The records of archaeological stratigraphic data and the relationships between stratigraphic unit... more The records of archaeological stratigraphic data and the relationships between stratigraphic units are fundamental to understanding the overall cohesiveness of the archaeological archive of an excavation. The information about individual units of excavation identified on sites with complex stratigraphy is most often held in the site database records and stratigraphic matrix diagrams, usually documenting relationships based on the laws of stratigraphic superposition and the Harris matrix conventions (Harris 1979). However, once the matrix diagram has been used to record the information during excavation, there is far less consistency in how those stratigraphic records, and any associated phasing information, are finally deposited in the archives. For that valuable data to be successfully identified and re-used (particularly if the rest of the data is in a database), the stratigraphic and phasing data needs to be in a format that can be interrogated as part of the database. In practice, often only a (paper) copy of the matrix diagrams make the archive. This means that the critical temporal and spatio-temporal relationships upon which the phasing of sites is built, cannot usually be interrogated or (re)used without lengthy and wasteful re-keying of that data into another version of the database.
The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) has a mandate to provide a digital repository for outputs from... more The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) has a mandate to provide a digital repository for outputs from research funded by AHRC, NERC, English Heritage and other bodies. Archaeology has seen increasing use of the Web in recent years for data dissemination, and the ADS holds a wide range of datasets from archaeological excavations. However datasets and applications are currently fragmented and isolated. Different terminology and data organisation hinders search and comparison across datasets. Because of these impediments, archaeological data is rarely reused and re-examined in light of evolving research questions and interpretations. The STAR project addressed these concerns by developing semantic and natural language processing techniques to link digital archive databases and the associated grey literature, via an overarching framework (the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, extended for archaeological purposes by English Heritage). STELLAR aimed to generalise and extend the data extraction tools produced by STAR to facilitate their adoption by third party data providers. The extracted data is represented in standard formats to allow the datasets to be cross searched and linked by a variety of Semantic Web tools, following a linked data approach. As a result, the ADS has begun to ingest some of its excavation data into a triple store and expose it as linked data. This paper will briefly discuss the STAR and STELLAR projects to provide context to the ADS linked data. It will also outline the technologies used to develop the ADS triple store and linked data output. In particular, it will discuss the more practical details of creating our triple store, populating it with excavation data, and finally publishing it as linked data. This will hopefully provide some guidance for other interested parties who may want to set up something similar. Finally, with the ADS linked data as a concrete example, an overview of the suspected future directions will be outlined. In particular how we can enrich the existing and forthcoming linked data with both archaeological and non-archaeological data in addition to how the ADS linked data can enrich other data sets. In this sense we hope to identify some of the immediate and potential archaeological questions that can be asked and answered from our linked data.
Integrating archaeological data & information using an Ontology
1. Background – why do it?
R... more Integrating archaeological data & information using an Ontology
1. Background – why do it?
Revelation project – a new Information System
why CIDOC-CRM? – why a standard Ontology?
Integration issues – old data and new requirements
2. Defining the Information Domain
Domain experts – defining the archaeological domain
Scope, Scale and Granularity issues
3. Methodology for Ontological Modelling
M. Denny approach to Ontologies
Extensions and Revisions
Issues Pros & Cons
4. Modelling versus Mapping
Detailed look at some of modelling and Mapping to date
5. Possible Tools and glimpse into the future
Facet analysis
Protégé
STAR
6. Conclusions and considerations for further work
Dissemination tools to enable user endorsement
Granularity
Version control on CRM
The paper describes the use of Information Extraction (IE), a Natural Language Processing (NLP)te... more The paper describes the use of Information Extraction (IE), a Natural Language Processing (NLP)technique to assist ‘rich’ se mantic indexing of diverse archaeological text resources. Such unpublished online documents are often referred to as ‘Grey Literature’. Established document indexing techniques are not sufficient to satisfy user information needs that expand beyond the limits of a simple term matching search. The focus of the research is to direct a semantic-aware 'rich' indexing of diverse natural language resources with properties capable of satisfying information retrieval from on-line publications and datasets associated with the Semantic Technologies for Archaeological Resources (STAR) project in the UoG Hypermedia Research Unit. The study proposes the use of knowledge resources and conceptual models to assist an Information Extraction processable to provide ‘rich’ semantic indexing of archaeological documents capable of resolving linguistic ambiguities of indexed terms. CRM CIDOC-EH, a standard core ontology in cultural heritage, and the English Heritage (EH) Thesauri for archaeological concepts are employed to drive the Information Extraction process and to support the aims of a semantic framework in which indexed terms are capable of supporting semantic-aware access to on-line resources. The paper describes the process of semantic indexing of archaeological concepts (periods and finds) in a corpus of 535 grey literature documents using a rule based Information Extraction technique facilitated by the General Architecture of Text Engineering (GATE) toolkit and expressed by Java Annotation Pattern Engine (JAPE) rules. Illustrative examples demonstrate the different stages of the process. Initial results suggest that the combination of information extraction with knowledge resources and standard core conceptual models is capable of supporting semantic aware and linguistically disambiguate term indexing.
Andreas Vlachidis, Ceri Binding, Keith May, Douglas Tudhope.
Stratigraphic data and relationships form the backbone of all the related archaeological records ... more Stratigraphic data and relationships form the backbone of all the related archaeological records from each excavated site and are essential for integrated analysis, wider synthesis and accessible archiving of the growing body of archaeological data and reports generated through the commercial archaeological sector in the UK and internationally. The stratigraphic record, usually in the form of a stratigraphic matrix, with associated relationships and data, acts as a primary, if not the primary 'evidence' for how, and in what order, the site was excavated. As such the stratigraphic matrix can be the key mechanism that enables anyone less familiar with the site, to re-visit and re-use the excavation records, understand what data is most relevant for addressing certain research questions, or problems encountered, and piece together the underlying details of how the excavator(s) arrived at their interpretations. However such records are often only held on paper or as scanned imag...
English Heritage (EH) Intrasis Archiving and Linked Data (IALD) project is exploring the methodol... more English Heritage (EH) Intrasis Archiving and Linked Data (IALD) project is exploring the methodologies and best practice for creation of full digital archives from Intrasis and other related systems used in excavation and analysis, along with the generation of associated Linked Data for deposition with the Archaeology Data Service (ADS). This paper presents work that has gone into preparing various datasets as Linked (Open) Data, and will consider whether different circumstances of that creation and utilisation require the use or not of the ()s around L(O)D. This will include discussion of issues relating to database structures and content and the integration of controlled vocabulary terminologies using the RDF/XML based SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System) W3C standard. It will consider the intellectual work necessary for mapping from database structures developed in Intrasis to the Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM and CRM-EH), and how this is aided by tools developed b...
Differing terminology and database structure hinders meaningful cross search of excavation datase... more Differing terminology and database structure hinders meaningful cross search of excavation datasets. Matching free text grey literature reports with datasets poses yet more challenges. Conventional search techniques are unable to cross search between archaeological datasets and Web-based grey literature. Results are reported from two AHRC funded research projects that investigated the use of semantic techniques to link digital archive databases, vocabularies and associated grey literature. STAR (Semantic Technologies for Archaeological Resources) was a collaboration between the University of Glamorgan, Hypermedia Research Unit and English Heritage (EH). The main outcome is a research Demonstrator (available online), which cross searches over excavation datasets from different database schemas, including Raunds Roman, Raunds Prehistoric, Museum of London, Silchester Roman and Stanwick sampling. The system additionally cross searches over an extract of excavation reports from the OASIS index of grey literature, operated by the Archaeology Data Service (ADS). A conceptual framework provided by the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) integrates the different database structures and the metadata automatically generated from the OASIS reports by natural language processing techniques. The methods employed for extracting semantic RDF representations from the datasets and the information extraction from grey literature are described. The STELLAR project provides freely available tools to reduce the costs of mapping and extracting data to semantic search systems such as the Demonstrator and to linked data representation generally. Detailed use scenarios (and a screen capture video) provide a basis for a discussion of key issues, including cost-benefits, ontology modelling, mapping, terminology control, semantic implementation and information extraction issues. The scenarios show that semantic interoperability can be achieved by mapping and extracting different datasets and key concepts from OASIS reports to a central RDF based triple store. It is not necessary to expose the full detail of the ontological model; the Demonstrator shows that user interfaces for retrieval (or mapping) systems can be expressed using familiar archaeological concepts. Working with the CRM-EH archaeological extension of the CIDOC CRM ontology allows specific archaeological queries, while permitting interoperability at the more general CRM level, potentially extending to other areas of cultural heritage. The ability to connect published datasets with the hitherto under-utilised grey literature holds potential for meta studies, where aggregate patterns can be compared and hypotheses for future detailed investigation uncovered. Connecting the interpretation with the underlying context data via the semantic model facilitates the revisiting of previous interpretations by third parties, the possibility of juxtaposing parallel interpretations, or exposing the data to new research questions.
Sharing archaeological data across national borders and between previously unconnected systems is... more Sharing archaeological data across national borders and between previously unconnected systems is a topic of increasing importance. Infrastructures such as ARIADNE aim to provide services that support sharing of archaeological research data. Ontologies such as the CIDOC CRM are an appropriate instrument to harmonize different data structures and thereby support data exchange. Before integrating data by mapping to ontologies it is crucial to establish where the shared meaning of the data lies and to understand the methodology used to record the data. As the largest proportion of archaeological data are derived from excavations or field investigations the initial focus falls on the documentation of these “raw data”. But documentation often varies depending on country-specific guidelines, different excavation methods and technologies, project management requirements, budget, etc. Therefore an analysis of the different recording forms should prove helpful to identify the common meanings...
Within most archaeological recording systems rooted in the ‘European school’, the practice of str... more Within most archaeological recording systems rooted in the ‘European school’, the practice of stratigraphic analysis (a la Harris 1979) yields one of the most standardised data outputs of the post-excavation process, a Stratigraphic Matrix, the construction of which is often the product of a range of analytical approaches that are rarely discussed transparently. This paper reprises the work (Tudhope et al. 2011) demonstrating that advances in the conceptual reference modelling of data from units of stratification and associated meta-groupings (phases, finds, samples, etc.), using fundamental principles of temporal reasoning (Allen 1983), can be used to enable semantically enriched deductions about the spatio-temporal relationships which fundamentally link such archaeological data together. The Allen operators have been used in the CIDOC CRM (ISO 21127:2006) to describe not just superposition, but also a set of more complex temporal logical relationships, which are currently only implicitly recorded as part of most archaeological data. If recorded more explicitly as part of archaeological analysis, such spatio-temporal and temporal relationships could enable the development of better spatiotemporal visualisation tools for archaeologists, potentially enabling new linkages between archaeological information across space, time and space-time. This paper considers the potentials that successful semantic modelling of stratigraphic data and associated groupings and phases might afford, and proposes that such approaches could advance a key archaeological methodological practice which remains largely unchanged since it was first articulated by Harris in 1979?
The current situation within archaeology is one of fragmented datasets and applications, with dif... more The current situation within archaeology is one of fragmented datasets and applications, with different terminology systems. The interpretation of a find may not employ the same terms as the underlying dataset. Searchers from different perspectives may not use the same terminology.
This paper describes the process of modelling archaeological data as used within the Centre for A... more This paper describes the process of modelling archaeological data as used within the Centre for Archaeology with the aim of using digital technologies to improve recording techniques and the resultant site documentation. This includes the development of a domain ontological model to describe the data and act as the basis for system design and evolution. The paper will discuss the use of semantic web technologies and place the CfA work on the ontology within the wider sectoral context of archaeological research and other cultural heritage work in England and Europe.
The records of archaeological stratigraphic data and the relationships between stratigraphic unit... more The records of archaeological stratigraphic data and the relationships between stratigraphic units are fundamental to understanding the overall cohesiveness of the archaeological archive of an excavation. The information about individual units of excavation identified on sites with complex stratigraphy is most often held in the site database records and stratigraphic matrix diagrams, usually documenting relationships based on the laws of stratigraphic superposition and the Harris matrix conventions (Harris 1979). However, once the matrix diagram has been used to record the information during excavation, there is far less consistency in how those stratigraphic records, and any associated phasing information, are finally deposited in the archives. For that valuable data to be successfully identified and re-used (particularly if the rest of the data is in a database), the stratigraphic and phasing data needs to be in a format that can be interrogated as part of the database. In practice, often only a (paper) copy of the matrix diagrams make the archive. This means that the critical temporal and spatio-temporal relationships upon which the phasing of sites is built, cannot usually be interrogated or (re)used without lengthy and wasteful re-keying of that data into another version of the database.
The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) has a mandate to provide a digital repository for outputs from... more The Archaeology Data Service (ADS) has a mandate to provide a digital repository for outputs from research funded by AHRC, NERC, English Heritage and other bodies. Archaeology has seen increasing use of the Web in recent years for data dissemination, and the ADS holds a wide range of datasets from archaeological excavations. However datasets and applications are currently fragmented and isolated. Different terminology and data organisation hinders search and comparison across datasets. Because of these impediments, archaeological data is rarely reused and re-examined in light of evolving research questions and interpretations. The STAR project addressed these concerns by developing semantic and natural language processing techniques to link digital archive databases and the associated grey literature, via an overarching framework (the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, extended for archaeological purposes by English Heritage). STELLAR aimed to generalise and extend the data extraction tools produced by STAR to facilitate their adoption by third party data providers. The extracted data is represented in standard formats to allow the datasets to be cross searched and linked by a variety of Semantic Web tools, following a linked data approach. As a result, the ADS has begun to ingest some of its excavation data into a triple store and expose it as linked data. This paper will briefly discuss the STAR and STELLAR projects to provide context to the ADS linked data. It will also outline the technologies used to develop the ADS triple store and linked data output. In particular, it will discuss the more practical details of creating our triple store, populating it with excavation data, and finally publishing it as linked data. This will hopefully provide some guidance for other interested parties who may want to set up something similar. Finally, with the ADS linked data as a concrete example, an overview of the suspected future directions will be outlined. In particular how we can enrich the existing and forthcoming linked data with both archaeological and non-archaeological data in addition to how the ADS linked data can enrich other data sets. In this sense we hope to identify some of the immediate and potential archaeological questions that can be asked and answered from our linked data.
Integrating archaeological data & information using an Ontology
1. Background – why do it?
R... more Integrating archaeological data & information using an Ontology
1. Background – why do it?
Revelation project – a new Information System
why CIDOC-CRM? – why a standard Ontology?
Integration issues – old data and new requirements
2. Defining the Information Domain
Domain experts – defining the archaeological domain
Scope, Scale and Granularity issues
3. Methodology for Ontological Modelling
M. Denny approach to Ontologies
Extensions and Revisions
Issues Pros & Cons
4. Modelling versus Mapping
Detailed look at some of modelling and Mapping to date
5. Possible Tools and glimpse into the future
Facet analysis
Protégé
STAR
6. Conclusions and considerations for further work
Dissemination tools to enable user endorsement
Granularity
Version control on CRM
The paper describes the use of Information Extraction (IE), a Natural Language Processing (NLP)te... more The paper describes the use of Information Extraction (IE), a Natural Language Processing (NLP)technique to assist ‘rich’ se mantic indexing of diverse archaeological text resources. Such unpublished online documents are often referred to as ‘Grey Literature’. Established document indexing techniques are not sufficient to satisfy user information needs that expand beyond the limits of a simple term matching search. The focus of the research is to direct a semantic-aware 'rich' indexing of diverse natural language resources with properties capable of satisfying information retrieval from on-line publications and datasets associated with the Semantic Technologies for Archaeological Resources (STAR) project in the UoG Hypermedia Research Unit. The study proposes the use of knowledge resources and conceptual models to assist an Information Extraction processable to provide ‘rich’ semantic indexing of archaeological documents capable of resolving linguistic ambiguities of indexed terms. CRM CIDOC-EH, a standard core ontology in cultural heritage, and the English Heritage (EH) Thesauri for archaeological concepts are employed to drive the Information Extraction process and to support the aims of a semantic framework in which indexed terms are capable of supporting semantic-aware access to on-line resources. The paper describes the process of semantic indexing of archaeological concepts (periods and finds) in a corpus of 535 grey literature documents using a rule based Information Extraction technique facilitated by the General Architecture of Text Engineering (GATE) toolkit and expressed by Java Annotation Pattern Engine (JAPE) rules. Illustrative examples demonstrate the different stages of the process. Initial results suggest that the combination of information extraction with knowledge resources and standard core conceptual models is capable of supporting semantic aware and linguistically disambiguate term indexing.
Andreas Vlachidis, Ceri Binding, Keith May, Douglas Tudhope.
Stratigraphic data and relationships form the backbone of all the related archaeological records ... more Stratigraphic data and relationships form the backbone of all the related archaeological records from each excavated site and are essential for integrated analysis, wider synthesis and accessible archiving of the growing body of archaeological data and reports generated through the commercial archaeological sector in the UK and internationally. The stratigraphic record, usually in the form of a stratigraphic matrix, with associated relationships and data, acts as a primary, if not the primary 'evidence' for how, and in what order, the site was excavated. As such the stratigraphic matrix can be the key mechanism that enables anyone less familiar with the site, to re-visit and re-use the excavation records, understand what data is most relevant for addressing certain research questions, or problems encountered, and piece together the underlying details of how the excavator(s) arrived at their interpretations. However such records are often only held on paper or as scanned imag...
English Heritage (EH) Intrasis Archiving and Linked Data (IALD) project is exploring the methodol... more English Heritage (EH) Intrasis Archiving and Linked Data (IALD) project is exploring the methodologies and best practice for creation of full digital archives from Intrasis and other related systems used in excavation and analysis, along with the generation of associated Linked Data for deposition with the Archaeology Data Service (ADS). This paper presents work that has gone into preparing various datasets as Linked (Open) Data, and will consider whether different circumstances of that creation and utilisation require the use or not of the ()s around L(O)D. This will include discussion of issues relating to database structures and content and the integration of controlled vocabulary terminologies using the RDF/XML based SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organisation System) W3C standard. It will consider the intellectual work necessary for mapping from database structures developed in Intrasis to the Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM and CRM-EH), and how this is aided by tools developed b...
Differing terminology and database structure hinders meaningful cross search of excavation datase... more Differing terminology and database structure hinders meaningful cross search of excavation datasets. Matching free text grey literature reports with datasets poses yet more challenges. Conventional search techniques are unable to cross search between archaeological datasets and Web-based grey literature. Results are reported from two AHRC funded research projects that investigated the use of semantic techniques to link digital archive databases, vocabularies and associated grey literature. STAR (Semantic Technologies for Archaeological Resources) was a collaboration between the University of Glamorgan, Hypermedia Research Unit and English Heritage (EH). The main outcome is a research Demonstrator (available online), which cross searches over excavation datasets from different database schemas, including Raunds Roman, Raunds Prehistoric, Museum of London, Silchester Roman and Stanwick sampling. The system additionally cross searches over an extract of excavation reports from the OASIS index of grey literature, operated by the Archaeology Data Service (ADS). A conceptual framework provided by the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) integrates the different database structures and the metadata automatically generated from the OASIS reports by natural language processing techniques. The methods employed for extracting semantic RDF representations from the datasets and the information extraction from grey literature are described. The STELLAR project provides freely available tools to reduce the costs of mapping and extracting data to semantic search systems such as the Demonstrator and to linked data representation generally. Detailed use scenarios (and a screen capture video) provide a basis for a discussion of key issues, including cost-benefits, ontology modelling, mapping, terminology control, semantic implementation and information extraction issues. The scenarios show that semantic interoperability can be achieved by mapping and extracting different datasets and key concepts from OASIS reports to a central RDF based triple store. It is not necessary to expose the full detail of the ontological model; the Demonstrator shows that user interfaces for retrieval (or mapping) systems can be expressed using familiar archaeological concepts. Working with the CRM-EH archaeological extension of the CIDOC CRM ontology allows specific archaeological queries, while permitting interoperability at the more general CRM level, potentially extending to other areas of cultural heritage. The ability to connect published datasets with the hitherto under-utilised grey literature holds potential for meta studies, where aggregate patterns can be compared and hypotheses for future detailed investigation uncovered. Connecting the interpretation with the underlying context data via the semantic model facilitates the revisiting of previous interpretations by third parties, the possibility of juxtaposing parallel interpretations, or exposing the data to new research questions.
Sharing archaeological data across national borders and between previously unconnected systems is... more Sharing archaeological data across national borders and between previously unconnected systems is a topic of increasing importance. Infrastructures such as ARIADNE aim to provide services that support sharing of archaeological research data. Ontologies such as the CIDOC CRM are an appropriate instrument to harmonize different data structures and thereby support data exchange. Before integrating data by mapping to ontologies it is crucial to establish where the shared meaning of the data lies and to understand the methodology used to record the data. As the largest proportion of archaeological data are derived from excavations or field investigations the initial focus falls on the documentation of these “raw data”. But documentation often varies depending on country-specific guidelines, different excavation methods and technologies, project management requirements, budget, etc. Therefore an analysis of the different recording forms should prove helpful to identify the common meanings...
Within most archaeological recording systems rooted in the ‘European school’, the practice of str... more Within most archaeological recording systems rooted in the ‘European school’, the practice of stratigraphic analysis (a la Harris 1979) yields one of the most standardised data outputs of the post-excavation process, a Stratigraphic Matrix, the construction of which is often the product of a range of analytical approaches that are rarely discussed transparently. This paper reprises the work (Tudhope et al. 2011) demonstrating that advances in the conceptual reference modelling of data from units of stratification and associated meta-groupings (phases, finds, samples, etc.), using fundamental principles of temporal reasoning (Allen 1983), can be used to enable semantically enriched deductions about the spatio-temporal relationships which fundamentally link such archaeological data together. The Allen operators have been used in the CIDOC CRM (ISO 21127:2006) to describe not just superposition, but also a set of more complex temporal logical relationships, which are currently only implicitly recorded as part of most archaeological data. If recorded more explicitly as part of archaeological analysis, such spatio-temporal and temporal relationships could enable the development of better spatiotemporal visualisation tools for archaeologists, potentially enabling new linkages between archaeological information across space, time and space-time. This paper considers the potentials that successful semantic modelling of stratigraphic data and associated groupings and phases might afford, and proposes that such approaches could advance a key archaeological methodological practice which remains largely unchanged since it was first articulated by Harris in 1979?
The current situation within archaeology is one of fragmented datasets and applications, with dif... more The current situation within archaeology is one of fragmented datasets and applications, with different terminology systems. The interpretation of a find may not employ the same terms as the underlying dataset. Searchers from different perspectives may not use the same terminology.
This paper describes the process of modelling archaeological data as used within the Centre for A... more This paper describes the process of modelling archaeological data as used within the Centre for Archaeology with the aim of using digital technologies to improve recording techniques and the resultant site documentation. This includes the development of a domain ontological model to describe the data and act as the basis for system design and evolution. The paper will discuss the use of semantic web technologies and place the CfA work on the ontology within the wider sectoral context of archaeological research and other cultural heritage work in England and Europe.
This paper describes the process of modelling archaeological data as used within the Centre for A... more This paper describes the process of modelling archaeological data as used within the Centre for Archaeology with the aim of using digital technologies to improve recording techniques and the resultant site documentation. This includes the use of a domain ontology to describe the data and act as the basis for system design and evolution. The paper also looks at how this process ties in with other initiatives across the cultural heritage sector in the UK and abroad with the potential for increased interoperability between datasets in the future.
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Papers by Keith May
1. Background – why do it?
Revelation project – a new Information System
why CIDOC-CRM? – why a standard Ontology?
Integration issues – old data and new requirements
2. Defining the Information Domain
Domain experts – defining the archaeological domain
Scope, Scale and Granularity issues
3. Methodology for Ontological Modelling
M. Denny approach to Ontologies
Extensions and Revisions
Issues Pros & Cons
4. Modelling versus Mapping
Detailed look at some of modelling and Mapping to date
5. Possible Tools and glimpse into the future
Facet analysis
Protégé
STAR
6. Conclusions and considerations for further work
Dissemination tools to enable user endorsement
Granularity
Version control on CRM
Andreas Vlachidis, Ceri Binding, Keith May, Douglas Tudhope.
1. Background – why do it?
Revelation project – a new Information System
why CIDOC-CRM? – why a standard Ontology?
Integration issues – old data and new requirements
2. Defining the Information Domain
Domain experts – defining the archaeological domain
Scope, Scale and Granularity issues
3. Methodology for Ontological Modelling
M. Denny approach to Ontologies
Extensions and Revisions
Issues Pros & Cons
4. Modelling versus Mapping
Detailed look at some of modelling and Mapping to date
5. Possible Tools and glimpse into the future
Facet analysis
Protégé
STAR
6. Conclusions and considerations for further work
Dissemination tools to enable user endorsement
Granularity
Version control on CRM
Andreas Vlachidis, Ceri Binding, Keith May, Douglas Tudhope.