Pattamawan Jimarkon is an Assiociate professor in higher education pedagogies. Her research interests include analyses of language texts and discourse practice, intercultural communication and diversity in higher education.
In this article we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on teaching quality and student active teac... more In this article we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on teaching quality and student active teaching. The data used for the analysis is from more than 4,000 students at the University of Stavanger, collected for the Study Barometer, one of the most important metrics for assessing student satisfaction in higher education, in the period 2018-2020. Special attention is given to the teaching quality index and the active student participation in teaching index. Comparisons of the data from 2020 with the data given in the period 2018-2019 show few significant differences. For the Faculty of Health Sciences, however, there are strong significant differences for both the teaching quality index and the student active participation in teaching index. We reflect upon and discuss factors that may have contributed to these differences and show how a large-scale survey can identify drawbacks in teaching and learning in higher education.
Towards a new future in engineering education, new scenarios that european alliances of tech universities open up
The study investigates and reports on the process of engagement in learning through the innovativ... more The study investigates and reports on the process of engagement in learning through the innovative pedagogical framework – Challenge-based Learning (CBL) – their changing perspectives of learning and their interaction with each other while conducting authentic challenges. This gives way to understanding how learners construct and create meaning out of learning activities, course content and beyond the course objectives. Our mixed method research explores potential impact dimensions of the implementation of challenge based learning on teachers and students. To reveal the potential impact we conducted a focused group interviews with the learners who took part in CBL-integrated lessons and surveyed 68 number of learners who participated in CBL trainings. Our preliminary findings showed that learners undertook news roles by driving their own learning, developing collaborative skills, exploring knowledge to be acquired, and establishing relevance of course content in real contexts which ...
As the number of female political leaders and heads of states, worldwide increases, Asian female ... more As the number of female political leaders and heads of states, worldwide increases, Asian female politicians and national leaders have been stereotyped as being 'political dynastic leaders'. This paper aims to contribute to the growing body of literature and the existing knowledge on the area of gender, politics, and media by taking former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand as an example, to examine and discuss how a newspaper generates and gender stereotypes through its linguistic choices. Transitivity analysis based on Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) and referential choices analysis based on van Leeuwen's 'Representation of Social Actor Network framework' (van Leeuwen, 1996, 2008) are employed as the analytical frameworks. The sample data comprises 190 news articles taken from a Thai English language news agency from May to August 2011. Results reveal a pattern of linguistic choices that reinforce gender stereotypes of female politicians in the media in Thailand.
This investigation is a case study of a process of negotiation of professional identity of a Thai... more This investigation is a case study of a process of negotiation of professional identity of a Thai pre-service teacher during her teaching practicum through the lens of Symbolic Interactionist theory. It posits that interaction with different objects allows for complexity of professional identity formation to emerge. The participant’s narratives in the form of reflections over 15 weeks were collected and transcribed for analysis. Key phrases of the participant’s role claims were investigated to identify themes vital to observe her self-image as a teacher. Findings also revealed that the interaction with social objects i.e. her students as human agency, was found to be most influential on her identity formation. This study hopes to shed light on teacher training education on the importance of teacher identity, which is central to beliefs, assumptions and values that guide a teacher’s practice in the process of becoming one.
Interviewing is widely used, particularly in qualitative research. However, conducting interviews... more Interviewing is widely used, particularly in qualitative research. However, conducting interviews can be a challenge, especially for novice researchers. A particular problem is eliciting extended meaningful and relevant responses from interviewees in semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Active listening is a technique which may help the interviewer in increasing the length and depth of interviewees' responses. It involves strategies such as restating the speaker's message, responding empathically, and using prompts or repetitions to extract further information from the interviewee. In this paper I investigate my own semi-structured interviews in which I had intended to use these active listening techniques. I explore the extent to which these active listening techniques were indeed used, and then whether active listening strategies increased the length and relevance of the responses elicited from the interviewees. The analysis shows that active listening techniques were useful in eliciting useful data for my research, but that they were used only partially during these interviews.
Digital skills are one of the key competences outlined in The European Reference Framework of Key... more Digital skills are one of the key competences outlined in The European Reference Framework of Key Competences for Lifelong Learning prescribed by the EU in 2006. Integration of digital tools and resources into the classroom results in more platforms for teaching and learning activities. Teacher training programmes prepare pre-service teachers with pedagogical competencies and skills necessary for their future practices. This paper shows that pre-service teachers could overcome the pedagogical challenges during COVID-19 teaching by updating their present and future classroom teaching strategies around digital literacy. To explore further how these new teaching circumstances are understood and reflected on by pre-service teachers, the researchers collected written reflections of 52 pre-service teachers in Norway using an open-ended survey about their digital integration experiences in their practicum. This paper offers analyses of the reflections inductively to reveal the teachers’ pr...
Communication competency in English is one of the most desired capabilities in labor market in th... more Communication competency in English is one of the most desired capabilities in labor market in the present day. Observation from employees in a Japanese company showed that people behaved differently in cross cultural situations where, regardless of their English competency, some spoke confidently but some did not. Cause of such action may come from several factors including culture differences. This quantitative study is to investigate cultural factors influencing motivation and avoidance of 264 Thai employees who were working in an international-environment company. To find out their beliefs and behavioral patterns, a self-developed questionnaire that combined with three cultural factors thought affecting intercultural willingness to communicate in English at a workplace; Ethnocentrism, Cultural Intelligence and Intercultural Sensitivity, were used. The results showed that low level of Intercultural Sensitivity especially in the part of interaction confidence increased Ethnocentri...
Construction of shared patriotic ideas and sentiments can ensure a nation's harmony and coope... more Construction of shared patriotic ideas and sentiments can ensure a nation's harmony and cooperation. Ideology is often rooted in formal education. Ideally, education must be presented as neutral and child-centered, but we all know that identity construction through education is values-oriented in varying degrees. Children's identities may be shaped through resonation of ideals and traditions established as important in the curricula, seen mostly in social studies. Social studies textbooks, therefore, can be a source and record of political and cultural regulation designated by the powerful group in the society. Thailand, a country where stability appears to be a commodity in short, has witnessed conflicts between classes, political affiliations and ideological beliefs for decades. Recently, despite the military regime, in the wake of openness towards world cultures, discourse of human dignity has been firmly taking root in public. Critical questions have been addressed again...
The world has been bombarded with American popular culture. Since the year 2000, however, there h... more The world has been bombarded with American popular culture. Since the year 2000, however, there has been a new challenge to U.S. popular culture called Manga (also known as Japanese comics). As a newcomer in the market, Japanese Manga has been so successful. Using Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball as a case study, this research investigates how Manga features create the culturally odorless imaginary territory in the U.S. readers' minds and how they allow the cultures from the East and the West to co-exist, by. The research applies Barthes's poststructuralist qualitative semiotic analysis and Fairclough's three dimensions of CDA to analyze the visual and linguistic signs in Dragon Ball. The results indicate that there are numerous intertextual references s in Dragon Ball such as Hollywood, Hong Kong martial arts movies, Chinese and Japanese ideologies, Shintoism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and so on. This research offers a unique way to create a new body of knowledge ...
Expatriationis accompanied by variouschallenges such as work assignment pressure, changes in livi... more Expatriationis accompanied by variouschallenges such as work assignment pressure, changes in living arrangements, adapting to a new environment or family issues. Overcoming cultural differences, language barriers, and developing effective communication strategies are some of the greatest concerns (Du-Babcockand Babcock, 1996, p. 141). This study aims to explore thebehaviors and communication strategies employed by expatriates while in a dominant-subordinate relationship with Thais.Eight expatriates, living and working in Bangkok, participated in the survey (comprisinga questionnaire and interview)to examine their behavioral patterns and strategies in dominant-subordinate group communication. The datarevealed that participants afforded ahigh level of accommodation to Thais and passive attitudes toward separation or isolation,seeking communication on an equal level, regardless of whether they belonged to the dominant or subordinate group. Based on the findings, this paper provides rec...
Affective factors can play an important role in learning and may change over time. This paper inv... more Affective factors can play an important role in learning and may change over time. This paper investigates emotional states of first-year engineering students towards self-study experience through words associated with affect used in their reflections in e-portfolios over a semester. The study employed a corpus-based analysis by focusing on keywords of affect with the statistical criteria and analyzing the context those keywords occurred in. To uncover the students' recurrent feelings, the concordance lines for each keyword were further analyzed qualitatively to identify each of them into a category of predetermined affective factors. Then, relative frequencies of each instance of each category were quantitatively counted for comparison. The findings show that affective factors in questions – namely motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety, either positive or negative, changed with regards to frequency and direction in the different phases of learning. In sum, this study not only sets a practical model for analyzing extensive data quantitatively, but also can provide more insightful results 76 | PASAA Vol. 46 July-December 2013 combined with awareness-raising for teachers regarding the fluctuation of affective factors over a period of time.
Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be used as a co... more Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be used as a conceptual framework for investigating gender stereotypes in political media discourse. Language and gender studies in media discourse work with a diverse theoretical standpoint underpinning each particular work, and are generally bound by a concern for the reproduction of ideology in language use, which is also one of the aims of CDA. However, CDA has previously been criticized for selecting and using only a small number of texts, leading to concerns of representativeness of the texts selected, and thus susceptibility to the researcher's bias in text selection for an intended analysis. In this paper, we used news reports with reference to the former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand as the case study to examine how gender stereotypes related to female politicians are linguistically generated in media text. We demonstrate how an abstract concept such as stereotyping can be investigated through systematic linguistic analysis and how such criticisms, especially that of representativeness of the texts selected, or cherry-picking data, can be addressed when conducting a CDA research project. We propose that the potential bias in data selection can be minimized or even eliminated by systematically obtaining a data set large enough to be a representative sample. Doing so can help increase the ability to describe texts, and more thoroughly convince the reader of the resulting claims regarding how gender stereotypes in politics are reproduced and generated through language used in media.
Qualitative researchers often analyze far more data than they can reasonably include in an articl... more Qualitative researchers often analyze far more data than they can reasonably include in an article, and so must select extracts to present. The basis for extract selection is often unclear, opening the research to potential bias and threatening trustworthiness. Where researchers select extracts that are illustrative of specific themes, there is limited scope for the reader to evaluate these against the larger data set. In this paper, we present a mixed-methods approach to extract selection that combines a corpus-based plot analysis of keywords with the qualitative analysis. This is demonstrated using data from feedback on teaching practice in a teachertraining course. After identifying the keywords for the data set, the top keywords are plotted for their occurrence through the data. Extracts are selected based on the co-occurrence of these keywords. This method allows objective extract selection while also ensuring that the extracts are typical of the data set.
In this article we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on teaching quality and student active teac... more In this article we investigate the impact of COVID-19 on teaching quality and student active teaching. The data used for the analysis is from more than 4,000 students at the University of Stavanger, collected for the Study Barometer, one of the most important metrics for assessing student satisfaction in higher education, in the period 2018-2020. Special attention is given to the teaching quality index and the active student participation in teaching index. Comparisons of the data from 2020 with the data given in the period 2018-2019 show few significant differences. For the Faculty of Health Sciences, however, there are strong significant differences for both the teaching quality index and the student active participation in teaching index. We reflect upon and discuss factors that may have contributed to these differences and show how a large-scale survey can identify drawbacks in teaching and learning in higher education.
Towards a new future in engineering education, new scenarios that european alliances of tech universities open up
The study investigates and reports on the process of engagement in learning through the innovativ... more The study investigates and reports on the process of engagement in learning through the innovative pedagogical framework – Challenge-based Learning (CBL) – their changing perspectives of learning and their interaction with each other while conducting authentic challenges. This gives way to understanding how learners construct and create meaning out of learning activities, course content and beyond the course objectives. Our mixed method research explores potential impact dimensions of the implementation of challenge based learning on teachers and students. To reveal the potential impact we conducted a focused group interviews with the learners who took part in CBL-integrated lessons and surveyed 68 number of learners who participated in CBL trainings. Our preliminary findings showed that learners undertook news roles by driving their own learning, developing collaborative skills, exploring knowledge to be acquired, and establishing relevance of course content in real contexts which ...
As the number of female political leaders and heads of states, worldwide increases, Asian female ... more As the number of female political leaders and heads of states, worldwide increases, Asian female politicians and national leaders have been stereotyped as being 'political dynastic leaders'. This paper aims to contribute to the growing body of literature and the existing knowledge on the area of gender, politics, and media by taking former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand as an example, to examine and discuss how a newspaper generates and gender stereotypes through its linguistic choices. Transitivity analysis based on Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) and referential choices analysis based on van Leeuwen's 'Representation of Social Actor Network framework' (van Leeuwen, 1996, 2008) are employed as the analytical frameworks. The sample data comprises 190 news articles taken from a Thai English language news agency from May to August 2011. Results reveal a pattern of linguistic choices that reinforce gender stereotypes of female politicians in the media in Thailand.
This investigation is a case study of a process of negotiation of professional identity of a Thai... more This investigation is a case study of a process of negotiation of professional identity of a Thai pre-service teacher during her teaching practicum through the lens of Symbolic Interactionist theory. It posits that interaction with different objects allows for complexity of professional identity formation to emerge. The participant’s narratives in the form of reflections over 15 weeks were collected and transcribed for analysis. Key phrases of the participant’s role claims were investigated to identify themes vital to observe her self-image as a teacher. Findings also revealed that the interaction with social objects i.e. her students as human agency, was found to be most influential on her identity formation. This study hopes to shed light on teacher training education on the importance of teacher identity, which is central to beliefs, assumptions and values that guide a teacher’s practice in the process of becoming one.
Interviewing is widely used, particularly in qualitative research. However, conducting interviews... more Interviewing is widely used, particularly in qualitative research. However, conducting interviews can be a challenge, especially for novice researchers. A particular problem is eliciting extended meaningful and relevant responses from interviewees in semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Active listening is a technique which may help the interviewer in increasing the length and depth of interviewees' responses. It involves strategies such as restating the speaker's message, responding empathically, and using prompts or repetitions to extract further information from the interviewee. In this paper I investigate my own semi-structured interviews in which I had intended to use these active listening techniques. I explore the extent to which these active listening techniques were indeed used, and then whether active listening strategies increased the length and relevance of the responses elicited from the interviewees. The analysis shows that active listening techniques were useful in eliciting useful data for my research, but that they were used only partially during these interviews.
Digital skills are one of the key competences outlined in The European Reference Framework of Key... more Digital skills are one of the key competences outlined in The European Reference Framework of Key Competences for Lifelong Learning prescribed by the EU in 2006. Integration of digital tools and resources into the classroom results in more platforms for teaching and learning activities. Teacher training programmes prepare pre-service teachers with pedagogical competencies and skills necessary for their future practices. This paper shows that pre-service teachers could overcome the pedagogical challenges during COVID-19 teaching by updating their present and future classroom teaching strategies around digital literacy. To explore further how these new teaching circumstances are understood and reflected on by pre-service teachers, the researchers collected written reflections of 52 pre-service teachers in Norway using an open-ended survey about their digital integration experiences in their practicum. This paper offers analyses of the reflections inductively to reveal the teachers’ pr...
Communication competency in English is one of the most desired capabilities in labor market in th... more Communication competency in English is one of the most desired capabilities in labor market in the present day. Observation from employees in a Japanese company showed that people behaved differently in cross cultural situations where, regardless of their English competency, some spoke confidently but some did not. Cause of such action may come from several factors including culture differences. This quantitative study is to investigate cultural factors influencing motivation and avoidance of 264 Thai employees who were working in an international-environment company. To find out their beliefs and behavioral patterns, a self-developed questionnaire that combined with three cultural factors thought affecting intercultural willingness to communicate in English at a workplace; Ethnocentrism, Cultural Intelligence and Intercultural Sensitivity, were used. The results showed that low level of Intercultural Sensitivity especially in the part of interaction confidence increased Ethnocentri...
Construction of shared patriotic ideas and sentiments can ensure a nation's harmony and coope... more Construction of shared patriotic ideas and sentiments can ensure a nation's harmony and cooperation. Ideology is often rooted in formal education. Ideally, education must be presented as neutral and child-centered, but we all know that identity construction through education is values-oriented in varying degrees. Children's identities may be shaped through resonation of ideals and traditions established as important in the curricula, seen mostly in social studies. Social studies textbooks, therefore, can be a source and record of political and cultural regulation designated by the powerful group in the society. Thailand, a country where stability appears to be a commodity in short, has witnessed conflicts between classes, political affiliations and ideological beliefs for decades. Recently, despite the military regime, in the wake of openness towards world cultures, discourse of human dignity has been firmly taking root in public. Critical questions have been addressed again...
The world has been bombarded with American popular culture. Since the year 2000, however, there h... more The world has been bombarded with American popular culture. Since the year 2000, however, there has been a new challenge to U.S. popular culture called Manga (also known as Japanese comics). As a newcomer in the market, Japanese Manga has been so successful. Using Akira Toriyama's Dragon Ball as a case study, this research investigates how Manga features create the culturally odorless imaginary territory in the U.S. readers' minds and how they allow the cultures from the East and the West to co-exist, by. The research applies Barthes's poststructuralist qualitative semiotic analysis and Fairclough's three dimensions of CDA to analyze the visual and linguistic signs in Dragon Ball. The results indicate that there are numerous intertextual references s in Dragon Ball such as Hollywood, Hong Kong martial arts movies, Chinese and Japanese ideologies, Shintoism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity, and so on. This research offers a unique way to create a new body of knowledge ...
Expatriationis accompanied by variouschallenges such as work assignment pressure, changes in livi... more Expatriationis accompanied by variouschallenges such as work assignment pressure, changes in living arrangements, adapting to a new environment or family issues. Overcoming cultural differences, language barriers, and developing effective communication strategies are some of the greatest concerns (Du-Babcockand Babcock, 1996, p. 141). This study aims to explore thebehaviors and communication strategies employed by expatriates while in a dominant-subordinate relationship with Thais.Eight expatriates, living and working in Bangkok, participated in the survey (comprisinga questionnaire and interview)to examine their behavioral patterns and strategies in dominant-subordinate group communication. The datarevealed that participants afforded ahigh level of accommodation to Thais and passive attitudes toward separation or isolation,seeking communication on an equal level, regardless of whether they belonged to the dominant or subordinate group. Based on the findings, this paper provides rec...
Affective factors can play an important role in learning and may change over time. This paper inv... more Affective factors can play an important role in learning and may change over time. This paper investigates emotional states of first-year engineering students towards self-study experience through words associated with affect used in their reflections in e-portfolios over a semester. The study employed a corpus-based analysis by focusing on keywords of affect with the statistical criteria and analyzing the context those keywords occurred in. To uncover the students' recurrent feelings, the concordance lines for each keyword were further analyzed qualitatively to identify each of them into a category of predetermined affective factors. Then, relative frequencies of each instance of each category were quantitatively counted for comparison. The findings show that affective factors in questions – namely motivation, self-efficacy, and anxiety, either positive or negative, changed with regards to frequency and direction in the different phases of learning. In sum, this study not only sets a practical model for analyzing extensive data quantitatively, but also can provide more insightful results 76 | PASAA Vol. 46 July-December 2013 combined with awareness-raising for teachers regarding the fluctuation of affective factors over a period of time.
Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be used as a co... more Abstract This paper aims to demonstrate how Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can be used as a conceptual framework for investigating gender stereotypes in political media discourse. Language and gender studies in media discourse work with a diverse theoretical standpoint underpinning each particular work, and are generally bound by a concern for the reproduction of ideology in language use, which is also one of the aims of CDA. However, CDA has previously been criticized for selecting and using only a small number of texts, leading to concerns of representativeness of the texts selected, and thus susceptibility to the researcher's bias in text selection for an intended analysis. In this paper, we used news reports with reference to the former Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra of Thailand as the case study to examine how gender stereotypes related to female politicians are linguistically generated in media text. We demonstrate how an abstract concept such as stereotyping can be investigated through systematic linguistic analysis and how such criticisms, especially that of representativeness of the texts selected, or cherry-picking data, can be addressed when conducting a CDA research project. We propose that the potential bias in data selection can be minimized or even eliminated by systematically obtaining a data set large enough to be a representative sample. Doing so can help increase the ability to describe texts, and more thoroughly convince the reader of the resulting claims regarding how gender stereotypes in politics are reproduced and generated through language used in media.
Qualitative researchers often analyze far more data than they can reasonably include in an articl... more Qualitative researchers often analyze far more data than they can reasonably include in an article, and so must select extracts to present. The basis for extract selection is often unclear, opening the research to potential bias and threatening trustworthiness. Where researchers select extracts that are illustrative of specific themes, there is limited scope for the reader to evaluate these against the larger data set. In this paper, we present a mixed-methods approach to extract selection that combines a corpus-based plot analysis of keywords with the qualitative analysis. This is demonstrated using data from feedback on teaching practice in a teachertraining course. After identifying the keywords for the data set, the top keywords are plotted for their occurrence through the data. Extracts are selected based on the co-occurrence of these keywords. This method allows objective extract selection while also ensuring that the extracts are typical of the data set.
Much of the literature on research in applied linguistics views quantitative and qualitative rese... more Much of the literature on research in applied linguistics views quantitative and qualitative research as distinct entities embodying contrasting philosophies. In this paper, however, we present an example of how preliminary quantitative analyses of data can inform a qualitative discourse analysis study. Data from an online discussion forum concerning the Thai political crisis of 2010 were initially analysed quantitatively to identify keywords, word clusters, length of postings and user ratings of postings for the contributions from the opposing political factions. Each posting was also rated for level of antagonism and credibility of argumentation. These quantitative data provide an overview of the discussion forum and the patterns of discussion within it which was then used as a framework to guide the main qualitative analysis ensuring that the key revealed meanings and functions were covered in the analysis and reducing potential bias in data analysis and presentation. Introduction Mixed methods research has a long history in disciplines that attempt to explain behavior and social phenomena (Dörnyei, 2007). The practice includes a mix or qualitative and quantitative methods, a mix of quantitative methods or a mix of qualitative methods. The type of mixed methods approach that is most popular and is increasingly employed is the first, the mix of the two, which are often based on different research paradigms. Single method research is normally criticised by their opposition as inferior and insufficient. In a pure quantitative study, with the focus on theory or hypothesis testing, the researcher may not be sensitive on contextual details. Moreover, it requires a large amount of data to be able to give an effective ground. A qualitative method, on the other hand, is prone to high subjectivity of the researcher and is unlikely to be generalisable. It can only deal with a small size of data, which makes decision making of the overview and conclusive deduction an ordeal. Four models of mixed methods design are proposed including concurrent design, explanatory sequential design, exploratory sequential design and embedded sequential/concurrent designs (Creswell & Zhang, 2009). The first model, the concurrent design compares and contrasts the results between the two methods to present evidence. Second, the explanatory sequential design utilises the explanation of one set of results to support the other's. In an exploratory sequential design, one method's results are followed by the other's to strengthen the claims made, in the name of generalisability, for instance. In the last design, embedded sequential/concurrent design, a small database is made part of the big database and is used to experiment or enhance the major findings. Typically, a mixed method research deals with different types of data but it may also mean applying different methods to investigate the same data. Two dimensions of advancements that mixed methods data analyses (MMDA) have to offer can be considered as 1) the design virtue and b) research expertise. The research virtue obtained from mixed methods may refer to the strategies that are used to display trustworthiness of the research such as triangulation, complementarity, development, initiation and expansion (Green et al, 1989). In greater details, four major advantages of MMDA have been put forward (Dörnyei, 2007). First, oversimplification, decontexualisation and reduction of the quantitative analysis can be disputed by in depth meaningful qualitative analysis, while content-specificity and unrepresentativeness can be overcome by the generalisable quantitative analysis. Second, for multi-level analyses, MMDA can add more meaning by converging numbers into words and vice versa. Third, triangulation through multi-methods analyses means increasing validity of the study of the results. Fourth, a study with mixed methods analyses tends to attract more attention from the
Interviewing is widely used, particularly in qualitative research. However, conducting interviews... more Interviewing is widely used, particularly in qualitative research. However, conducting interviews can be a challenge, especially for novice researchers. A particular problem is eliciting extended meaningful and relevant responses from interviewees in semi-structured and unstructured interviews. Active listening is a technique which may help the interviewer in increasing the length and depth of interviewees' responses. It involves strategies such as restating the speaker's message, responding empathically, and using prompts or repetitions to extract further information from the interviewee. In this paper I investigate my own semi-structured interviews in which I had intended to use these active listening techniques. I explore the extent to which these active listening techniques were indeed used, and then whether active listening strategies increased the length and relevance of the responses elicited from the interviewees. The analysis shows that active listening techniques were useful in eliciting useful data for my research, but that they were used only partially during these interviews.
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