- ↑ Writer, By DAVE CARPENTER, AP Personal Finance. "Gassing up with premium probably a waste". Philadelphia Daily News.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Reel, M. (August 19, 2006) "Brazil's Road to Energy Independence", The Washington Post.
