PhD. in pharmaceutical sciences from Russia 2006, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy at Sana'a University. Professor of Medicinal Chemistry Department. Member of many associations and international groups. Editor and Associate Editor of some international journals. My interest is synthesis and biological activity of 4-oxopyrimidine and quinazolinone -4 derivatives, study of Yemeni medicinal plants and development and validation of Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for different drugs. Author of more than 40 publications, 4 patents and 8 books. Phone: 00967-773266696 or 00967-735811649 Address: Yemen-Sana'a-University Post Office No 12652.Faculty of Pharmacy-Medicinal Chemistry Department.
Two new quinazolin-4-one derivatives were synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-phenylbenzoxa... more Two new quinazolin-4-one derivatives were synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-phenylbenzoxazin-4-ones and p-aminobenzenesulfonamides, in a medium of acid catalyst and strong polar aprotic solvents (DMSO or DMFA). The compounds are also tested for their yields obtained, by using some of strong polar aprotic solvents and have been investigated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory (in vivo) and in silico docking studies to recognize the hypothetical binding motif of the title compounds with the cyclooxygenase isoenzyme COX-2 using Autodock Vina software. The results showed that the investigated compounds (A and C) have a high analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The compounds A and C showed appreciable inhibition of the edema size with a percent inhibition of 19% and 43% respectively, the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds showed excellent protection against in comparison with diclofenac sodium that exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity with 15% of inhibition, while the analgesic activity was significantly increased after treatment by the both A and C compounds compared with the standard diclofenac sodium. The docking study of compound A and C showed that their score of affinity was found around-8.2 and-9.1 respectively in comparing to diclofenac with-8.4. We concluded that the new synthesized quinazolin-4-one derivatives exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and possess potent analgesic effect; the docking study of the synthesized derivatives confirmed the results and revealed that compounds A, has a significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Background/aims:
Khat is a natural stimulant from the Catha Edulis' plant that is cultivated in Y... more Background/aims: Khat is a natural stimulant from the Catha Edulis' plant that is cultivated in Yemen and most of East African regions. It is widely used in Yemen as a pass time social habit. Chewing of this cursed plant's leaves has been shown to has a direct damaging effect on liver tissue. There are few case reports on the effect of Khat chewing and hepatitis, but this is a retrospective study to investigate this relationship in response to recent case reports from the UK and Australia. Our aim was to show the direct relation between the habit of Khat chewing in the region and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Methods: This is a retrospective study that analyzed 68 patients who were referred to a tertiary teaching hospital in Sana’a, Yemen, from January 2011 to December 2014 who were diagnosed as an acute autoimmune hepatitis based on serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and hepatic viral markers. Khat chewing habit was also recorded. Results: There were 68 patients in this study with mean age of 28.3 years (range: 15-60). Male (M) to female (F) ratio was 4:1. Khat chewers were accounted for 85% of patients. The age distribution showed typical bimodal distribution of type I auoimmune hepatitis. Liver enzymes' tests (ALT and AST) showed more than three fold's increase in 47% of patients. Seventy two percent of patients showed an elevation of Gamma (G)-globulin rate. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) were positive in a high number of patients. Liver imaging did not reveal obstructive pathology. About 80% of the patients responded to the conventional medical treatment. Conclusions: This performed study clearly showed the high prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among male Khat chewers with a change in the pattern of autoimmune hepatitis from the norms of the international F:M = 4:1 distribution to the F:M = 1:4 ratio . This is a clear index of the possibility of Khat, being a trigger factor of developing clinical and serologic features similar to that of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. Thus, public education as well as physician's awareness should be emphasized. Keywords: Khat, Yemen, Autoimmune hepatitis.
At present scenario many researchers are working to develop technology that promises to deliver t... more At present scenario many researchers are working to develop technology that promises to deliver the drug in more efficient and less painful way in order to produce the therapeutic effects. Needle-free injection systems are novel ways to introduce various medicines into patients without piercing the skin with a conventional needle. Needle free injection gives very effective injections for a wide range of drugs. Needle free systems are designed to avoid the problems associated with conventional needles making them safer, less expensive, and more suitable. Additional benefits include very fast injection compared with conventional needles and no needle disposal issues. This review intends to throw light on the basic mechanisms by which this technology works, different types of technologies available at present and its applications.
Paracetamol has emerged as one of the most frequent pharmaceuticals that found in natural waters ... more Paracetamol has emerged as one of the most frequent pharmaceuticals that found in natural waters and even in drinking water due to its high consumption and therefore deserves a review on the possible treatments for its remediation. The purpose of this review work is to give a compare between the physicochemical and biological processes for removing paracetamol from aquatic environment. Different types of processes are described in this review: from physicochemical process such as membrane filtration, chlorination, activated carbon, and advance oxidation, which applied for pracetamol degradation, to biological process such as microbial, membrane bioreactor, aerobic and anaerobic degradation, which are more recently focused on the degrading paracetamol. Physical processes, that eliminate the pollutant without degrade it, are not efficient enough to completely remove paracetamol from aquatic environment. While the chemical processes that are shown to be fast and efficient to remove paracetamol substance possess some drawbacks representing in high operational cost which make them not a desirable choice for treating wastewater. Biological process receives currently a significant attention for the removal of pollutants because it is found to be the most efficient technology which can be applied in degrading different pollutants. Regardless of its disadvantages, it has been found more efficient on degrading the paracetamol when compared to physicochemical processes. Furthermore, the combination between the biological and physicochemical processes overcomes all of the problems of processes that presented during treatment. Also, the combined processes improve the paracetamol degradation rate and reduce the treatment costs.
Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug deliv... more Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug delivery systems. Pharmacosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems. They are potential alternative to conventional vesicles. Pharmacosomes are the amphiphilic phospholipids complexes of drugs bearing active hydrogen that bind to phospholipids. Similar to other vesicular systems pharmacosomes provide an efficient method for delivery of drug directly to the site of infection, leading to reduction of drug toxicity with no adverse effects. They also reduce the cost of therapy by improving bioavailability of medication, especially in the case of poorly soluble drugs. This approach as a drug delivery system certainly promises a reliable, safe, selective and precise method of drug delivery. They help in controlled release of drug at the site of action as well as in reduction in cost of therapy, drug leakage and toxicity, increased bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, and restorative effects. They are mainly prepared by hand-shaking and ether injection method. The Pharmacosomes have evaluated for different parameters such as size, surface morphology and in vitro release rate. This article reviews the potential of pharmacosomes as a controlled and targeted drug delivery systems and highlights the methods of preparation and characterization.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a popular herb in cooking, traditional healing, and aroma... more Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a popular herb in cooking, traditional healing, and aromatherapy. The essential oils of R. officinalis were obtained from plants growing in Victoria (Australia), Alabama (USA), Western Cape (South Africa), Kenya, Nepal, and Yemen. Chemical compositions of the rosemary oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as chiral gas chromatography. The oils were dominated by (+)-α-pinene (13.5%–37.7%), 1,8-cineole (16.1%–29.3%), (+)-verbenone (0.8%–16.9%), (−)-borneol (2.1%–6.9%), (−)-camphor (0.7%–7.0%), and racemic limonene (1.6%–4.4%). Hierarchical cluster analysis, based on the compositions of these essential oils in addition to 72 compositions reported in the literature, revealed at least five different chemotypes of rosemary oil. Antifungal, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity screenings were carried out, but showed only marginal activities.
In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and eval... more In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for some of their pharmacological activities that were predicted by computer program (PASS), and also testified for their yield obtained by using some of strong polar aprotic solvents. The new compounds were synthesized in the lab by allowing interaction of 2-phenylbenzoxazinones-4 with p-aminobenzenesulfonamides in a medium of acid catalyst and strong polar aprotic solvents DMSO.In the pharmacological studies, the synthesized compounds have been investigated in vitro for their toxicity and antimalarial activity according to WHO method. The pharmacological studies approved that the new compounds have low toxicity, since compound A gave class VI (harmless) and compound B gave class V (practically non toxic) according to Sidorov's classification. For the antimalarial activity, the investigated compounds (A&B) inhibit the maturation of ring form of plasmodium falciparum to schizont form. We concluded from our study that the new synthesized quinazolinone-4 derivatives were preferably obtained with usage of strong polar aprotic solvents especially DMSO. In addition, the pharmacological investigations have confirmed the prediction of PASS that testifies the high reliability of the obtained results.
The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L... more The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. growing wild in Yemen was determined by GC-MS analysis, and its cytotoxic, and general antioxidant potential were evaluated. Major compounds of C. ambrosioides oil were ascaridole (54.2%), isoascaridole (27.7%) and p-cymene (8.1%). At concentrations of 50 and 25 μg/mL, the essential oil showed cytotoxic activity against HT29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cells), with growth inhibition of 100 and 56% (± 3). The free radical scavenging ability of the oil was assessed by the DPPH assay to show antiradical activity with IC50 of 10.4 μg/mL. TLC-bioautographic assay was used to identify the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect, and ascaridole was isolated and characterized (ESIMS, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HMBC) as the responsible constituent for anticholinesterase activity.
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Pulicaria undulata Gama... more The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Pulicaria undulata Gamal Ed Din (syn P. orientalis sensu Schwartz and P. jaubertii Gamal Ed Din) was analyzed by GC-MS. Major compounds of P. undulata oil were the oxygenated monoterpenenes, carvotanacetone (91.4%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (2.6.%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against six microorganisms, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans, using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The oil showed the strongest bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, as well as Candida albicans The essential oil showed moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast tumor cells, with an IC 50 of 64.6 ± 13.7 µg/mL. Bioautographic assays were used to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect as well as antifungal activity of the oil against Cladosporium cucumerinum.
A simple precise specific sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determin... more A simple precise specific sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of cefuroxime Axetil and its degradation products in tablets. The separation was performed on Teknokroma, tracer excel C8 column (15cm x 0.46cm.5μm) using mobile phase consisting of 0.02M potassium dihydrogen phosphate: methanol: Acetonitrile (60: 35: 5 v/v). The flow rate was 1mL/min and detection was monitored at 278nm. The column temperature was set at 35℃. The retention times were 2.4, 11.09, 12.6, 12.6, 14.13, 20.76 and 24.24 minutes for cefuroxime Axetil B, cefuroximeA A, Δ^3-isomers, E-isomer 1 and E-isomer 2, respectively. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 120-312 μg/mL (r2 =0.99964) and 0.24-7.2 μg/mL (r2 =0.9997) at assay level and low-level of cefuroxime Axetil. The percentage recoveries of cefuroxime Axetil at assay level were found to be in the range of 98.54-99.35% and 101.4-103.69% at low-level at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.517% and 2.019% at to assay level and low-level of CFA, respectively. The intermediate precisions were 1.102% and 2.273% at assay level and low-level of CFA, respectively.
A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for deter... more A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of prednisolone and its degradation products in tablets. The separation was performed on teknokroma, tracer excel C18 column (15cmx 0.46 cm. 5μm) using mobile phase consisting ofwater: tetrahydrofuran: acetonitrile in ratio (75: 15: 10). The flow rate was 1mL/min and detection was set at 254 nm. The column temperature was set at 450. The retention times were 7.5, 9.98 and 10.7 for prednisone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone respectively. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 25-75 μg/mL (r2 =0.9998) and 0.25-7.2 μg/mL (r2 =0.9999) at assay level and low-level of prednisolone. The percentage recoveries of prednisolone found to be in the range of 99.3-99.99% at assay level and 98.77-99.75%at low-level respectively at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.424% and 0.501% at assay level and low-level, respectively. The intermediate precision was 0.44% and 0.634% at assay level and low-level, respectively. Introduction Prednisolone is chemically designated as 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxypregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione. Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid and widely used as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunosuppressive drug. Estimations of prednisolone have been described by spectrophotometry [1-9]. A HPLC method have been developed for the assay of prednisolone [7,10,17]. The pharmacopeial methods for the determination of prednisolone and its degradation products in tablets are available. In the B.P pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (58: 42) for the assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of the mixture of water and tetrahydrofuran (780: 220) [18]. In USP pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase composed of a mixture of butyl chloride, water-saturated butylchloride, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, glacial acetic acid for assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of mixture of water: ACN and the elution are gradient. In the proposed method, the analysis for assay and degradation product was carried out on single method. Experimental Instrumentation An HPLC system from shimadzu corporation consisting of an LC-20 AT pump, SPD-20 A UV/vis-detector, DGU 20A3, a reodyne injector with 20μL loop. Teknokroma, tracer excel. C18 column (15cm x 0.46cm, 5μm) and C18 column (25cm x 0.46cm, 5μm). Keywords: Prednisolone; HPLC method; repeatability; precision; Hydrogen peroxide
A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for deter... more A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of secnidazole and its degradation products in tablets. The separation was performed on teknokroma, tracer excel C18 column (25cm x 0.46cm.5μm) using mobile phase consisting of water: methanol: acetonitrile in ratio (73: 17: 10). A flow rate was set at 1mL/min; the detection wavelength was set at 228nm. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 50-150/mL (r2 =0.9997) and 0.25-7.5μg/mL (r2 =0.998) at assay level and low-level of secnidazole. The percentage recoveries of secnidazole were 100.76-101.66% and 97.87-102% at assay and low-level, respectively at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.553% and 1.35% at assay level and low-level, respectively. The intermediate precision was 0.56% and 3.10% at assay level and low-level, respectively.
The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L... more The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. growing wild in Yemen was determined by GC-MS analysis, and its cytotoxic, and general antioxidant potential were evaluated. Major compounds of C. ambrosioides oil were ascaridole (54.2%), isoascaridole (27.7%) and p-cymene (8.1%). At concentrations of 50 and 25 μg/mL, the essential oil showed cytotoxic activity against HT29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cells), with growth inhibition of 100 and 56% (± 3). The free radical scavenging ability of the oil was assessed by the DPPH assay to show antiradical activity with IC50 of 10.4 μg/mL. TLC-bioautographic assay was used to identify the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect, and ascaridole was isolated and characterized (ESIMS, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HMBC) as the responsible constituent for anticholinesterase activity.
American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2012
ABSTRACT Problem statement: To evaluate the effects and mechanisms of action involved in anti-ulc... more ABSTRACT Problem statement: To evaluate the effects and mechanisms of action involved in anti-ulcer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different native shilajit samples. Approach: Shilajit samples were collected in the mountain region of Yemen (Al-Jouf and Rayma), Russia (Tien-Shan) and India (Kumoan). Stomach ulcers were induced in rats by oro-gastric ingestion of ethanol/HCl. Pre-treatment with ranitidine (100 mg kg −1 , p.o.) and shilajit samples (600 mg kg −1 , p.o.) occurred for 14 days before the ulcer induction. Plasma lipids, TBARs, SOD, GSH, catalase activity and gastric mucosal histological changes in rat stomach tissue were evaluated. Antimicrobial efficacy of shilajit (500, 300 and 100 µg disc −1) was also studied against fungi, gram positive and negative bacteria. Results: Data had shown the hypo-lipidemic and anti-oxidant effects of studied shilajit samples on ethanol/HCl-induced ulcer model via decreasing TGs, Tc, TBARs while increasing HDLc, SOD, catalase and GSH than saline or ranitidine pre-treated groups. Al-Jouf and Indian shilajit samples inhibit both ulcer score and lesion area by greater percentages than either ranitidine or other samples. Rayma and Russian samples showed a strongest antimicrobial effect than either Al-Jouf or Indian samples. Conclusion/Recommendations: Some of studied shilajit samples have anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer against induced gastric ulcer, while others showed anti-microbial activities against tested microbes; mightily due to combined mechanisms of shilajit's constituents, including hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, anti-anxiety, regenerative, repairing and healing mechanisms.
Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as we... more Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen. All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia. All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 - 104,19%) were recorded. All cough syrups marketed in Sana'a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
Context: Contamination of pharmaceuticals with microorganisms irrespective whether they are harm... more Context: Contamination of pharmaceuticals with microorganisms irrespective whether they are harmful or nonpathogenic can bring about changes in physicochemical characteristics of the drugs. Amis: To assay the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of paracetamol of two hundreds samples of different brands of analgesic syrups sold in Sana'a City, Yemen. Total viable aerobic count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical properties, and content of active ingredients were identified and evaluated by standard methods and techniques. The SPSS program was used to statistical analysis of variance for results obtained. Results: The total bacterial count of <10 CFU/mL and <100 CFU/mL in 179 (89.5%) and 21 (10.5%) samples, respectively was recorded, while the total fungal count was ≤10 CFU/mL in all analyzed syrup samples. The isolated bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis while isolated fungi were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium notatum. Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger were the predominant bacteria and fungi isolated. The color results had a light red liquid with a sweet taste in the analyzed analgesic syrups. The pH values were ranged from 4.44–5.88. However, the density fluctuated from 1.149–1.184 g/mL. The paracetamol concentration as an active ingredient in the analgesic syrup was recorded from 98.19% – 106.53%. This finding showed that all analgesic syrups sold in Sana'a City followed Pharmacopeia specifications on microbial and physicochemical qualities
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 3(4): 92-99, 2015., Aug 6, 2015
Abstract
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the us... more Abstract
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product.
Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia.
Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 – 104,19%) were recorded.
Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana’a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto.
Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana’a, Yemen.
Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU.
Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 – 104,19%).
Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana’a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas.
Abstract
Resumen
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to t... more Abstract Resumen Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen. Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia. Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 - 104,19%) were recorded. Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana'a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities. Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto. Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana'a, Yemen. Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU. Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 - 104,19%). Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana'a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas. Keywords: Diphenhydramine; microbiological assay, physical assay, pseudoephedrine; triprolidine. Palabras Clave: Difenhidramina; ensayo físico; ensayo microbiológico; pseudoefedrina; triprolidina. ARTICLE INFO Received | Recibido: May 18, 2014. Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: July 30, 2015. Accepted | Aceptado: August 1, 2015. Available Online | Publicado en Línea: August 6, 2015. Declaration of interests | Declaración de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding | Financiación: The authors confirm that the project has not funding or grants.
Two new quinazolin-4-one derivatives were synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-phenylbenzoxa... more Two new quinazolin-4-one derivatives were synthesized by condensation reaction of 2-phenylbenzoxazin-4-ones and p-aminobenzenesulfonamides, in a medium of acid catalyst and strong polar aprotic solvents (DMSO or DMFA). The compounds are also tested for their yields obtained, by using some of strong polar aprotic solvents and have been investigated for analgesic, anti-inflammatory (in vivo) and in silico docking studies to recognize the hypothetical binding motif of the title compounds with the cyclooxygenase isoenzyme COX-2 using Autodock Vina software. The results showed that the investigated compounds (A and C) have a high analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The compounds A and C showed appreciable inhibition of the edema size with a percent inhibition of 19% and 43% respectively, the anti-inflammatory activity of the compounds showed excellent protection against in comparison with diclofenac sodium that exhibited a significant anti-inflammatory activity with 15% of inhibition, while the analgesic activity was significantly increased after treatment by the both A and C compounds compared with the standard diclofenac sodium. The docking study of compound A and C showed that their score of affinity was found around-8.2 and-9.1 respectively in comparing to diclofenac with-8.4. We concluded that the new synthesized quinazolin-4-one derivatives exhibited anti-inflammatory activity and possess potent analgesic effect; the docking study of the synthesized derivatives confirmed the results and revealed that compounds A, has a significant anti-inflammatory activity.
Background/aims:
Khat is a natural stimulant from the Catha Edulis' plant that is cultivated in Y... more Background/aims: Khat is a natural stimulant from the Catha Edulis' plant that is cultivated in Yemen and most of East African regions. It is widely used in Yemen as a pass time social habit. Chewing of this cursed plant's leaves has been shown to has a direct damaging effect on liver tissue. There are few case reports on the effect of Khat chewing and hepatitis, but this is a retrospective study to investigate this relationship in response to recent case reports from the UK and Australia. Our aim was to show the direct relation between the habit of Khat chewing in the region and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Methods: This is a retrospective study that analyzed 68 patients who were referred to a tertiary teaching hospital in Sana’a, Yemen, from January 2011 to December 2014 who were diagnosed as an acute autoimmune hepatitis based on serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and hepatic viral markers. Khat chewing habit was also recorded. Results: There were 68 patients in this study with mean age of 28.3 years (range: 15-60). Male (M) to female (F) ratio was 4:1. Khat chewers were accounted for 85% of patients. The age distribution showed typical bimodal distribution of type I auoimmune hepatitis. Liver enzymes' tests (ALT and AST) showed more than three fold's increase in 47% of patients. Seventy two percent of patients showed an elevation of Gamma (G)-globulin rate. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) were positive in a high number of patients. Liver imaging did not reveal obstructive pathology. About 80% of the patients responded to the conventional medical treatment. Conclusions: This performed study clearly showed the high prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among male Khat chewers with a change in the pattern of autoimmune hepatitis from the norms of the international F:M = 4:1 distribution to the F:M = 1:4 ratio . This is a clear index of the possibility of Khat, being a trigger factor of developing clinical and serologic features similar to that of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. Thus, public education as well as physician's awareness should be emphasized. Keywords: Khat, Yemen, Autoimmune hepatitis.
At present scenario many researchers are working to develop technology that promises to deliver t... more At present scenario many researchers are working to develop technology that promises to deliver the drug in more efficient and less painful way in order to produce the therapeutic effects. Needle-free injection systems are novel ways to introduce various medicines into patients without piercing the skin with a conventional needle. Needle free injection gives very effective injections for a wide range of drugs. Needle free systems are designed to avoid the problems associated with conventional needles making them safer, less expensive, and more suitable. Additional benefits include very fast injection compared with conventional needles and no needle disposal issues. This review intends to throw light on the basic mechanisms by which this technology works, different types of technologies available at present and its applications.
Paracetamol has emerged as one of the most frequent pharmaceuticals that found in natural waters ... more Paracetamol has emerged as one of the most frequent pharmaceuticals that found in natural waters and even in drinking water due to its high consumption and therefore deserves a review on the possible treatments for its remediation. The purpose of this review work is to give a compare between the physicochemical and biological processes for removing paracetamol from aquatic environment. Different types of processes are described in this review: from physicochemical process such as membrane filtration, chlorination, activated carbon, and advance oxidation, which applied for pracetamol degradation, to biological process such as microbial, membrane bioreactor, aerobic and anaerobic degradation, which are more recently focused on the degrading paracetamol. Physical processes, that eliminate the pollutant without degrade it, are not efficient enough to completely remove paracetamol from aquatic environment. While the chemical processes that are shown to be fast and efficient to remove paracetamol substance possess some drawbacks representing in high operational cost which make them not a desirable choice for treating wastewater. Biological process receives currently a significant attention for the removal of pollutants because it is found to be the most efficient technology which can be applied in degrading different pollutants. Regardless of its disadvantages, it has been found more efficient on degrading the paracetamol when compared to physicochemical processes. Furthermore, the combination between the biological and physicochemical processes overcomes all of the problems of processes that presented during treatment. Also, the combined processes improve the paracetamol degradation rate and reduce the treatment costs.
Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug deliv... more Different lipid based vesicular systems have been developed as controlled and targeted drug delivery systems. Pharmacosomes are novel vesicular drug delivery systems. They are potential alternative to conventional vesicles. Pharmacosomes are the amphiphilic phospholipids complexes of drugs bearing active hydrogen that bind to phospholipids. Similar to other vesicular systems pharmacosomes provide an efficient method for delivery of drug directly to the site of infection, leading to reduction of drug toxicity with no adverse effects. They also reduce the cost of therapy by improving bioavailability of medication, especially in the case of poorly soluble drugs. This approach as a drug delivery system certainly promises a reliable, safe, selective and precise method of drug delivery. They help in controlled release of drug at the site of action as well as in reduction in cost of therapy, drug leakage and toxicity, increased bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs, and restorative effects. They are mainly prepared by hand-shaking and ether injection method. The Pharmacosomes have evaluated for different parameters such as size, surface morphology and in vitro release rate. This article reviews the potential of pharmacosomes as a controlled and targeted drug delivery systems and highlights the methods of preparation and characterization.
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a popular herb in cooking, traditional healing, and aroma... more Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a popular herb in cooking, traditional healing, and aromatherapy. The essential oils of R. officinalis were obtained from plants growing in Victoria (Australia), Alabama (USA), Western Cape (South Africa), Kenya, Nepal, and Yemen. Chemical compositions of the rosemary oils were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as chiral gas chromatography. The oils were dominated by (+)-α-pinene (13.5%–37.7%), 1,8-cineole (16.1%–29.3%), (+)-verbenone (0.8%–16.9%), (−)-borneol (2.1%–6.9%), (−)-camphor (0.7%–7.0%), and racemic limonene (1.6%–4.4%). Hierarchical cluster analysis, based on the compositions of these essential oils in addition to 72 compositions reported in the literature, revealed at least five different chemotypes of rosemary oil. Antifungal, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity screenings were carried out, but showed only marginal activities.
In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and eval... more In this study, we have two new compounds of quinazolinone-4 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for some of their pharmacological activities that were predicted by computer program (PASS), and also testified for their yield obtained by using some of strong polar aprotic solvents. The new compounds were synthesized in the lab by allowing interaction of 2-phenylbenzoxazinones-4 with p-aminobenzenesulfonamides in a medium of acid catalyst and strong polar aprotic solvents DMSO.In the pharmacological studies, the synthesized compounds have been investigated in vitro for their toxicity and antimalarial activity according to WHO method. The pharmacological studies approved that the new compounds have low toxicity, since compound A gave class VI (harmless) and compound B gave class V (practically non toxic) according to Sidorov's classification. For the antimalarial activity, the investigated compounds (A&B) inhibit the maturation of ring form of plasmodium falciparum to schizont form. We concluded from our study that the new synthesized quinazolinone-4 derivatives were preferably obtained with usage of strong polar aprotic solvents especially DMSO. In addition, the pharmacological investigations have confirmed the prediction of PASS that testifies the high reliability of the obtained results.
The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L... more The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. growing wild in Yemen was determined by GC-MS analysis, and its cytotoxic, and general antioxidant potential were evaluated. Major compounds of C. ambrosioides oil were ascaridole (54.2%), isoascaridole (27.7%) and p-cymene (8.1%). At concentrations of 50 and 25 μg/mL, the essential oil showed cytotoxic activity against HT29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cells), with growth inhibition of 100 and 56% (± 3). The free radical scavenging ability of the oil was assessed by the DPPH assay to show antiradical activity with IC50 of 10.4 μg/mL. TLC-bioautographic assay was used to identify the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect, and ascaridole was isolated and characterized (ESIMS, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HMBC) as the responsible constituent for anticholinesterase activity.
The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Pulicaria undulata Gama... more The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of Pulicaria undulata Gamal Ed Din (syn P. orientalis sensu Schwartz and P. jaubertii Gamal Ed Din) was analyzed by GC-MS. Major compounds of P. undulata oil were the oxygenated monoterpenenes, carvotanacetone (91.4%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (2.6.%). The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated against six microorganisms, Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans, using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The oil showed the strongest bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, as well as Candida albicans The essential oil showed moderate cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast tumor cells, with an IC 50 of 64.6 ± 13.7 µg/mL. Bioautographic assays were used to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect as well as antifungal activity of the oil against Cladosporium cucumerinum.
A simple precise specific sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determin... more A simple precise specific sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of cefuroxime Axetil and its degradation products in tablets. The separation was performed on Teknokroma, tracer excel C8 column (15cm x 0.46cm.5μm) using mobile phase consisting of 0.02M potassium dihydrogen phosphate: methanol: Acetonitrile (60: 35: 5 v/v). The flow rate was 1mL/min and detection was monitored at 278nm. The column temperature was set at 35℃. The retention times were 2.4, 11.09, 12.6, 12.6, 14.13, 20.76 and 24.24 minutes for cefuroxime Axetil B, cefuroximeA A, Δ^3-isomers, E-isomer 1 and E-isomer 2, respectively. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 120-312 μg/mL (r2 =0.99964) and 0.24-7.2 μg/mL (r2 =0.9997) at assay level and low-level of cefuroxime Axetil. The percentage recoveries of cefuroxime Axetil at assay level were found to be in the range of 98.54-99.35% and 101.4-103.69% at low-level at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.517% and 2.019% at to assay level and low-level of CFA, respectively. The intermediate precisions were 1.102% and 2.273% at assay level and low-level of CFA, respectively.
A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for deter... more A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of prednisolone and its degradation products in tablets. The separation was performed on teknokroma, tracer excel C18 column (15cmx 0.46 cm. 5μm) using mobile phase consisting ofwater: tetrahydrofuran: acetonitrile in ratio (75: 15: 10). The flow rate was 1mL/min and detection was set at 254 nm. The column temperature was set at 450. The retention times were 7.5, 9.98 and 10.7 for prednisone, prednisolone and hydrocortisone respectively. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 25-75 μg/mL (r2 =0.9998) and 0.25-7.2 μg/mL (r2 =0.9999) at assay level and low-level of prednisolone. The percentage recoveries of prednisolone found to be in the range of 99.3-99.99% at assay level and 98.77-99.75%at low-level respectively at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.424% and 0.501% at assay level and low-level, respectively. The intermediate precision was 0.44% and 0.634% at assay level and low-level, respectively. Introduction Prednisolone is chemically designated as 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxypregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione. Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid and widely used as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunosuppressive drug. Estimations of prednisolone have been described by spectrophotometry [1-9]. A HPLC method have been developed for the assay of prednisolone [7,10,17]. The pharmacopeial methods for the determination of prednisolone and its degradation products in tablets are available. In the B.P pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (58: 42) for the assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of the mixture of water and tetrahydrofuran (780: 220) [18]. In USP pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase composed of a mixture of butyl chloride, water-saturated butylchloride, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, glacial acetic acid for assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of mixture of water: ACN and the elution are gradient. In the proposed method, the analysis for assay and degradation product was carried out on single method. Experimental Instrumentation An HPLC system from shimadzu corporation consisting of an LC-20 AT pump, SPD-20 A UV/vis-detector, DGU 20A3, a reodyne injector with 20μL loop. Teknokroma, tracer excel. C18 column (15cm x 0.46cm, 5μm) and C18 column (25cm x 0.46cm, 5μm). Keywords: Prednisolone; HPLC method; repeatability; precision; Hydrogen peroxide
A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for deter... more A simple, precise, specific, sensitive and accurate stability indicating RP-HPLC method for determination of secnidazole and its degradation products in tablets. The separation was performed on teknokroma, tracer excel C18 column (25cm x 0.46cm.5μm) using mobile phase consisting of water: methanol: acetonitrile in ratio (73: 17: 10). A flow rate was set at 1mL/min; the detection wavelength was set at 228nm. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 50-150/mL (r2 =0.9997) and 0.25-7.5μg/mL (r2 =0.998) at assay level and low-level of secnidazole. The percentage recoveries of secnidazole were 100.76-101.66% and 97.87-102% at assay and low-level, respectively at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.553% and 1.35% at assay level and low-level, respectively. The intermediate precision was 0.56% and 3.10% at assay level and low-level, respectively.
The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L... more The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled leaf essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. growing wild in Yemen was determined by GC-MS analysis, and its cytotoxic, and general antioxidant potential were evaluated. Major compounds of C. ambrosioides oil were ascaridole (54.2%), isoascaridole (27.7%) and p-cymene (8.1%). At concentrations of 50 and 25 μg/mL, the essential oil showed cytotoxic activity against HT29 (human colon adenocarcinoma cells), with growth inhibition of 100 and 56% (± 3). The free radical scavenging ability of the oil was assessed by the DPPH assay to show antiradical activity with IC50 of 10.4 μg/mL. TLC-bioautographic assay was used to identify the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect, and ascaridole was isolated and characterized (ESIMS, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR and HMBC) as the responsible constituent for anticholinesterase activity.
American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2012
ABSTRACT Problem statement: To evaluate the effects and mechanisms of action involved in anti-ulc... more ABSTRACT Problem statement: To evaluate the effects and mechanisms of action involved in anti-ulcer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of different native shilajit samples. Approach: Shilajit samples were collected in the mountain region of Yemen (Al-Jouf and Rayma), Russia (Tien-Shan) and India (Kumoan). Stomach ulcers were induced in rats by oro-gastric ingestion of ethanol/HCl. Pre-treatment with ranitidine (100 mg kg −1 , p.o.) and shilajit samples (600 mg kg −1 , p.o.) occurred for 14 days before the ulcer induction. Plasma lipids, TBARs, SOD, GSH, catalase activity and gastric mucosal histological changes in rat stomach tissue were evaluated. Antimicrobial efficacy of shilajit (500, 300 and 100 µg disc −1) was also studied against fungi, gram positive and negative bacteria. Results: Data had shown the hypo-lipidemic and anti-oxidant effects of studied shilajit samples on ethanol/HCl-induced ulcer model via decreasing TGs, Tc, TBARs while increasing HDLc, SOD, catalase and GSH than saline or ranitidine pre-treated groups. Al-Jouf and Indian shilajit samples inhibit both ulcer score and lesion area by greater percentages than either ranitidine or other samples. Rayma and Russian samples showed a strongest antimicrobial effect than either Al-Jouf or Indian samples. Conclusion/Recommendations: Some of studied shilajit samples have anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer against induced gastric ulcer, while others showed anti-microbial activities against tested microbes; mightily due to combined mechanisms of shilajit&#39;s constituents, including hypolipidemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress, anti-anxiety, regenerative, repairing and healing mechanisms.
Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as we... more Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen. All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia. All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 - 104,19%) were recorded. All cough syrups marketed in Sana'a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
Context: Contamination of pharmaceuticals with microorganisms irrespective whether they are harm... more Context: Contamination of pharmaceuticals with microorganisms irrespective whether they are harmful or nonpathogenic can bring about changes in physicochemical characteristics of the drugs. Amis: To assay the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of paracetamol of two hundreds samples of different brands of analgesic syrups sold in Sana'a City, Yemen. Total viable aerobic count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical properties, and content of active ingredients were identified and evaluated by standard methods and techniques. The SPSS program was used to statistical analysis of variance for results obtained. Results: The total bacterial count of <10 CFU/mL and <100 CFU/mL in 179 (89.5%) and 21 (10.5%) samples, respectively was recorded, while the total fungal count was ≤10 CFU/mL in all analyzed syrup samples. The isolated bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis while isolated fungi were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Penicillium notatum. Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger were the predominant bacteria and fungi isolated. The color results had a light red liquid with a sweet taste in the analyzed analgesic syrups. The pH values were ranged from 4.44–5.88. However, the density fluctuated from 1.149–1.184 g/mL. The paracetamol concentration as an active ingredient in the analgesic syrup was recorded from 98.19% – 106.53%. This finding showed that all analgesic syrups sold in Sana'a City followed Pharmacopeia specifications on microbial and physicochemical qualities
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research 3(4): 92-99, 2015., Aug 6, 2015
Abstract
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the us... more Abstract
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product.
Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia.
Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 – 104,19%) were recorded.
Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana’a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto.
Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana’a, Yemen.
Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU.
Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 – 104,19%).
Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana’a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas.
Abstract
Resumen
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to t... more Abstract Resumen Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product. Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen. Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia. Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 - 104,19%) were recorded. Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana'a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities. Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto. Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana'a, Yemen. Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU. Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 - 104,19%). Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana'a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas. Keywords: Diphenhydramine; microbiological assay, physical assay, pseudoephedrine; triprolidine. Palabras Clave: Difenhidramina; ensayo físico; ensayo microbiológico; pseudoefedrina; triprolidina. ARTICLE INFO Received | Recibido: May 18, 2014. Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: July 30, 2015. Accepted | Aceptado: August 1, 2015. Available Online | Publicado en Línea: August 6, 2015. Declaration of interests | Declaración de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding | Financiación: The authors confirm that the project has not funding or grants.
This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview about the state of the art ... more This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview about the state of the art regarding the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in physical and rehabilitation medicine and the study of the pharmacodynamics of existing and newly introduced NSAIDs in the management of pain and inflammation. It will also elaborate and refine already known knowledge on the mechanism(s) of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. This book may provide additional knowledge about the design and development of new drug delivery systems loaded with NSAIDs potentially useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory-based diseases following circadian cycle, uses of NSAIDs as a source of medicinal plants, and the adverse effects and drug interactions of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
PhD. in pharmaceutical sciences from Russia 2006, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy at Sana'a Universit... more PhD. in pharmaceutical sciences from Russia 2006, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy at Sana'a University. Professor of Medicinal Chemistry Department. Member of many associations and international groups. Editor and Associate Editor of international journals. His interests are synthesis and biological activity of 4-oxopyrimidine and quinazolinone-4 derivatives, study of Yemeni medicinal plants and development and validation of Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods for different drugs. Author of more than 40 publications, 4 patents and 8 books BOOK EDITOR ABOUT THE BOOK Corticosteroids are mainly used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Corticosteroids will only be prescribed if the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. They will also be prescribed at the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time. This book will strive to highlight the importance of Corticosteroids, to focus on minimizing side effects, to monitor and sensitize the population on the potential adverse effects of misuse, to provide additional knowledge about the design and development of new drug delivery systems loaded with Corticosteroids potentially useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory based diseases and to reduce inflammation and affect the immune system. The major objective of this book will be to present the information in a lucid, condensed and cohesive form, and to specially cater the needs of readers in medicine and pharmacy.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medications used to relieve pain and to reduce ... more Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medications used to relieve pain and to reduce inflammation. They are some of the most commonly used medications in adults. A variety of NSAIDs are available, including at least 20 in the United States and more elsewhere. Many are available as pills that can be purchased without a prescription, and some are available as topical creams or gels. Because of the wide availability and frequency of use of NSAIDs, it is important to be aware of their proper use, dose, and potential side effects. It can be difficult to know which NSAID is best for a given individual. In addition, a person's response to a particular NSAID is hard to predict. If two people take identical drugs and doses, their individual responses may be considerably different. It is sometimes necessary to try one drug for a few weeks and then try a different one to find the optimal NSAID. A healthcare provider is the most qualified person to help choose an NSAID, although you can assist in the decision-making process. Most of these drugs have three major effects: 1. Analgesic effect 2. Antipyretic effect and 3. Anti-inflammatory effect The main adverse effects of these drugs are gastric irritation and ulceration, renal damage and skin reaction. The primary action of these agents is inhibition of cyclooxygenase; the enzyme that catalyses the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors known as endoperoxides. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis accounts for most of the actions of those agents. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of appropriate classification of the hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs which can be very helpful in clinical practice and which will hopefully bring to advances in the study of the pharmacodynamics of existing and newly introduced NSAIDs in the management of pain and inflammation. It will also elaborate and refine already known facts on the mechanism/s of non-ste-roidal anti-inflammatory agents. Presently, adverse reactions because of selective COX-2 inhibition are being studied, and whether these agents are real advancement; but early results show promise. In income economies NSAIDs are heavily used and therefore need policies in place to monitor and sensitize the population on the potential adverse effects of misuse. This book also hopes to provide additional knowledge about the design and development of new drug delivery systems loaded with NSAIDs potentially useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory based diseases following circadian cycle and the adverse effects and drug interactions of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Topics will broadly include, but not be limited to: • Overview of NSAIDs in resource limited countries • Mechanism of Action of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs • Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory drugs on inflammation • Classification of hypersensitivity reactions to NSAIDs • Adverse effects and drug interactions of the Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs • NSAIDs: design and development of innovative oral delivery systems • Interaction studies of cardiovascular drugs with NSAIDs • Apoptotic effects of etodolac in breast cancer culture
For the first time there were obtained the new derivatives of quinazolinon-4 and 4-oxopyrimidine ... more For the first time there were obtained the new derivatives of quinazolinon-4 and 4-oxopyrimidine with the use of streptocide, sodium sulphathiazole, sulfadimezine and dapsone as amine components.we synthesize more than 15 new compounds of 4-oxopyrimidine and quinazolinone-4 derivatives with high yields and we determine their elucidation of structures by UV,IR,Elemental analysis and NMR.We explain why dimethyl yields more than diethyl.We use program PASS for the prediction of activity and the results obtained confirmed by 85%.We examine different activities and study the toxicity of the more active compounds.For the first time it was established hypoglycemic and glucosuric activity for the synthesized 1,3-diazines.The novelty of the synthesized compounds is confirmed with four priorities №. 2006106046, №.2006106056, №. 2006111540 and №. 2006111542 on patents of the Russian Federation. The results of quantum - chemical calculations of targeted compounds properties and their pharmacological activity are fixed on the basis of targeted synthesis of the predicted structures, representing derivatives of 4-oxopyrimidine and quinazolinone-4.
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Khat is a natural stimulant from the Catha Edulis' plant that is cultivated in Yemen and most of East African regions. It is widely used in Yemen as a pass time social habit. Chewing of this cursed plant's leaves has been shown to has a direct damaging effect on liver tissue. There are few case reports on the effect of Khat chewing and hepatitis, but this is a retrospective study to investigate this relationship in response to recent case reports from the UK and Australia.
Our aim was to show the direct relation between the habit of Khat chewing in the region and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
Methods:
This is a retrospective study that analyzed 68 patients who were referred to a tertiary teaching hospital in Sana’a, Yemen, from January 2011 to December 2014 who were diagnosed as an acute autoimmune hepatitis based on serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and hepatic viral markers. Khat chewing habit was also recorded.
Results:
There were 68 patients in this study with mean age of 28.3 years (range: 15-60). Male (M) to female (F) ratio was 4:1. Khat chewers were accounted for 85% of patients. The age distribution showed typical bimodal distribution of type I auoimmune hepatitis. Liver enzymes' tests (ALT and AST) showed more than three fold's increase in 47% of patients. Seventy two percent of patients showed an elevation of Gamma (G)-globulin rate. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) were positive in a high number of patients. Liver imaging did not reveal obstructive pathology. About 80% of the patients responded to the conventional medical treatment.
Conclusions:
This performed study clearly showed the high prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among male Khat chewers with a change in the pattern of autoimmune hepatitis from the norms of the international F:M = 4:1 distribution to the F:M = 1:4 ratio . This is a clear index of the possibility of Khat, being a trigger factor of developing clinical and serologic features similar to that of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. Thus, public education as well as physician's awareness should be emphasized.
Keywords:
Khat, Yemen, Autoimmune hepatitis.
The percentage recoveries of prednisolone found to be in the range of 99.3-99.99% at assay level and 98.77-99.75%at low-level respectively at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.424% and 0.501% at assay level and low-level, respectively. The intermediate precision was 0.44% and 0.634% at assay level and low-level, respectively.
Introduction
Prednisolone is chemically designated as 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxypregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione.
Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid and widely used as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunosuppressive drug.
Estimations of prednisolone have been described by spectrophotometry [1-9]. A HPLC method have been developed for the assay of prednisolone [7,10,17]. The pharmacopeial methods for the determination of prednisolone and its degradation products in tablets are available. In the B.P pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (58: 42) for the assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of the mixture of water and tetrahydrofuran (780: 220) [18].
In USP pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase composed of a mixture of butyl chloride, water-saturated butylchloride, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, glacial acetic acid for assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of mixture of water: ACN and the elution are gradient. In the proposed method, the analysis for assay and degradation product was carried out on single method.
Experimental
Instrumentation
An HPLC system from shimadzu corporation consisting of an LC-20 AT pump, SPD-20 A UV/vis-detector, DGU 20A3, a reodyne injector with 20μL loop. Teknokroma, tracer excel. C18 column (15cm x 0.46cm, 5μm) and C18 column (25cm x 0.46cm, 5μm).
Keywords: Prednisolone; HPLC method; repeatability; precision; Hydrogen peroxide
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283005346_www.omicsonline.orgpptsali-gamal-ahmed-al-kaf-prodrug-11508.html
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product.
Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia.
Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 – 104,19%) were recorded.
Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana’a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
****************************************************
Resumen
Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto.
Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana’a, Yemen.
Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU.
Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 – 104,19%).
Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana’a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas.
Resumen
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product.
Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia.
Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 - 104,19%) were recorded.
Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana'a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto.
Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana'a, Yemen.
Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU.
Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 - 104,19%).
Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana'a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas.
Keywords: Diphenhydramine; microbiological assay, physical assay, pseudoephedrine; triprolidine.
Palabras Clave: Difenhidramina; ensayo físico; ensayo microbiológico; pseudoefedrina; triprolidina.
ARTICLE INFO
Received | Recibido: May 18, 2014.
Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: July 30, 2015.
Accepted | Aceptado: August 1, 2015.
Available Online | Publicado en Línea: August 6, 2015.
Declaration of interests | Declaración de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding | Financiación: The authors confirm that the project has not funding or grants.
Khat is a natural stimulant from the Catha Edulis' plant that is cultivated in Yemen and most of East African regions. It is widely used in Yemen as a pass time social habit. Chewing of this cursed plant's leaves has been shown to has a direct damaging effect on liver tissue. There are few case reports on the effect of Khat chewing and hepatitis, but this is a retrospective study to investigate this relationship in response to recent case reports from the UK and Australia.
Our aim was to show the direct relation between the habit of Khat chewing in the region and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH).
Methods:
This is a retrospective study that analyzed 68 patients who were referred to a tertiary teaching hospital in Sana’a, Yemen, from January 2011 to December 2014 who were diagnosed as an acute autoimmune hepatitis based on serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins, autoantibodies and hepatic viral markers. Khat chewing habit was also recorded.
Results:
There were 68 patients in this study with mean age of 28.3 years (range: 15-60). Male (M) to female (F) ratio was 4:1. Khat chewers were accounted for 85% of patients. The age distribution showed typical bimodal distribution of type I auoimmune hepatitis. Liver enzymes' tests (ALT and AST) showed more than three fold's increase in 47% of patients. Seventy two percent of patients showed an elevation of Gamma (G)-globulin rate. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and smooth muscle antibodies (SMA) were positive in a high number of patients. Liver imaging did not reveal obstructive pathology. About 80% of the patients responded to the conventional medical treatment.
Conclusions:
This performed study clearly showed the high prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis among male Khat chewers with a change in the pattern of autoimmune hepatitis from the norms of the international F:M = 4:1 distribution to the F:M = 1:4 ratio . This is a clear index of the possibility of Khat, being a trigger factor of developing clinical and serologic features similar to that of idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis. Thus, public education as well as physician's awareness should be emphasized.
Keywords:
Khat, Yemen, Autoimmune hepatitis.
The percentage recoveries of prednisolone found to be in the range of 99.3-99.99% at assay level and 98.77-99.75%at low-level respectively at 95% confidence limit. The intraday precision was 0.424% and 0.501% at assay level and low-level, respectively. The intermediate precision was 0.44% and 0.634% at assay level and low-level, respectively.
Introduction
Prednisolone is chemically designated as 11β, 17α, 21-trihydroxypregna-1, 4-diene-3, 20-dione.
Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid and widely used as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and immunosuppressive drug.
Estimations of prednisolone have been described by spectrophotometry [1-9]. A HPLC method have been developed for the assay of prednisolone [7,10,17]. The pharmacopeial methods for the determination of prednisolone and its degradation products in tablets are available. In the B.P pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase consisted of methanol: water (58: 42) for the assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of the mixture of water and tetrahydrofuran (780: 220) [18].
In USP pharmacopoeia, the mobile phase composed of a mixture of butyl chloride, water-saturated butylchloride, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, glacial acetic acid for assay. For related substances, the mobile phase composed of mixture of water: ACN and the elution are gradient. In the proposed method, the analysis for assay and degradation product was carried out on single method.
Experimental
Instrumentation
An HPLC system from shimadzu corporation consisting of an LC-20 AT pump, SPD-20 A UV/vis-detector, DGU 20A3, a reodyne injector with 20μL loop. Teknokroma, tracer excel. C18 column (15cm x 0.46cm, 5μm) and C18 column (25cm x 0.46cm, 5μm).
Keywords: Prednisolone; HPLC method; repeatability; precision; Hydrogen peroxide
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283005346_www.omicsonline.orgpptsali-gamal-ahmed-al-kaf-prodrug-11508.html
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product.
Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia.
Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 – 104,19%) were recorded.
Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana’a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
****************************************************
Resumen
Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto.
Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana’a, Yemen.
Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU.
Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 – 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 – 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 – 104,19%).
Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana’a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas.
Resumen
Context: Microbial contamination of cough syrups can bring clinical hazards to the users or patients as well as physical and chemical changes in the product.
Aims: To evaluate the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of two hundred samples of four different types of cough syrups marketed in Sana’a city, Yemen.
Methods: All collected samples were subjected to the following examinations: the total microbial count, type of isolated microorganisms, physical parameters, and concentration of active ingredients were identified and assessed by standard techniques described in US Pharmacopeia.
Results: All the cough syrup samples used contained viable microbial load within acceptable limit according Pharmacopeia specifications. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the most commonly recovered bacteria. However, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus flavus were the most fungi isolated. The physical properties represented in the appearance, density, and pH of the analyzed samples complied with Pharmacopoeia standards. The concentrations of diphenhydramine HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoephedrine HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), and triprolidine HCl (98,20 - 104,19%) were recorded.
Conclusions: All cough syrups marketed in Sana'a City had good microbiological and physico-chemical qualities.
Contexto: La contaminación microbiana de los jarabes para la tos puede traer riesgos clínicos a los usuarios o pacientes, así como los cambios físicos y químicos en el producto.
Objetivos: Evaluar las características microbianas y físico-químicas de doscientas muestras de cuatro tipos diferentes de jarabes para la tos que se comercializan en la ciudad de Sana'a, Yemen.
Métodos: Todas las muestras recogidas se sometieron a los siguientes exámenes: recuento microbiano total, tipo de microorganismos aislado, parámetros físicos, y la concentración de ingredientes activos fue identificada y evaluada por técnicas estándares descritas en la Farmacopea de EE.UU.
Resultados: Todas las muestras de jarabe para la tos contenían carga microbiana viable, dentro de límites aceptables según las especificaciones de la Farmacopea. Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus fulvum y Staphylococcus epidermidis fueron las bacterias más comúnmente identificadas. Sin embargo, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium notatum, Mucor sp., Aspergillus flavus fueron los hongos aislados. Las propiedades físicas, representadas en la apariencia, densidad, y el pH de las muestras cumplieron con los estándares de la Farmacopea. Se registraron las concentraciones difenhidramina HCl (92,51 - 108,78%), pseudoefedrina HCl (94,55 - 109,07%), y de triprolidina HCl (98,20 - 104,19%).
Conclusiones: Todos los jarabes para la tos comercializados en la ciudad de Sana'a tuvieron buenas cualidades microbiológicas y físico-químicas.
Keywords: Diphenhydramine; microbiological assay, physical assay, pseudoephedrine; triprolidine.
Palabras Clave: Difenhidramina; ensayo físico; ensayo microbiológico; pseudoefedrina; triprolidina.
ARTICLE INFO
Received | Recibido: May 18, 2014.
Received in revised form | Recibido en forma corregida: July 30, 2015.
Accepted | Aceptado: August 1, 2015.
Available Online | Publicado en Línea: August 6, 2015.
Declaration of interests | Declaración de Intereses: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Funding | Financiación: The authors confirm that the project has not funding or grants.