Вестник Томского государственного университета Философия. Социология. Политология. 2020. № 57. С. 60-73., 2020
The article is devoted to the narrative aspects of the foreign policy rhetoric of Russia. It sing... more The article is devoted to the narrative aspects of the foreign policy rhetoric of Russia. It singles out the stages of its development (since 1994), its content, and its plot. The current intensity of affect in politics is often explained through psychological or even neurological reasons, but, in this article, the authors tried to place it into the literary and rhetorical context. The politicians responsible for framing the Russian national policy use narrative constructions that are supposed to channel the audience’s negative feelings and to reinforce them. The emotionality of politics has to do with the ambivalence of international relations conceived either as an unexpected encounter with evil forces or as a frustration of hopes and rejection of appeals by a superior power. In the former case, the narrative (both tragic and sentimental) tells of Russia’s striving for its shining future which constantly fails through the intervention of bad luck. In the latter case, Russia’s kind and friendly intentions and initiatives meet with neglect on the part of the West, all this in the context of the incessant clashes with the “evil”. Russia’s identity is defined ambivalently, as the identity of a victim and of a hero, which produces tension periodically spilling into international conflicts. In the current period, the frustrations and the attacks of evil forces are ousted into the past, and the narrative proceeds from Russia’s victory that is supposed to have already happened. However, these victory claims remain ambivalent because they are accompanied by emotional appeals to the West. These appeals put into question both the rupture with it and the independence from it, they bring us back to the failed hopes and to the trauma of rupture, thus producing a hysterical model of living the narrative’s plot: the model that supports permanent and passive anxiety. Ceasing the intense communication with the West through the script of a novel, heroic fairy tale, or “hysteria” is possible with the mythical format of a “triumph of the hero over the beast”, in which the hero would rely on his/her forces and depart from the meaningless dialogue with the “kings”. With all its fictional nature, this narrative is less emotionally charged than in the first two cases. Therefore, it could potentially reduce the strain of the foreign policy process, unless it is just a phase of a dialogical anger reminding of Homer’s Achilles: the offended hero withdraws to his ship and feasts there alone.
In this article, an attempt is made at describing the main features
of rhetoric used in legal con... more In this article, an attempt is made at describing the main features of rhetoric used in legal conflicts to substantiate a case of injured, or insulted, feelings, especially if these feelings are of religious nature. The problem with legal defense of insult of feelings lies in that the object of defense surpasses mere dignity, rights, or freedoms. Also, it is not everyone that can claim to have the right to such defense; it is state that claims to have the right to differentiate and define which objects of feelings should be specially defended. It is assumed that such decisions are based on the final aim of any state, which is universal good. In regards of religious feelings, the question may immediately be raised whether the belief in gods is useful for common, or universal, good, and this question differs from the question of whether freedom of conscience and religion is useful. The difficulty of solving such problems is connected not only with the principle of equality being thereby abused, but also with it being not clear how to differentiate the objects of feelings useful for society from those that are not. I am trying to differentiate the defense of dignity from the defense of feelings drawing on Aristotle’s analysis of insult and anger. His interpretation of insult is not far from the modern legal definition of this affect, or emotion, whereas the connection between insult and anger still has its significance for rhetoric. I describe a specific character of groups’ activity and distinguish four variants, or types, of rhetoric and behavioral strategy combination. The main conclusion this articles arrives at is that, if legal defense of religious feelings’ insult transgresses the areas of dignity and honor defense, it inevitably leads to the differentiation of feelings, which is partly legal, and partly ideological and political, into those that are worth defending and those that are not. This allows active and radical minorities to refer in their rhetoric to respective public rhetoric concepts.
The author investigates the system of arguments in the debate between
the Constitutional Court of... more The author investigates the system of arguments in the debate between the Constitutional Court of Russia and the European Court of Human Rights, which has arisen in connection with the legal collision in the case of Markin. An analysis of this discussion lets see what principles underlie systems of the parties' arguments, as well as how the discursive and argumentative practice of social institutions related to the question of their legitimacy. In particular, this question is not important for the Constitutional Court, which can rely on the doctrine of statism hiding the base of his argumentation. European Court is in a different position and, based on the principles of natural law and legal state doctrines, it legitimates itself, introducing judgments, pretending to be complete rational, full of common sense and practicality.
In this article I want to show that trans-world identification is based on a naming relation, req... more In this article I want to show that trans-world identification is based on a naming relation, requires deictic referents of situations for its description, and can be expressed using de re terms. The theory of rigid designators is not adequate to either the cognitive foundations of identification or linguistic practice, and operates not with the names of objects, but with complex concepts. I analyze such concepts in Montague’s intensional logic. It is also used to describe the logic of the naming relation. Using the indexing of situations and agents, it is possible to show under what circumstances the cases of transparent and opaque naming areselected when reporting the attitudes of agents. In particular, the idiolectal de re of the attitude holder must be replaced by a transparent naming of the reporter as well as the idiolectal de dicto. Opaque naming is appropriate only pragmatically, namely, in cases when it is required to interact with the idiolect speaker without addressing the specification and correction of naming, as well as when using sign complexes explicitly, i.e. in combination with the predicates “to name”, “to designate”, etc. This is also shown by the example of ounterfactual naming, in which the dynamic effect of modifying the language convention arises. Identification based on the cognitive interaction of an agent with an object is considered as an irreducible basis for a naming relation.
In this article, I look at to the use of deliberative argumentation that turns it into a specific... more In this article, I look at to the use of deliberative argumentation that turns it into a specific speech action. Its purpose is to retain the discourse of rationality. The phenomenon itself is typical for situations of a bounded rationality. I proceed from the understanding of rationality offered by the socio-economic model of a person, considering it the most adequate for the analysis of argumentative action. The paper also discusses Leibniz’s model of deliberation, who pointed to the role of accidental factors inaccessible in reflection, which leads to the idea of bounded rationality. In this article, I keep in focus political and legal deliberation and consider two examples of its specific role: argumentation about the agenda and the so-called argument to the future. In the article, I arrive at the following results. Bounded rationality is vulnerable to alternative discourses. This forces its agents to use institutionalized deliberation, while changing the subject and purpose of the initial one. The retention of the discourse of rationality becomes such a goal, and as its subject matter appears a question that can be posed in a more universal discursive environment. The communicative function of arguments is realized in a historically stable basic rhetorical discourse, containing the concepts of human being, goods, happiness, society and a number of others. In the course of announcing of arguments for the purpose of committing a discursive action, the participants of the deliberation can take three functional positions: theoretical-metaphysical, critical and practice-oriented. The possibility of their simultaneous presence is ensured by the fundamental concepts and metaphors of the basic rhetorical discourse, sufficient to compare the corresponding attitudes in the perspective of achieving the goal of deliberation.
ОТНОШЕНИЕ ИМЕНОВАНИЯ И ПРОПОЗИЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ УСТАНОВКИ / THE NAMING RELATION AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES, 2019
Аннотация. В этой статье я хочу изложить аргументы в пользу гипотезы, согласно которой отношение ... more Аннотация. В этой статье я хочу изложить аргументы в пользу гипотезы, согласно которой отношение именования между употребляемыми агентом de re выражениями и объектами в текущей или иной ситуации произнесения являются содержанием специфических пропозициональных установок агентов. В этом качестве они становятся индексами контекста и имеют черты, отличающие их от установок, содержанием которых являются положения вещей, не описывающие явления сигнификации. Рассматриваемая гипотеза связана с проблемой пере-дачи наблюдателем содержания установки агента, а также её аскрипции агенту. Я постараюсь показать также, что установки, относительно отношения именования, выявляются при анализе прагматики. Сначала обсуждается вопрос о параметризации интенсионала, в частности предложений, находящихся в области действия оператора установки, затем я перейду к вопросу о выявлении контекстных параметров, связанных с отношением именования и их специфике, после чего обсужу вопрос о моделировании кросс-идентификации с помощью абстракции отношения именования. Последним сюжетом станет взаимовлияние двух de re термов во фразе и во фрагменте дискурса, что выводит на вопрос о соотносительном характере дифференциации de re / de dicto и о роли в ней отношения именования. Ключевые слова: отношение именования, пропозициональные установки, интенсионал, контекст, de re, дескрипция.
Abstract. In this article I will try to demonstrate how naming relation functions as a specific kind of the propositional attitudes of agents that help to carry out cross-identification as well as attitude reports, within which the subject's de re expressions are substituted with some expressions of the agent transmitting that attitude. I regard the naming relation as an aspect of contextual dependence of intentional and interpret the intension as a procedure. The abstraction of the naming relation of a de re term becomes an instrument to render this term to be used de dicto. As this operation is being carried out, the circumstances connected with the act of naming come to light, and they become indices of the context. The naming relation itself appears to be a function of the situations of uttering in the orderly structured collection of situations in which some deictic element is retained. This provides cross-identification of objects. I also discuss what happens when two de re expressions collide in a sentence or in any given fragment of discourse. It turns out that the expressions that retain their de re character to the utmost degree require some data for their interpretation, which also suffices to establish meanings of all other expressions. It is for the agent that pursues some specific communicational goals, to make the choice of the expression that would require the conditions of its truth to be delineated. As regards the cases of double acquaintance, “third readings” and non-specific de re readings, I believe that the “intrusion” of a signifying attitude de re of a speaker into that of an agent for its description requires the properties of a specific relation to be taken into consideration; the relation that is formed between the order of naming and the cross-identification of a speaker, and the worlds of situations that are associated with the interpretations of the agent’s attitude.
Аннотация. Я отталкиваюсь от известных примеров двойного знакомства, двойного видения и неспецифи... more Аннотация. Я отталкиваюсь от известных примеров двойного знакомства, двойного видения и неспецифического de re, и, опираясь на эвристику прикладной онтологии, предлагаю вы-делить среди прагматических обстоятельств их особый вид-семиотические факты, или обстоятельства, раскрывающие отношение именования, установленное агентами между de re читаемыми выражениями и объектами. Репрезентация семиотических фактов использует ситуации произнесения и поля дейктических референтов. И ситуации и референты могут быть связаны отношениями трансформации. Удержание дейктического референта агентом и установление тождества двух дейктический референтов из разных ситуаций производится посредством атомарных когнитивных действий. Последовательности ситуаций конституируют дейктические референты и позволяют использовать внутренние для ситуации дескрипций. Способы указания задают иерархию семиотических фактов: первый уровень - невербализованное указание, когда осуществляется демонстрация без участия выражения языка, второй уровень-демонстративное выражение в сочетании с общим именем и данными контекста, третий уровень - имя собственное, четвёртый - определённая дескрипция. Возрастание уровня увеличивает независимость от ситуации. Как компонент пропозиции, нахо-дящейся в области действия установки агента, дейктический референт может именоваться как автором установки, так и другим агентом, который эту установку описывает. Коммуникативный успех использования такого выражения определяется возможностью осуществить абстракцию отношения именования, в результате которой компонентом пропозиции становится дейктический референт, а обозначающее его выражение фигурирует как знаковый комплекс, выбранный определённым агентом в определённой ситуации (не обязательно актуальной) для обозначения дейктического референта. Абстракция отношения именования, или delta-абстракция, как мне кажется, позволяет прояснить случаи двойного знакомства, двойного видения и неспецифического de re. delta-абстракция «проявляет» имплицитные контекстуальные параметры, при этом прочие структуры интерпретации не затрагиваются.
Abstract. I proceed from the well-known examples of double acquaintance, double vision and non-specific de re, and, relying on the heuristics of applied ontology, I propose to distinguish among pragmatic circumstances their particular kind-semiotic facts, or circumstances that reveal the naming relationship established by agents between de re readable expressions and objects. Representation of semiotic facts uses situations of speech and fields of deictic referents. Both situations and referents may be connected by relations of transformation. The retention of a deictic referent by an agent and the establishment of the identity of two deictic referents belonging to different situations are done through atomic cognitive actions. The sequences of situations constitute deic-tic referents and allow us to use internal situational descriptions. The hierarchy of semiotic facts is built: the first level is constituted by non-verbal indication, which is a demonstration performed without the expression of a language, on the second level we find a demonstrative expression in combination with a common name and context data, on the third level — a proper name, and on the fourth — a definite description. Raising the level increases the independence from the situa- tion. As a component of a proposition that belongs to the scope of an agent’s attitude, the deictic referent can be referred to by the author of the attitude, as well as by another agent who describes this installation. The communicative success of using such an expression is granted by the possibility of abstraction of a naming relationship, which results in that a deictic referent becomes a component of a proposition, whereas the expression designating it appears as a sign complex chosen by a certain agent in a certain situation (not necessarily current) to denote a deictic referent. The abstraction of a naming relationship, or delta-abstraction, seems to clarify the cases of double acquaintance, double vision and nonspecific de re. The delta-abstraction exhibits the implicit contextual parameters, while the other interpretation structures are herewith not affected.
КОМПОЗИЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ, КОНТЕКСТНАЯ ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ И ЛОКАЛЬНОСТЬ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ / COMPOSITIONALITY, CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY AND LOCALITY OF MEANING, 2017
Резюме: Задача статьи - дать новое определение явления семантической композициональности, которое... more Резюме: Задача статьи - дать новое определение явления семантической композициональности, которое раскрывало бы его коммуникативную и когнитивную стороны. Сначала рассматривается так называемое «математическое» определение композициональности Ходжеса, обсуждается вопрос о его «пустоте». В качестве средства преодоления этой пустоты вводится процедурная трактовка значения, в рамках которой значение становится абстрактным алгоритмом (теория Московакиса). Однако этого не достаточно, поскольку возникает интенсиональная логика с бесконечной интенсиональной иерархией, что никак не соответствует лингвистической практике. Я вижу выход в «приземлении» этой иерархии в ситуации произнесения с по-мощью использования её параметров, а также процедуры их вербализации. В первом случае значение ока-зывается локальным, во втором-глобальным, при этом последнее значение относится к выражению, полученному как ситуационное расширение исходного. Далее я анализирую трансформации ситуаций произнесения в результате речевых и неречевых действий агентов, и, следуя предложению Ротшильда и Ялджина, ставлю на первое место понятие «истинности дискурса», понимая его как успешность коммуникации. Это позволяет определить понятия локальной композициональности и некомпозициональности. В силу локальности значения для каждой ситуации выделяются фокус и периферия. Вклад в значение элементов периферии минимален и не влияет на успешность коммуникации, что делает эти элементы локально некомпози-циональными. Связь между локальной некомпозициональностью и контекстной зависимостью состоит в том, что вербализация и умолчание значения контекстных параметров создают или устраняют некомпозициональные компоненты выражений. Осуществление такого рода преобразований есть условие распознавание рациональным агентом композициональности и некомпозициональности. Мой общий вывод состоит в том, что композициональность и некомпозициональность всегда присутствуют одновременно, поскольку ситуации произнесения в общем случае предполагают дифференциацию фокуса и периферии, граница которых при этом подвижна. Тотальная композициональность есть экстремальный случай, в котором такой дифференциации не происходит. Ключевые слова: композициональность, значение, контекст, семантический аглоритм, фокус коммуникации, локальное значение.
Abstract: The task of the article is to generate a new definition of the phenomenon of semantic compositionality that would reveal its communicative and cognitive aspects. First, the so-called "mathematical" definition of Hodges is considered, and the question of its "vacuity" is discussed. As a means of overcoming this vacuity, a procedural in-terpretation of meaning is introduced, within which the meaning becomes an abstract algorithm (the theory of Mo-schovakis). However, this is not enough, since intensional logic arises with an infinite intensional hierarchy, which in no way corresponds to linguistic practice. I see the way out in the "landing" of this hierarchy in the situation of speaking by using its parameters, as well as the procedure for their verbalization. In the first case, the meaning is local, in the second – global, while the latter meaning relates to the expression obtained as a situational extension of the original. Next, I analyze the transformation of the situations as a result of speech acts and of non-verbal acts of agents, and following the proposal of Rotshild and Yalcin, I put first the notion of "truth of discourse", understand-ing it as the success of communication. This allows me to define the concepts of local compositionality and non-compositionality. Because of the locality of the meaning, focus and periphery are highlighted for each situation. The contribution to the meaning of peripheral elements is minimal and does not affect the success of communication, which makes these elements locally non-compositional. The relationship between local non-compositionality and contextual dependency is that the verbalization and defaulting of the meaning of contextual parameters create or eliminate non-compositional components of expressions. Realization of such transformations is a condition of rec-ognition of compositionality and non-compositionality. My general conclusion is that compositionality and non-compositionality are always present simultaneously, since the situations of speaking in the general case assume dif-ferentiation of focus and periphery, the boundary of which is mobile at the same time. Total compositionality is an extreme case in which there is no such differentiation.
Formal analysis of compositionality and non-compositionality by means of a metalanguage is limite... more Formal analysis of compositionality and non-compositionality by means of a metalanguage is limited by the compositionality of semantic categories and functions. Non-compositionality in one sense has particular pragmatic functions which are duplicated by compositional expressions. As a pragmatic instrument it is superfluous. Non-compositionality in another sense plays a technical role, that is, it isn't used for any communicational goals. The goal of this kind of non-compositionality is to raise the logical-semantic competence of an interpreter by crating radical interpretation conditions. It allows to obtain effective semantic tools: compositionality in formal semantics, understanding of meaning as a procedure, semantics of fixed points, theoretical-typical methods.
Композициональность представляется неустранимой чертой семантики – как формальной, так и лингвист... more Композициональность представляется неустранимой чертой семантики – как формальной, так и лингвистической. Случаи, когда композициональность нарушается прямым образом (на-пример, в идиомах), легко описываются более общими средствами, позволяющими фиксировать цитирование или описывать пропозициональные установки. Результаты, представленные в статье таковы: (1) некомпозициональность в первом смысле имеет частные прагматические функции, кото-рые, дублируются композициональными выражениями. Как прагматическое средство она избыточна. (2) Некомпозициональность во втором смысле NC 2 – играет техническую роль и не используется для коммуникативных целей непосредственно. (3) Формальный анализ композициональности и не-композициональности средствами метаязыка ограничен композициональностью базовых семантических категорий и функций.
Доклад В. Н. Брюшинкина «Когнитивный подход к аргументации» появился, на мой взгляд, очень воврем... more Доклад В. Н. Брюшинкина «Когнитивный подход к аргументации» появился, на мой взгляд, очень вовремя. Теория аргументации пришла в такое состояние, когда в очередной раз следует задать вопросы о том, чем она занимается, кому и зачем нужны те знания, которые исследователи–аргументаторы предъявляют в качестве своих результатов. Эти вопросы могут показаться не вполне приличными, поскольку обнаруживают сомнение в достоинстве научной дисциплины, объединяющей по всему миру не менее 1500 человек, которые потребляют в виде прямого финансирования и в виде грантов изрядную сумму денег, публикуют свои работы в нескольких международных журналах, чтят своих классиков и корифеев. Сомнения эти выглядят и не политкорректно, и не вежливо, и не разумно – вдруг кто-то захочет подвергнуть сомнению право на существование того, на чём стоит критик – в моём случае – философскую логику, прибежище ещё более малого меньшинства. Но я пренебрегу приличиями и опасностями, тем более, что опасности невелики, как и сам масштаб аргументационной науки. Что бы тут ни случилось (вплоть до полной ликвидации), фундаментальным ценностям человечества угрозы не возникнет.
Античная геометрия - это пример уникальной формы организации знания, которая служит эталоном науч... more Античная геометрия - это пример уникальной формы организации знания, которая служит эталоном научности, но нигде больше не реализуется (за исключением логических систем). Но откуда она взялась, как она возникла? Моя версия состоит в том, что за демонстративными доказательствами скрывается определённая риторическая практика.
Вестник Томского государственного университета Философия. Социология. Политология. 2020. № 57. С. 60-73., 2020
The article is devoted to the narrative aspects of the foreign policy rhetoric of Russia. It sing... more The article is devoted to the narrative aspects of the foreign policy rhetoric of Russia. It singles out the stages of its development (since 1994), its content, and its plot. The current intensity of affect in politics is often explained through psychological or even neurological reasons, but, in this article, the authors tried to place it into the literary and rhetorical context. The politicians responsible for framing the Russian national policy use narrative constructions that are supposed to channel the audience’s negative feelings and to reinforce them. The emotionality of politics has to do with the ambivalence of international relations conceived either as an unexpected encounter with evil forces or as a frustration of hopes and rejection of appeals by a superior power. In the former case, the narrative (both tragic and sentimental) tells of Russia’s striving for its shining future which constantly fails through the intervention of bad luck. In the latter case, Russia’s kind and friendly intentions and initiatives meet with neglect on the part of the West, all this in the context of the incessant clashes with the “evil”. Russia’s identity is defined ambivalently, as the identity of a victim and of a hero, which produces tension periodically spilling into international conflicts. In the current period, the frustrations and the attacks of evil forces are ousted into the past, and the narrative proceeds from Russia’s victory that is supposed to have already happened. However, these victory claims remain ambivalent because they are accompanied by emotional appeals to the West. These appeals put into question both the rupture with it and the independence from it, they bring us back to the failed hopes and to the trauma of rupture, thus producing a hysterical model of living the narrative’s plot: the model that supports permanent and passive anxiety. Ceasing the intense communication with the West through the script of a novel, heroic fairy tale, or “hysteria” is possible with the mythical format of a “triumph of the hero over the beast”, in which the hero would rely on his/her forces and depart from the meaningless dialogue with the “kings”. With all its fictional nature, this narrative is less emotionally charged than in the first two cases. Therefore, it could potentially reduce the strain of the foreign policy process, unless it is just a phase of a dialogical anger reminding of Homer’s Achilles: the offended hero withdraws to his ship and feasts there alone.
In this article, an attempt is made at describing the main features
of rhetoric used in legal con... more In this article, an attempt is made at describing the main features of rhetoric used in legal conflicts to substantiate a case of injured, or insulted, feelings, especially if these feelings are of religious nature. The problem with legal defense of insult of feelings lies in that the object of defense surpasses mere dignity, rights, or freedoms. Also, it is not everyone that can claim to have the right to such defense; it is state that claims to have the right to differentiate and define which objects of feelings should be specially defended. It is assumed that such decisions are based on the final aim of any state, which is universal good. In regards of religious feelings, the question may immediately be raised whether the belief in gods is useful for common, or universal, good, and this question differs from the question of whether freedom of conscience and religion is useful. The difficulty of solving such problems is connected not only with the principle of equality being thereby abused, but also with it being not clear how to differentiate the objects of feelings useful for society from those that are not. I am trying to differentiate the defense of dignity from the defense of feelings drawing on Aristotle’s analysis of insult and anger. His interpretation of insult is not far from the modern legal definition of this affect, or emotion, whereas the connection between insult and anger still has its significance for rhetoric. I describe a specific character of groups’ activity and distinguish four variants, or types, of rhetoric and behavioral strategy combination. The main conclusion this articles arrives at is that, if legal defense of religious feelings’ insult transgresses the areas of dignity and honor defense, it inevitably leads to the differentiation of feelings, which is partly legal, and partly ideological and political, into those that are worth defending and those that are not. This allows active and radical minorities to refer in their rhetoric to respective public rhetoric concepts.
The author investigates the system of arguments in the debate between
the Constitutional Court of... more The author investigates the system of arguments in the debate between the Constitutional Court of Russia and the European Court of Human Rights, which has arisen in connection with the legal collision in the case of Markin. An analysis of this discussion lets see what principles underlie systems of the parties' arguments, as well as how the discursive and argumentative practice of social institutions related to the question of their legitimacy. In particular, this question is not important for the Constitutional Court, which can rely on the doctrine of statism hiding the base of his argumentation. European Court is in a different position and, based on the principles of natural law and legal state doctrines, it legitimates itself, introducing judgments, pretending to be complete rational, full of common sense and practicality.
In this article I want to show that trans-world identification is based on a naming relation, req... more In this article I want to show that trans-world identification is based on a naming relation, requires deictic referents of situations for its description, and can be expressed using de re terms. The theory of rigid designators is not adequate to either the cognitive foundations of identification or linguistic practice, and operates not with the names of objects, but with complex concepts. I analyze such concepts in Montague’s intensional logic. It is also used to describe the logic of the naming relation. Using the indexing of situations and agents, it is possible to show under what circumstances the cases of transparent and opaque naming areselected when reporting the attitudes of agents. In particular, the idiolectal de re of the attitude holder must be replaced by a transparent naming of the reporter as well as the idiolectal de dicto. Opaque naming is appropriate only pragmatically, namely, in cases when it is required to interact with the idiolect speaker without addressing the specification and correction of naming, as well as when using sign complexes explicitly, i.e. in combination with the predicates “to name”, “to designate”, etc. This is also shown by the example of ounterfactual naming, in which the dynamic effect of modifying the language convention arises. Identification based on the cognitive interaction of an agent with an object is considered as an irreducible basis for a naming relation.
In this article, I look at to the use of deliberative argumentation that turns it into a specific... more In this article, I look at to the use of deliberative argumentation that turns it into a specific speech action. Its purpose is to retain the discourse of rationality. The phenomenon itself is typical for situations of a bounded rationality. I proceed from the understanding of rationality offered by the socio-economic model of a person, considering it the most adequate for the analysis of argumentative action. The paper also discusses Leibniz’s model of deliberation, who pointed to the role of accidental factors inaccessible in reflection, which leads to the idea of bounded rationality. In this article, I keep in focus political and legal deliberation and consider two examples of its specific role: argumentation about the agenda and the so-called argument to the future. In the article, I arrive at the following results. Bounded rationality is vulnerable to alternative discourses. This forces its agents to use institutionalized deliberation, while changing the subject and purpose of the initial one. The retention of the discourse of rationality becomes such a goal, and as its subject matter appears a question that can be posed in a more universal discursive environment. The communicative function of arguments is realized in a historically stable basic rhetorical discourse, containing the concepts of human being, goods, happiness, society and a number of others. In the course of announcing of arguments for the purpose of committing a discursive action, the participants of the deliberation can take three functional positions: theoretical-metaphysical, critical and practice-oriented. The possibility of their simultaneous presence is ensured by the fundamental concepts and metaphors of the basic rhetorical discourse, sufficient to compare the corresponding attitudes in the perspective of achieving the goal of deliberation.
ОТНОШЕНИЕ ИМЕНОВАНИЯ И ПРОПОЗИЦИОНАЛЬНЫЕ УСТАНОВКИ / THE NAMING RELATION AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES, 2019
Аннотация. В этой статье я хочу изложить аргументы в пользу гипотезы, согласно которой отношение ... more Аннотация. В этой статье я хочу изложить аргументы в пользу гипотезы, согласно которой отношение именования между употребляемыми агентом de re выражениями и объектами в текущей или иной ситуации произнесения являются содержанием специфических пропозициональных установок агентов. В этом качестве они становятся индексами контекста и имеют черты, отличающие их от установок, содержанием которых являются положения вещей, не описывающие явления сигнификации. Рассматриваемая гипотеза связана с проблемой пере-дачи наблюдателем содержания установки агента, а также её аскрипции агенту. Я постараюсь показать также, что установки, относительно отношения именования, выявляются при анализе прагматики. Сначала обсуждается вопрос о параметризации интенсионала, в частности предложений, находящихся в области действия оператора установки, затем я перейду к вопросу о выявлении контекстных параметров, связанных с отношением именования и их специфике, после чего обсужу вопрос о моделировании кросс-идентификации с помощью абстракции отношения именования. Последним сюжетом станет взаимовлияние двух de re термов во фразе и во фрагменте дискурса, что выводит на вопрос о соотносительном характере дифференциации de re / de dicto и о роли в ней отношения именования. Ключевые слова: отношение именования, пропозициональные установки, интенсионал, контекст, de re, дескрипция.
Abstract. In this article I will try to demonstrate how naming relation functions as a specific kind of the propositional attitudes of agents that help to carry out cross-identification as well as attitude reports, within which the subject's de re expressions are substituted with some expressions of the agent transmitting that attitude. I regard the naming relation as an aspect of contextual dependence of intentional and interpret the intension as a procedure. The abstraction of the naming relation of a de re term becomes an instrument to render this term to be used de dicto. As this operation is being carried out, the circumstances connected with the act of naming come to light, and they become indices of the context. The naming relation itself appears to be a function of the situations of uttering in the orderly structured collection of situations in which some deictic element is retained. This provides cross-identification of objects. I also discuss what happens when two de re expressions collide in a sentence or in any given fragment of discourse. It turns out that the expressions that retain their de re character to the utmost degree require some data for their interpretation, which also suffices to establish meanings of all other expressions. It is for the agent that pursues some specific communicational goals, to make the choice of the expression that would require the conditions of its truth to be delineated. As regards the cases of double acquaintance, “third readings” and non-specific de re readings, I believe that the “intrusion” of a signifying attitude de re of a speaker into that of an agent for its description requires the properties of a specific relation to be taken into consideration; the relation that is formed between the order of naming and the cross-identification of a speaker, and the worlds of situations that are associated with the interpretations of the agent’s attitude.
Аннотация. Я отталкиваюсь от известных примеров двойного знакомства, двойного видения и неспецифи... more Аннотация. Я отталкиваюсь от известных примеров двойного знакомства, двойного видения и неспецифического de re, и, опираясь на эвристику прикладной онтологии, предлагаю вы-делить среди прагматических обстоятельств их особый вид-семиотические факты, или обстоятельства, раскрывающие отношение именования, установленное агентами между de re читаемыми выражениями и объектами. Репрезентация семиотических фактов использует ситуации произнесения и поля дейктических референтов. И ситуации и референты могут быть связаны отношениями трансформации. Удержание дейктического референта агентом и установление тождества двух дейктический референтов из разных ситуаций производится посредством атомарных когнитивных действий. Последовательности ситуаций конституируют дейктические референты и позволяют использовать внутренние для ситуации дескрипций. Способы указания задают иерархию семиотических фактов: первый уровень - невербализованное указание, когда осуществляется демонстрация без участия выражения языка, второй уровень-демонстративное выражение в сочетании с общим именем и данными контекста, третий уровень - имя собственное, четвёртый - определённая дескрипция. Возрастание уровня увеличивает независимость от ситуации. Как компонент пропозиции, нахо-дящейся в области действия установки агента, дейктический референт может именоваться как автором установки, так и другим агентом, который эту установку описывает. Коммуникативный успех использования такого выражения определяется возможностью осуществить абстракцию отношения именования, в результате которой компонентом пропозиции становится дейктический референт, а обозначающее его выражение фигурирует как знаковый комплекс, выбранный определённым агентом в определённой ситуации (не обязательно актуальной) для обозначения дейктического референта. Абстракция отношения именования, или delta-абстракция, как мне кажется, позволяет прояснить случаи двойного знакомства, двойного видения и неспецифического de re. delta-абстракция «проявляет» имплицитные контекстуальные параметры, при этом прочие структуры интерпретации не затрагиваются.
Abstract. I proceed from the well-known examples of double acquaintance, double vision and non-specific de re, and, relying on the heuristics of applied ontology, I propose to distinguish among pragmatic circumstances their particular kind-semiotic facts, or circumstances that reveal the naming relationship established by agents between de re readable expressions and objects. Representation of semiotic facts uses situations of speech and fields of deictic referents. Both situations and referents may be connected by relations of transformation. The retention of a deictic referent by an agent and the establishment of the identity of two deictic referents belonging to different situations are done through atomic cognitive actions. The sequences of situations constitute deic-tic referents and allow us to use internal situational descriptions. The hierarchy of semiotic facts is built: the first level is constituted by non-verbal indication, which is a demonstration performed without the expression of a language, on the second level we find a demonstrative expression in combination with a common name and context data, on the third level — a proper name, and on the fourth — a definite description. Raising the level increases the independence from the situa- tion. As a component of a proposition that belongs to the scope of an agent’s attitude, the deictic referent can be referred to by the author of the attitude, as well as by another agent who describes this installation. The communicative success of using such an expression is granted by the possibility of abstraction of a naming relationship, which results in that a deictic referent becomes a component of a proposition, whereas the expression designating it appears as a sign complex chosen by a certain agent in a certain situation (not necessarily current) to denote a deictic referent. The abstraction of a naming relationship, or delta-abstraction, seems to clarify the cases of double acquaintance, double vision and nonspecific de re. The delta-abstraction exhibits the implicit contextual parameters, while the other interpretation structures are herewith not affected.
КОМПОЗИЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ, КОНТЕКСТНАЯ ЗАВИСИМОСТЬ И ЛОКАЛЬНОСТЬ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ / COMPOSITIONALITY, CONTEXT-DEPENDENCY AND LOCALITY OF MEANING, 2017
Резюме: Задача статьи - дать новое определение явления семантической композициональности, которое... more Резюме: Задача статьи - дать новое определение явления семантической композициональности, которое раскрывало бы его коммуникативную и когнитивную стороны. Сначала рассматривается так называемое «математическое» определение композициональности Ходжеса, обсуждается вопрос о его «пустоте». В качестве средства преодоления этой пустоты вводится процедурная трактовка значения, в рамках которой значение становится абстрактным алгоритмом (теория Московакиса). Однако этого не достаточно, поскольку возникает интенсиональная логика с бесконечной интенсиональной иерархией, что никак не соответствует лингвистической практике. Я вижу выход в «приземлении» этой иерархии в ситуации произнесения с по-мощью использования её параметров, а также процедуры их вербализации. В первом случае значение ока-зывается локальным, во втором-глобальным, при этом последнее значение относится к выражению, полученному как ситуационное расширение исходного. Далее я анализирую трансформации ситуаций произнесения в результате речевых и неречевых действий агентов, и, следуя предложению Ротшильда и Ялджина, ставлю на первое место понятие «истинности дискурса», понимая его как успешность коммуникации. Это позволяет определить понятия локальной композициональности и некомпозициональности. В силу локальности значения для каждой ситуации выделяются фокус и периферия. Вклад в значение элементов периферии минимален и не влияет на успешность коммуникации, что делает эти элементы локально некомпози-циональными. Связь между локальной некомпозициональностью и контекстной зависимостью состоит в том, что вербализация и умолчание значения контекстных параметров создают или устраняют некомпозициональные компоненты выражений. Осуществление такого рода преобразований есть условие распознавание рациональным агентом композициональности и некомпозициональности. Мой общий вывод состоит в том, что композициональность и некомпозициональность всегда присутствуют одновременно, поскольку ситуации произнесения в общем случае предполагают дифференциацию фокуса и периферии, граница которых при этом подвижна. Тотальная композициональность есть экстремальный случай, в котором такой дифференциации не происходит. Ключевые слова: композициональность, значение, контекст, семантический аглоритм, фокус коммуникации, локальное значение.
Abstract: The task of the article is to generate a new definition of the phenomenon of semantic compositionality that would reveal its communicative and cognitive aspects. First, the so-called "mathematical" definition of Hodges is considered, and the question of its "vacuity" is discussed. As a means of overcoming this vacuity, a procedural in-terpretation of meaning is introduced, within which the meaning becomes an abstract algorithm (the theory of Mo-schovakis). However, this is not enough, since intensional logic arises with an infinite intensional hierarchy, which in no way corresponds to linguistic practice. I see the way out in the "landing" of this hierarchy in the situation of speaking by using its parameters, as well as the procedure for their verbalization. In the first case, the meaning is local, in the second – global, while the latter meaning relates to the expression obtained as a situational extension of the original. Next, I analyze the transformation of the situations as a result of speech acts and of non-verbal acts of agents, and following the proposal of Rotshild and Yalcin, I put first the notion of "truth of discourse", understand-ing it as the success of communication. This allows me to define the concepts of local compositionality and non-compositionality. Because of the locality of the meaning, focus and periphery are highlighted for each situation. The contribution to the meaning of peripheral elements is minimal and does not affect the success of communication, which makes these elements locally non-compositional. The relationship between local non-compositionality and contextual dependency is that the verbalization and defaulting of the meaning of contextual parameters create or eliminate non-compositional components of expressions. Realization of such transformations is a condition of rec-ognition of compositionality and non-compositionality. My general conclusion is that compositionality and non-compositionality are always present simultaneously, since the situations of speaking in the general case assume dif-ferentiation of focus and periphery, the boundary of which is mobile at the same time. Total compositionality is an extreme case in which there is no such differentiation.
Formal analysis of compositionality and non-compositionality by means of a metalanguage is limite... more Formal analysis of compositionality and non-compositionality by means of a metalanguage is limited by the compositionality of semantic categories and functions. Non-compositionality in one sense has particular pragmatic functions which are duplicated by compositional expressions. As a pragmatic instrument it is superfluous. Non-compositionality in another sense plays a technical role, that is, it isn't used for any communicational goals. The goal of this kind of non-compositionality is to raise the logical-semantic competence of an interpreter by crating radical interpretation conditions. It allows to obtain effective semantic tools: compositionality in formal semantics, understanding of meaning as a procedure, semantics of fixed points, theoretical-typical methods.
Композициональность представляется неустранимой чертой семантики – как формальной, так и лингвист... more Композициональность представляется неустранимой чертой семантики – как формальной, так и лингвистической. Случаи, когда композициональность нарушается прямым образом (на-пример, в идиомах), легко описываются более общими средствами, позволяющими фиксировать цитирование или описывать пропозициональные установки. Результаты, представленные в статье таковы: (1) некомпозициональность в первом смысле имеет частные прагматические функции, кото-рые, дублируются композициональными выражениями. Как прагматическое средство она избыточна. (2) Некомпозициональность во втором смысле NC 2 – играет техническую роль и не используется для коммуникативных целей непосредственно. (3) Формальный анализ композициональности и не-композициональности средствами метаязыка ограничен композициональностью базовых семантических категорий и функций.
Доклад В. Н. Брюшинкина «Когнитивный подход к аргументации» появился, на мой взгляд, очень воврем... more Доклад В. Н. Брюшинкина «Когнитивный подход к аргументации» появился, на мой взгляд, очень вовремя. Теория аргументации пришла в такое состояние, когда в очередной раз следует задать вопросы о том, чем она занимается, кому и зачем нужны те знания, которые исследователи–аргументаторы предъявляют в качестве своих результатов. Эти вопросы могут показаться не вполне приличными, поскольку обнаруживают сомнение в достоинстве научной дисциплины, объединяющей по всему миру не менее 1500 человек, которые потребляют в виде прямого финансирования и в виде грантов изрядную сумму денег, публикуют свои работы в нескольких международных журналах, чтят своих классиков и корифеев. Сомнения эти выглядят и не политкорректно, и не вежливо, и не разумно – вдруг кто-то захочет подвергнуть сомнению право на существование того, на чём стоит критик – в моём случае – философскую логику, прибежище ещё более малого меньшинства. Но я пренебрегу приличиями и опасностями, тем более, что опасности невелики, как и сам масштаб аргументационной науки. Что бы тут ни случилось (вплоть до полной ликвидации), фундаментальным ценностям человечества угрозы не возникнет.
Античная геометрия - это пример уникальной формы организации знания, которая служит эталоном науч... more Античная геометрия - это пример уникальной формы организации знания, которая служит эталоном научности, но нигде больше не реализуется (за исключением логических систем). Но откуда она взялась, как она возникла? Моя версия состоит в том, что за демонстративными доказательствами скрывается определённая риторическая практика.
Выступление на круглом столе "Критерии эффективности научных исследований: а судьи кто?", 22 июня... more Выступление на круглом столе "Критерии эффективности научных исследований: а судьи кто?", 22 июня 2015 года.
Юбилей С. С. Гусева отмечали в 2009 году, но текст остался неопубликованным, т. к. редколлегия ал... more Юбилей С. С. Гусева отмечали в 2009 году, но текст остался неопубликованным, т. к. редколлегия альманаха, для которого он предназначался, сочла его "неформатным". Но уже на подходе 80-летие уважаемого С. С. Гусева и надо будет писать следующее поздравление.
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in politics is often explained through psychological or even neurological reasons, but, in this article, the authors tried to place it into the literary and rhetorical context. The politicians responsible for framing the Russian national policy use narrative constructions that are supposed to channel the audience’s negative feelings and to reinforce them. The emotionality of politics has to do with the ambivalence of international relations conceived either as an unexpected encounter with evil forces or as a frustration of hopes and rejection of appeals by a superior power. In the former case, the narrative (both tragic and sentimental) tells of Russia’s striving for its shining future which constantly fails
through the intervention of bad luck. In the latter case, Russia’s kind and friendly intentions and initiatives meet with neglect on the part of the West, all this in the context of the incessant clashes with the
“evil”. Russia’s identity is defined ambivalently, as the identity of a victim and of a hero, which produces tension periodically spilling into international conflicts. In the current period, the frustrations
and the attacks of evil forces are ousted into the past, and the narrative proceeds from Russia’s victory that is supposed to have already happened. However, these victory claims remain ambivalent because
they are accompanied by emotional appeals to the West. These appeals put into question both the rupture with it and the independence from it, they bring us back to the failed hopes and to the trauma of
rupture, thus producing a hysterical model of living the narrative’s plot: the model that supports permanent and passive anxiety. Ceasing the intense communication with the West through the script of a
novel, heroic fairy tale, or “hysteria” is possible with the mythical format of a “triumph of the hero over the beast”, in which the hero would rely on his/her forces and depart from the meaningless dialogue with the “kings”. With all its fictional nature, this narrative is less emotionally charged than in the first two cases. Therefore, it could potentially reduce the strain of the foreign policy process, unless it is just a phase of a dialogical anger reminding of Homer’s Achilles: the offended hero withdraws to his ship and feasts there alone.
of rhetoric used in legal conflicts to substantiate a case of injured, or insulted, feelings, especially if these feelings are of religious nature. The problem with legal defense of insult of feelings lies in that the object of defense surpasses mere dignity, rights, or freedoms. Also, it is not everyone that can claim to have the right to such defense; it is state that claims to have the right to differentiate and define which objects of feelings should be specially defended. It is assumed that such decisions are based on the final aim of any state, which is universal good. In regards of religious feelings, the question may immediately be raised whether the belief in gods is useful for common, or universal, good, and this question differs from the question of whether freedom of conscience and religion is useful. The difficulty of solving such problems is connected not only with the principle of equality being thereby abused, but also with it being not clear how to differentiate the objects of feelings useful for society from those that are not. I am trying to differentiate the defense of dignity from the defense of feelings drawing on Aristotle’s analysis of insult and anger. His interpretation of insult is not far from the modern legal definition of this affect, or emotion, whereas the connection between insult and anger still has its significance for rhetoric. I describe a specific character of groups’
activity and distinguish four variants, or types, of rhetoric and behavioral
strategy combination. The main conclusion this articles arrives at is that, if legal defense of religious feelings’ insult transgresses the areas of dignity and honor defense, it inevitably leads to the differentiation of feelings, which is partly legal, and partly ideological and political, into those that are worth defending and those that are not. This allows active and radical minorities to refer in their rhetoric to respective public rhetoric concepts.
the Constitutional Court of Russia and the European Court of Human
Rights, which has arisen in connection with the legal collision in the
case of Markin. An analysis of this discussion lets see what principles
underlie systems of the parties' arguments, as well as how the discursive and argumentative practice of social institutions related to the question of their legitimacy. In particular, this question is not important for the Constitutional Court, which can rely on the doctrine of
statism hiding the base of his argumentation. European Court is in a
different position and, based on the principles of natural law and legal
state doctrines, it legitimates itself, introducing judgments, pretending
to be complete rational, full of common sense and practicality.
of identification or linguistic practice, and operates not with the names of objects, but with complex concepts. I analyze such concepts in Montague’s intensional logic. It is also used to describe the logic of the naming relation. Using the indexing of situations and agents, it is
possible to show under what circumstances the cases of transparent and opaque naming areselected when reporting the attitudes of agents. In particular, the idiolectal de re of the attitude holder must be replaced by a transparent naming of the reporter as well as the idiolectal de
dicto. Opaque naming is appropriate only pragmatically, namely, in cases when it is required to interact with the idiolect speaker without addressing the specification and correction of naming, as well as when using sign complexes explicitly, i.e. in combination with the predicates
“to name”, “to designate”, etc. This is also shown by the example of
ounterfactual naming, in which the dynamic effect of modifying the language convention arises. Identification based on the cognitive interaction of an agent with an object is considered as an irreducible basis for a naming relation.
The retention of the discourse of rationality becomes such a goal, and as its subject matter appears a question that can be posed in a more universal discursive environment. The communicative function of arguments is realized in a historically stable basic rhetorical discourse, containing the concepts of human being, goods, happiness, society and a number of others. In the course of announcing of arguments for the purpose of committing a discursive action, the participants of the deliberation can take three functional positions: theoretical-metaphysical, critical and practice-oriented. The possibility of their
simultaneous presence is ensured by the fundamental concepts and metaphors of the basic rhetorical discourse, sufficient to compare the corresponding attitudes in the perspective of achieving the goal of deliberation.
Abstract. In this article I will try to demonstrate how naming relation functions as a specific kind of the propositional attitudes of agents that help to carry out cross-identification as well as attitude reports, within which the subject's de re expressions are substituted with some expressions of the agent transmitting that attitude. I regard the naming relation as an aspect of contextual dependence of intentional and interpret the intension as a procedure. The abstraction of the naming relation of a de re term becomes an instrument to render this term to be used de dicto. As this operation is being carried out, the circumstances connected with the act of naming come to light, and they become indices of the context. The naming relation itself appears to be a function of the situations of uttering in the orderly structured collection of situations in which some deictic element is retained. This provides cross-identification of objects. I also discuss what happens when
two de re expressions collide in a sentence or in any given fragment of discourse. It turns out that the expressions that retain their de re character to the utmost degree require some data for their interpretation, which also suffices to establish meanings of all other expressions. It is for the agent that pursues some specific communicational goals, to make the choice of the expression that would require the conditions of its truth to be delineated. As regards the cases of double acquaintance, “third readings” and non-specific de re readings, I believe that the “intrusion” of a signifying attitude de re of a speaker into that of an agent for its description requires the properties of a specific relation to be taken into consideration; the relation that is formed between the order of
naming and the cross-identification of a speaker, and the worlds of situations that are associated with the interpretations of the agent’s attitude.
Abstract. I proceed from the well-known examples of double acquaintance, double vision and non-specific de re, and, relying on the heuristics of applied ontology, I propose to distinguish among pragmatic circumstances their particular kind-semiotic facts, or circumstances that reveal the naming relationship established by agents between de re readable expressions and objects. Representation of semiotic facts uses situations of speech and fields of deictic referents. Both situations and referents may be connected by relations of transformation. The retention of a deictic referent by an agent and the establishment of the identity of two deictic referents belonging to different situations are done through atomic cognitive actions. The sequences of situations constitute deic-tic referents and allow us to use internal situational descriptions. The hierarchy of semiotic facts is built: the first level is constituted by non-verbal indication, which is a demonstration performed without the expression of a language, on the second level we find a demonstrative expression in combination with a common name and context data, on the third level — a proper name, and on the fourth — a definite description. Raising the level increases the independence from the situa-
tion. As a component of a proposition that belongs to the scope of an agent’s attitude, the deictic referent can be referred to by the author of the attitude, as well as by another agent who describes this installation. The communicative success of using such an expression is granted by the possibility of abstraction of a naming relationship, which results in that a deictic referent becomes a component of a proposition, whereas the expression designating it appears as a sign complex chosen by a certain agent in a certain situation (not necessarily current) to denote a deictic referent. The abstraction of a naming relationship, or delta-abstraction, seems to clarify the cases of double acquaintance, double vision and nonspecific de re. The delta-abstraction exhibits the implicit contextual parameters, while the other interpretation structures are herewith not affected.
Abstract: The task of the article is to generate a new definition of the phenomenon of semantic compositionality that would reveal its communicative and cognitive aspects. First, the so-called "mathematical" definition of Hodges is considered, and the question of its "vacuity" is discussed. As a means of overcoming this vacuity, a procedural in-terpretation of meaning is introduced, within which the meaning becomes an abstract algorithm (the theory of Mo-schovakis). However, this is not enough, since intensional logic arises with an infinite intensional hierarchy, which in no way corresponds to linguistic practice. I see the way out in the "landing" of this hierarchy in the situation of speaking by using its parameters, as well as the procedure for their verbalization. In the first case, the meaning is local, in the second – global, while the latter meaning relates to the expression obtained as a situational extension of the original. Next, I analyze the transformation of the situations as a result of speech acts and of non-verbal acts of agents, and following the proposal of Rotshild and Yalcin, I put first the notion of "truth of discourse", understand-ing it as the success of communication. This allows me to define the concepts of local compositionality and non-compositionality. Because of the locality of the meaning, focus and periphery are highlighted for each situation. The contribution to the meaning of peripheral elements is minimal and does not affect the success of communication, which makes these elements locally non-compositional. The relationship between local non-compositionality and contextual dependency is that the verbalization and defaulting of the meaning of contextual parameters create or eliminate non-compositional components of expressions. Realization of such transformations is a condition of rec-ognition of compositionality and non-compositionality. My general conclusion is that compositionality and non-compositionality are always present simultaneously, since the situations of speaking in the general case assume dif-ferentiation of focus and periphery, the boundary of which is mobile at the same time. Total compositionality is an extreme case in which there is no such differentiation.
in politics is often explained through psychological or even neurological reasons, but, in this article, the authors tried to place it into the literary and rhetorical context. The politicians responsible for framing the Russian national policy use narrative constructions that are supposed to channel the audience’s negative feelings and to reinforce them. The emotionality of politics has to do with the ambivalence of international relations conceived either as an unexpected encounter with evil forces or as a frustration of hopes and rejection of appeals by a superior power. In the former case, the narrative (both tragic and sentimental) tells of Russia’s striving for its shining future which constantly fails
through the intervention of bad luck. In the latter case, Russia’s kind and friendly intentions and initiatives meet with neglect on the part of the West, all this in the context of the incessant clashes with the
“evil”. Russia’s identity is defined ambivalently, as the identity of a victim and of a hero, which produces tension periodically spilling into international conflicts. In the current period, the frustrations
and the attacks of evil forces are ousted into the past, and the narrative proceeds from Russia’s victory that is supposed to have already happened. However, these victory claims remain ambivalent because
they are accompanied by emotional appeals to the West. These appeals put into question both the rupture with it and the independence from it, they bring us back to the failed hopes and to the trauma of
rupture, thus producing a hysterical model of living the narrative’s plot: the model that supports permanent and passive anxiety. Ceasing the intense communication with the West through the script of a
novel, heroic fairy tale, or “hysteria” is possible with the mythical format of a “triumph of the hero over the beast”, in which the hero would rely on his/her forces and depart from the meaningless dialogue with the “kings”. With all its fictional nature, this narrative is less emotionally charged than in the first two cases. Therefore, it could potentially reduce the strain of the foreign policy process, unless it is just a phase of a dialogical anger reminding of Homer’s Achilles: the offended hero withdraws to his ship and feasts there alone.
of rhetoric used in legal conflicts to substantiate a case of injured, or insulted, feelings, especially if these feelings are of religious nature. The problem with legal defense of insult of feelings lies in that the object of defense surpasses mere dignity, rights, or freedoms. Also, it is not everyone that can claim to have the right to such defense; it is state that claims to have the right to differentiate and define which objects of feelings should be specially defended. It is assumed that such decisions are based on the final aim of any state, which is universal good. In regards of religious feelings, the question may immediately be raised whether the belief in gods is useful for common, or universal, good, and this question differs from the question of whether freedom of conscience and religion is useful. The difficulty of solving such problems is connected not only with the principle of equality being thereby abused, but also with it being not clear how to differentiate the objects of feelings useful for society from those that are not. I am trying to differentiate the defense of dignity from the defense of feelings drawing on Aristotle’s analysis of insult and anger. His interpretation of insult is not far from the modern legal definition of this affect, or emotion, whereas the connection between insult and anger still has its significance for rhetoric. I describe a specific character of groups’
activity and distinguish four variants, or types, of rhetoric and behavioral
strategy combination. The main conclusion this articles arrives at is that, if legal defense of religious feelings’ insult transgresses the areas of dignity and honor defense, it inevitably leads to the differentiation of feelings, which is partly legal, and partly ideological and political, into those that are worth defending and those that are not. This allows active and radical minorities to refer in their rhetoric to respective public rhetoric concepts.
the Constitutional Court of Russia and the European Court of Human
Rights, which has arisen in connection with the legal collision in the
case of Markin. An analysis of this discussion lets see what principles
underlie systems of the parties' arguments, as well as how the discursive and argumentative practice of social institutions related to the question of their legitimacy. In particular, this question is not important for the Constitutional Court, which can rely on the doctrine of
statism hiding the base of his argumentation. European Court is in a
different position and, based on the principles of natural law and legal
state doctrines, it legitimates itself, introducing judgments, pretending
to be complete rational, full of common sense and practicality.
of identification or linguistic practice, and operates not with the names of objects, but with complex concepts. I analyze such concepts in Montague’s intensional logic. It is also used to describe the logic of the naming relation. Using the indexing of situations and agents, it is
possible to show under what circumstances the cases of transparent and opaque naming areselected when reporting the attitudes of agents. In particular, the idiolectal de re of the attitude holder must be replaced by a transparent naming of the reporter as well as the idiolectal de
dicto. Opaque naming is appropriate only pragmatically, namely, in cases when it is required to interact with the idiolect speaker without addressing the specification and correction of naming, as well as when using sign complexes explicitly, i.e. in combination with the predicates
“to name”, “to designate”, etc. This is also shown by the example of
ounterfactual naming, in which the dynamic effect of modifying the language convention arises. Identification based on the cognitive interaction of an agent with an object is considered as an irreducible basis for a naming relation.
The retention of the discourse of rationality becomes such a goal, and as its subject matter appears a question that can be posed in a more universal discursive environment. The communicative function of arguments is realized in a historically stable basic rhetorical discourse, containing the concepts of human being, goods, happiness, society and a number of others. In the course of announcing of arguments for the purpose of committing a discursive action, the participants of the deliberation can take three functional positions: theoretical-metaphysical, critical and practice-oriented. The possibility of their
simultaneous presence is ensured by the fundamental concepts and metaphors of the basic rhetorical discourse, sufficient to compare the corresponding attitudes in the perspective of achieving the goal of deliberation.
Abstract. In this article I will try to demonstrate how naming relation functions as a specific kind of the propositional attitudes of agents that help to carry out cross-identification as well as attitude reports, within which the subject's de re expressions are substituted with some expressions of the agent transmitting that attitude. I regard the naming relation as an aspect of contextual dependence of intentional and interpret the intension as a procedure. The abstraction of the naming relation of a de re term becomes an instrument to render this term to be used de dicto. As this operation is being carried out, the circumstances connected with the act of naming come to light, and they become indices of the context. The naming relation itself appears to be a function of the situations of uttering in the orderly structured collection of situations in which some deictic element is retained. This provides cross-identification of objects. I also discuss what happens when
two de re expressions collide in a sentence or in any given fragment of discourse. It turns out that the expressions that retain their de re character to the utmost degree require some data for their interpretation, which also suffices to establish meanings of all other expressions. It is for the agent that pursues some specific communicational goals, to make the choice of the expression that would require the conditions of its truth to be delineated. As regards the cases of double acquaintance, “third readings” and non-specific de re readings, I believe that the “intrusion” of a signifying attitude de re of a speaker into that of an agent for its description requires the properties of a specific relation to be taken into consideration; the relation that is formed between the order of
naming and the cross-identification of a speaker, and the worlds of situations that are associated with the interpretations of the agent’s attitude.
Abstract. I proceed from the well-known examples of double acquaintance, double vision and non-specific de re, and, relying on the heuristics of applied ontology, I propose to distinguish among pragmatic circumstances their particular kind-semiotic facts, or circumstances that reveal the naming relationship established by agents between de re readable expressions and objects. Representation of semiotic facts uses situations of speech and fields of deictic referents. Both situations and referents may be connected by relations of transformation. The retention of a deictic referent by an agent and the establishment of the identity of two deictic referents belonging to different situations are done through atomic cognitive actions. The sequences of situations constitute deic-tic referents and allow us to use internal situational descriptions. The hierarchy of semiotic facts is built: the first level is constituted by non-verbal indication, which is a demonstration performed without the expression of a language, on the second level we find a demonstrative expression in combination with a common name and context data, on the third level — a proper name, and on the fourth — a definite description. Raising the level increases the independence from the situa-
tion. As a component of a proposition that belongs to the scope of an agent’s attitude, the deictic referent can be referred to by the author of the attitude, as well as by another agent who describes this installation. The communicative success of using such an expression is granted by the possibility of abstraction of a naming relationship, which results in that a deictic referent becomes a component of a proposition, whereas the expression designating it appears as a sign complex chosen by a certain agent in a certain situation (not necessarily current) to denote a deictic referent. The abstraction of a naming relationship, or delta-abstraction, seems to clarify the cases of double acquaintance, double vision and nonspecific de re. The delta-abstraction exhibits the implicit contextual parameters, while the other interpretation structures are herewith not affected.
Abstract: The task of the article is to generate a new definition of the phenomenon of semantic compositionality that would reveal its communicative and cognitive aspects. First, the so-called "mathematical" definition of Hodges is considered, and the question of its "vacuity" is discussed. As a means of overcoming this vacuity, a procedural in-terpretation of meaning is introduced, within which the meaning becomes an abstract algorithm (the theory of Mo-schovakis). However, this is not enough, since intensional logic arises with an infinite intensional hierarchy, which in no way corresponds to linguistic practice. I see the way out in the "landing" of this hierarchy in the situation of speaking by using its parameters, as well as the procedure for their verbalization. In the first case, the meaning is local, in the second – global, while the latter meaning relates to the expression obtained as a situational extension of the original. Next, I analyze the transformation of the situations as a result of speech acts and of non-verbal acts of agents, and following the proposal of Rotshild and Yalcin, I put first the notion of "truth of discourse", understand-ing it as the success of communication. This allows me to define the concepts of local compositionality and non-compositionality. Because of the locality of the meaning, focus and periphery are highlighted for each situation. The contribution to the meaning of peripheral elements is minimal and does not affect the success of communication, which makes these elements locally non-compositional. The relationship between local non-compositionality and contextual dependency is that the verbalization and defaulting of the meaning of contextual parameters create or eliminate non-compositional components of expressions. Realization of such transformations is a condition of rec-ognition of compositionality and non-compositionality. My general conclusion is that compositionality and non-compositionality are always present simultaneously, since the situations of speaking in the general case assume dif-ferentiation of focus and periphery, the boundary of which is mobile at the same time. Total compositionality is an extreme case in which there is no such differentiation.