I am an academic with the knack for discovering new forms of knowledge especially African indigenous knowledge systems. Phone: 08055220744 & 07031280203 Address: Department of Religion and Cultural Studies, Benue State University, Makurdi –Nigeria
Religions: Journal of the Nigerian Association for the Study of Religions, 2020
The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan in Decem... more The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December, 2019. The respiratory outbreak spread like harmattan fire to other Chinese cities and later emerged in countries abroad notably Spain, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), France, Brazil, Iran, India and the United States of America, leaving behind it a trail of deaths, collapse of the economy, social and religious institutions. The global spread of the virus and its dare consequences prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare it a pandemic in early 2020. No sooner had the virus broke out that scientists went to work in search of drugs and vaccine to cure the disease. The study is motivated by the devastation caused by the virus and the urgent need to have a cure for the disease. Primary and secondary sources were used in collecting data. The observation method was employed in the primary sources; while in the secondary method, documented sources from books, journals, newspapers, E-sources etc were used. The study discovered that the COVID-19 has no known cure yet and those who contract the diseases are symptomatically treated. Also, many drugs/vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. African Traditional Medicine (ATM) has also contributed in the fight against COVID-19 with different herbal remedies. The most prominent being the COVID-Organics from Madagascar. The study also established that the herbal drug was greeted with mixed feelings as Africans welcomed the feat while the west doubted its efficacy on the grounds of scientific verification. The study views this development as a “kill joy” attitude which emanates from the west that believes nothing good will ever come out of Africa. The negative attitude is also capable of dampening morale and preventing further discoveries. The study views that goodness and badness are universal truths and anything good is good everywhere; thus the west should desist from its campaign of calumny against Africa.
African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 2023
The belief in spirits residing in natural elements holds profound implications across various asp... more The belief in spirits residing in natural elements holds profound implications across various aspects of life. However, modern environmental mismanagement sparks worries about rising cases of spirit possession, notably seen in places like Nigeria. This study investigated the spiritual consequences of contemporary ecological challenges, focusing on the phenomenon of spirit possession. It explored the interplay between the ecological environment and spiritual beliefs in African traditional religious contexts. The study relied on a multi-faceted approach that includes the examination of relevant scriptures, literature, and articles. This qualitative research methodology allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationship between ecological elements and spirit possession within the African traditional religious context. The research revealed that ecological features such as trees, rivers, streams, and animals are not only essential for physical well-being but also serve as abodes for spirit beings, ensuring harmony between the human and spirit realms. The spirits' displacement from their natural habitats, due to indiscriminate ecological mismanagement, poses a risk of ecological imbalance. Such displacement could lead to spirit possession, with spirits taking abode in animals and even humans. The study underscores the profound connection between the ecological environment and spiritual beliefs in African traditional religious ecology. It highlights the potential ecological and spiritual consequences of environmental mismanagement, including increased cases of spirit possession. Disrupting the harmony between the human and spirit realms through indiscriminate environmental practices has significant implications for human well-being. To address these ecological and spiritual challenges, the study recommends the promotion of responsible environmental practices. Specifically, tree planting initiatives should be encouraged, and a discriminate approach to deforestation and the killing of animals must be adopted. These measures aim to maintain the balance between the human and spirit realms and mitigate potential ecological and spiritual disturbances.
African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 2024
Societies across the world keep evolving and new values and ideals are imbibed. This makes the as... more Societies across the world keep evolving and new values and ideals are imbibed. This makes the assertion that change is the only permanent thing undeniable. The above claim is also true of the contemporary Tiv society which has imbibed foreign values and ideals which are antithetical to values and ideals of the traditional Tiv society. A glaring value which has emerged in contemporary Tiv society is the mailumo(self-centeredness) socio-cultural philosophy which is being firmly entrenched as a Tiv value. The research is qualitative and adopts a multi-disciplinary approach for method. Thus, the historical, descriptive and analytic methods are employed. For data collection, the primary and secondary methods are adopted. In the primary method, oral interviews and observation procedures are used; whereas in the secondary method, information is obtained from books, journals and other published materials. The data that is collated is presented using the analytic method. The research has established that mailumo(self-centeredness) as an emerging socio-cultural and socio-political philosophy in Tiv society is diametrically opposed to the Tiv socio-cultural philosophies of ya na angbianand ayatutu(“weism”-group solidarity). The research further established that mailumohas brought about greed, hatred, disunity, self-centredness, the promotion of mediocrity and Pull Down syndrome. These ideals have negatively affected Tiv society and retarded its development. The paper calls on the Tiv to return to the drawing board and re-entrenched the traditional Tiv socio-cultural philosophies of ya na angbian and ayatutu of being one’s brother’s keeper. These ideals would ensure social cohesion among the Tiv and bring about love, peace, stability and development of Tiv society
African Journal of Humanities & Contemporary Education Research, 2023
This study examines the concept of "Playing God: Human Agents and the Punishment of Evil in Afric... more This study examines the concept of "Playing God: Human Agents and the Punishment of Evil in African Religion." It explores the complex relationship between human agency and the punishment of evil within African religious systems. The study investigates the various ways in which African religions conceptualise and enact punishment for immoral or evil acts, focusing on the role of human agents in administering and carrying out these punishments. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates cultural anthropology, religious studies, and ethics, this research delves into the diverse religious traditions across the African continent. It explores how African religious systems incorporate the notion of divine punishment as a means to maintain social order, uphold moral standards, and deter individuals from engaging in immoral behaviour. The study also examines the underlying theological and philosophical foundations that inform the punishment of evil within African religious frameworks. It explores concepts such as karma, ancestral spirits, and divine justice, investigating how these beliefs shape the understanding of punishment and its significance in African religious thought. Furthermore, the research explores the roles and responsibilities of human agents in the administration of punishment. It examines the cultural and societal mechanisms through which individuals are designated as agents of divine justice, and the rituals or practices associated with punishment within African religious communities. The findings of this study shed light on the diversity and complexity of African religious systems and their approaches to the punishment of evil. It highlights the cultural, ethical, and theological considerations that underpin these practices, offering insights into the values and beliefs that shape African societies. The implications of this study extend beyond academic discourse. Understanding how African religious systems address the punishment of evil has practical relevance for contemporary issues such as crime, justice, and moral behaviour in African societies. By gaining insights into the mechanisms of punishment and deterrence in African religions, policymakers, scholars, and practitioners can engage in more culturally sensitive and contextually relevant approaches to crime prevention and justice. This study investigates the intricate relationship between human agency and the punishment of evil in African religion. It explores the diverse religious traditions, theological foundations, and cultural practices associated with punishment in African societies. The research contributes to our understanding of African religious systems and their implications for moral behaviour, justice, and social order in contemporary African contexts.
International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2022
The paper Or Vanya Ka Mngerem (A Visitor is like flood): The Tiv notion of Hospitality examines t... more The paper Or Vanya Ka Mngerem (A Visitor is like flood): The Tiv notion of Hospitality examines the issue of hospitality in Tiv traditional and contemporary society. The motivation for this research is necessitated by the inhospitable nature of contemporary Tiv society. In collecting materials for the documentation of this paper, two main sources of data collection procedures were followed; the primary and secondary sources of data collection. In the primary source of data collection, the phenomenological, observation, and oral interview methods were used. In the secondary source, library materials from documented sources related to the topic under discussion from books, journals, e-sources, newspapers and magazines were collated for use. The paper established that the Tiv were hospitable people in the traditional society and would hardly eat without inviting those present or even passersby. Towards this the Tiv ate in the open court yard or in the ate-the reception hut. However, in the contemporary Tiv society, things have changed with the collapse of the Tiv social values and ethics. No one cares to invite a visitor to a meal or show any sign of hospitality to a guest, wanderer or passersby. In the current state of individualism, the paper calls on the Tiv to note the fact that Or Vanya Ka Mngerem (A Visitor is like flood); therefore like the flood which soon dries and empties itself in the river, a visitor leaves sooner than later. As such, while the visit lasts, the host should treat the guest well and make him/her comfortable. The paper concluded that a return to this basic principle and philosophy will once again propel the Tiv on the threshold of development, peace, tranquility and progress.
In a competitive world where everyone and every system is trying to outdo one another to create a... more In a competitive world where everyone and every system is trying to outdo one another to create a sense of relevance, the tendency of not being satisfied with a particular way in which something has been done over the years is often to copy or emulate what the other is doing. Religion is not free from this tendency; and this creates a situation where some elements or a reasonable chunk of ideas are copied and fussed into a religious tradition from one or more opposing or distinct religious groups. The idea of fusion in religious circles is known as religious syncretism. The paper is motivated by the seemingly fusion of Christian and Islamic patterns of beliefs in the Ethnic Denominations of African Religion in the Benue Valley of Nigeria. The paper adopts the Phenomenological and Analytic Methods. In the area of data collection, two main methods: the primary and secondary methods of data collection have been employed. In the primary source of data collection, observation and oral in...
The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring leg... more The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring legacies from traditional African societies. Until the coming of the colonialists, the traditional institution led by chiefs, emirs, obas, Ezes, etc performed legislative and judicial functions as well as political, religious, social and economic roles etc. The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution among the Tiv was not organised in a systematic manner until the International Journal of Culture and History ISSN 2332-5518 2021, Vol. 8, No. 2 http://ijch.macrothink.org 16 creation of the Tor Tiv stool in 1946. With several reformations, the chieftaincy institution has taken a definite stage in Tiv society. However, the problem of the study has to do with the fact that there has arisen in the Tiv chieftaincy scene; the ator a zan adua (Christian traditional rulers) who rather than protect and preserve Tiv cultural heritage are in the vanguard of the corrosion of a culture they had ...
The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring leg... more The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring legacies from traditional African societies. Until the coming of the colonialists, the traditional institution led by chiefs, emirs, obas, Ezes, etc performed legislative and judicial functions as well as political, religious, social and economic roles etc. The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution among the Tiv was not organised in a systematic manner until the creation of the Tor Tiv stool in 1946. With several reformations, the chieftaincy institution has taken a definite stage in Tiv society. However, the problem of the study has to do with the fact that there has arisen in the Tiv chieftaincy scene; the ator a zan adua (Christian traditional rulers) who rather than protect and preserve Tiv cultural heritage are in the vanguard of the corrosion of a culture they had taken an oath to protect and preserve. If prompt action is not taken by the Tiv, their culture would soon disa...
There are two very specific problems that this paper titled "Anyamgba, Anyigba, Ayingba or Ayangb... more There are two very specific problems that this paper titled "Anyamgba, Anyigba, Ayingba or Ayangba? Historical origin and development of a foremost settlement in Igala land" is set out to correct, the first is the question of the correct name for this town as several conjectures abound as to the true nomenclature of this foremost settlement which is now assuming an embarrassing status even in official quarters as the profile of this city continue to grow daily. The second is very similar to the first, who are the original inhabitants and founder(s) of the city? The assertion that "Anyigba chefu ewo etere" i.e. Anyigba is a no man's land has subsisted and flew in conversations for too long that morality, discipline and hierarchy of leadership and obedience is becoming a mirage in the face of increasing socio-cultural, political and economic realities confronting the city. Socio-historic and phenomenological methods were employed by the researcher as he encountered the people via different fronts for data to answer correctly the two questions raised. Justice could be said to have been done in the highlight of probable solutions in the facts here presented but more researches are recommended and the role of the paramount ruler and government authorities in making an official gazette to lay the issues to rest is very sacrosanct and urgent to validate addresses and maps.
The naming ceremony of a new baby is one of the very important rites of passage in African societ... more The naming ceremony of a new baby is one of the very important rites of passage in African societies; it usually takes place as a cultural as well as a religious ceremony. In those traditional societies, the ceremony officially announces the arrival of a newborn , introduces the child to the extended family and the larger community and above all, it conferred on the child a name. The name given to a child can have an enduring influence on their personality and upbringing. However, in more recent times, the forces of modernity, civilization, religious changes and development are greatly having an interplay that has negatively worked against this rich traditional belief and practices today not only among the Igala people but the world over. Borrowing and adulterations of beliefs, norms and values, cultural practices etc. are becoming prevalent, creating a kind of identity crisis especially for the minority ethnic groups. This paper on the topic The Egwele (fourteenth day) Ceremony in Igala Traditional Religion and Culture is an explanation of the cultural cum religious significance of the naming ceremony literally referred to as "egwele (fourteenth day) ceremony" of a child among the Igala people of north central geo-political zone of Nigeria as it differs significantly from the practices of the other ethnic groups within the sub-region as well as the whole of Africa. It also highlights the role of divination (Ifa ebo) and the people's belief in reincarnation before integrating the new born babies into the family/community. The researchers employed oral interview, historical and phenomenological methods along with library sources to establish the right of place for this religious cum cultural ceremony. The paper further accounted for some reasons behind the choice or source of Igala indigenous names and concluded with a recommendation on retaining the ceremony to combat the forces of modernization and religious changes that has negatively affected and eroded this rich heritage of the good Igala people located in Kogi State predominantly but are also found in cluster locations within and outside Nigeria.
Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertain... more Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertainment component e.g. African Magic programmes on satellite television, portray witchcraft as an issue that needs to be addressed. This seminar paper is a religious contribution aimed at creating an understanding of African interpretation of the biblical view of witchcraft. There are several reports of how people suspected to be witches and wizards are treated. Some were killed, arrested, banished on suspicion of witchcraft, to which the response from the Christian sector was diverse and varied. This being the case, the question that arises is, what does the Bible teach in this regard and what is the African interpretation to the biblical view of witchcraft. The most compelling evidence of witchcraft is its mention in both the Old and New Testaments. Although all African Christians read the same Bible, the interpretation differs greatly. This seminar paper attempts to identify, from a historical analytical point of view a number of biblical principles on witchcraft that could be set as guidelines for addressing witchcraft related matters. The work recommends that there should be a careful contextualisation process in the presentation of the gospel, traditional beliefs and practices such as those connected with ways of protecting oneself which often embedded in the people's worldview.
Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertain... more Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertainment component e.g. African Magic programmes on satellite television, portray witchcraft as an issue that needs to be addressed. This seminar paper is a religious contribution aimed at creating an understanding of African interpretation of the biblical view of witchcraft. There are several reports of how people suspected to be witches and wizards are treated. Some were killed, arrested, banished on suspicion of witchcraft, to which the response from the Christian sector was diverse and varied. This being the case, the question that arises is, what does the Bible teach in this regard and what is the African interpretation to the biblical view of witchcraft. The most compelling evidence of witchcraft is its mention in both the Old and New Testaments. Although all African Christians read the same Bible, the interpretation differs greatly. This seminar paper attempts to identify, from a historical analytical point of view a number of biblical principles on witchcraft that could be set as guidelines for addressing witchcraft related matters. The work recommends that there should be a careful contextualisation process in the presentation of the gospel, traditional beliefs and practices such as those connected with ways of protecting oneself which often embedded in the people's worldview.
Resource control refers to the access of communities and State Governments to natural resources l... more Resource control refers to the access of communities and State Governments to natural resources located within their boundaries and the freedom to develop and utilize these resources without interference from the Federal Government. Resource control is an actual control of resources by the people who live in communities with these resources for the support of life. The paper is not intended to join the fray of the ongoing campaign for resource control (petroleum) in the Niger Delta or is to judge the merit or otherwise of the agitations for resource control in Nigeria. The paper is motivated by the untold hardships experienced by the Benue farming communities whose lands have been invaded and taken over by the Fulani herdsmen from the year 2012 and heightened with the massacre of 73 defenceless citizens of Benue on 1/1/2018 in Guma and Logo LGAs and the brutal murder of 2 Catholic Priests and 18 worshippers at Mbalom, Gwer East LGA on the 23/4/2018. The study is qualitative and adapts the historical, descriptive and analytic methods. Two methods; the primary and secondary sources were used as data collection apparatuses. In the primary source, oral interviews, and observation methods were employed; while books, journal articles, newspapers and magazines and government gazettes were used in the secondary source. The paper established that, most inhabitants of Benue State are subsistent farmers whose source of livelihood is from the soil which they cultivate their crops for food and means of exchange to solve other socioeconomic problems. The paper also established that the people of Benue State have been denied and deprived of access and or control to the resources found in their land with the invasion and takeover of their land by the Fulani killer herdsmen since 2012. Since it is from the land that Benue people have their wealth; invading and displacing them from their ancestral lands translates to a deprival of the control of the resources of their land for the support of life. This also affects the Benue State government as she loses revenue from markets and taxes that would have come from the displaced. Some of the most noticeable effect of the invasion is population displacement, hunger, malnutrition, disease, poverty, proliferation of small/light weapons. The paper calls on the Federal Government through her security agencies to ensure that the Fulani killer herdsmen are flushed out of Benue State for peace to be restored to pave way for the return of the displaced to their ancestral lands to resume full control of their God-given resources for the support of life and usher them into the next level of development in Nigeria.
Religions: Journal of the Nigerian Association for the Study of Religions, 2020
The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan
in Decem... more The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December, 2019. The respiratory outbreak spread like harmattan fire to other Chinese cities and later emerged in countries abroad notably Spain, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), France, Brazil, Iran, India and the United States of America, leaving behind it a trail of deaths, collapse of the economy, social and religious institutions. The global spread of the virus and its dare consequences prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare it a pandemic in early 2020. No sooner had the virus broke out that scientists went to work in search of drugs and vaccine to cure the disease. The study is motivated by the devastation caused by the virus and the urgent need to have a cure for the disease. Primary and secondary sources were used in collecting data. The observation method was employed in the primary sources; while in the secondary method, documented sources from books, journals, newspapers, E-sources etc were used. The study discovered that the COVID-19 has no known cure yet and those who contract the diseases are symptomatically treated. Also, many drugs/vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. African Traditional Medicine (ATM) has also contributed in the fight against COVID-19 with different herbal remedies. The most prominent being the COVID-Organics from Madagascar. The study also established that the herbal drug was greeted with mixed feelings as Africans welcomed the feat while the west doubted its efficacy on the grounds of scientific verification. The study views this development as a “kill joy” attitude which emanates from the west that believes nothing good will ever come out of Africa. The negative attitude is also capable of dampening morale and preventing further discoveries. The study views that goodness and badness are universal truths and anything good is good everywhere; thus the west should desist from its campaign of calumny against Africa.
Religions: Journal of the Nigerian Association for the Study of Religions, 2020
The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan in Decem... more The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December, 2019. The respiratory outbreak spread like harmattan fire to other Chinese cities and later emerged in countries abroad notably Spain, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), France, Brazil, Iran, India and the United States of America, leaving behind it a trail of deaths, collapse of the economy, social and religious institutions. The global spread of the virus and its dare consequences prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare it a pandemic in early 2020. No sooner had the virus broke out that scientists went to work in search of drugs and vaccine to cure the disease. The study is motivated by the devastation caused by the virus and the urgent need to have a cure for the disease. Primary and secondary sources were used in collecting data. The observation method was employed in the primary sources; while in the secondary method, documented sources from books, journals, newspapers, E-sources etc were used. The study discovered that the COVID-19 has no known cure yet and those who contract the diseases are symptomatically treated. Also, many drugs/vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. African Traditional Medicine (ATM) has also contributed in the fight against COVID-19 with different herbal remedies. The most prominent being the COVID-Organics from Madagascar. The study also established that the herbal drug was greeted with mixed feelings as Africans welcomed the feat while the west doubted its efficacy on the grounds of scientific verification. The study views this development as a “kill joy” attitude which emanates from the west that believes nothing good will ever come out of Africa. The negative attitude is also capable of dampening morale and preventing further discoveries. The study views that goodness and badness are universal truths and anything good is good everywhere; thus the west should desist from its campaign of calumny against Africa.
African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 2023
The belief in spirits residing in natural elements holds profound implications across various asp... more The belief in spirits residing in natural elements holds profound implications across various aspects of life. However, modern environmental mismanagement sparks worries about rising cases of spirit possession, notably seen in places like Nigeria. This study investigated the spiritual consequences of contemporary ecological challenges, focusing on the phenomenon of spirit possession. It explored the interplay between the ecological environment and spiritual beliefs in African traditional religious contexts. The study relied on a multi-faceted approach that includes the examination of relevant scriptures, literature, and articles. This qualitative research methodology allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationship between ecological elements and spirit possession within the African traditional religious context. The research revealed that ecological features such as trees, rivers, streams, and animals are not only essential for physical well-being but also serve as abodes for spirit beings, ensuring harmony between the human and spirit realms. The spirits' displacement from their natural habitats, due to indiscriminate ecological mismanagement, poses a risk of ecological imbalance. Such displacement could lead to spirit possession, with spirits taking abode in animals and even humans. The study underscores the profound connection between the ecological environment and spiritual beliefs in African traditional religious ecology. It highlights the potential ecological and spiritual consequences of environmental mismanagement, including increased cases of spirit possession. Disrupting the harmony between the human and spirit realms through indiscriminate environmental practices has significant implications for human well-being. To address these ecological and spiritual challenges, the study recommends the promotion of responsible environmental practices. Specifically, tree planting initiatives should be encouraged, and a discriminate approach to deforestation and the killing of animals must be adopted. These measures aim to maintain the balance between the human and spirit realms and mitigate potential ecological and spiritual disturbances.
African Journal of Humanities and Contemporary Education Research, 2024
Societies across the world keep evolving and new values and ideals are imbibed. This makes the as... more Societies across the world keep evolving and new values and ideals are imbibed. This makes the assertion that change is the only permanent thing undeniable. The above claim is also true of the contemporary Tiv society which has imbibed foreign values and ideals which are antithetical to values and ideals of the traditional Tiv society. A glaring value which has emerged in contemporary Tiv society is the mailumo(self-centeredness) socio-cultural philosophy which is being firmly entrenched as a Tiv value. The research is qualitative and adopts a multi-disciplinary approach for method. Thus, the historical, descriptive and analytic methods are employed. For data collection, the primary and secondary methods are adopted. In the primary method, oral interviews and observation procedures are used; whereas in the secondary method, information is obtained from books, journals and other published materials. The data that is collated is presented using the analytic method. The research has established that mailumo(self-centeredness) as an emerging socio-cultural and socio-political philosophy in Tiv society is diametrically opposed to the Tiv socio-cultural philosophies of ya na angbianand ayatutu(“weism”-group solidarity). The research further established that mailumohas brought about greed, hatred, disunity, self-centredness, the promotion of mediocrity and Pull Down syndrome. These ideals have negatively affected Tiv society and retarded its development. The paper calls on the Tiv to return to the drawing board and re-entrenched the traditional Tiv socio-cultural philosophies of ya na angbian and ayatutu of being one’s brother’s keeper. These ideals would ensure social cohesion among the Tiv and bring about love, peace, stability and development of Tiv society
African Journal of Humanities & Contemporary Education Research, 2023
This study examines the concept of "Playing God: Human Agents and the Punishment of Evil in Afric... more This study examines the concept of "Playing God: Human Agents and the Punishment of Evil in African Religion." It explores the complex relationship between human agency and the punishment of evil within African religious systems. The study investigates the various ways in which African religions conceptualise and enact punishment for immoral or evil acts, focusing on the role of human agents in administering and carrying out these punishments. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates cultural anthropology, religious studies, and ethics, this research delves into the diverse religious traditions across the African continent. It explores how African religious systems incorporate the notion of divine punishment as a means to maintain social order, uphold moral standards, and deter individuals from engaging in immoral behaviour. The study also examines the underlying theological and philosophical foundations that inform the punishment of evil within African religious frameworks. It explores concepts such as karma, ancestral spirits, and divine justice, investigating how these beliefs shape the understanding of punishment and its significance in African religious thought. Furthermore, the research explores the roles and responsibilities of human agents in the administration of punishment. It examines the cultural and societal mechanisms through which individuals are designated as agents of divine justice, and the rituals or practices associated with punishment within African religious communities. The findings of this study shed light on the diversity and complexity of African religious systems and their approaches to the punishment of evil. It highlights the cultural, ethical, and theological considerations that underpin these practices, offering insights into the values and beliefs that shape African societies. The implications of this study extend beyond academic discourse. Understanding how African religious systems address the punishment of evil has practical relevance for contemporary issues such as crime, justice, and moral behaviour in African societies. By gaining insights into the mechanisms of punishment and deterrence in African religions, policymakers, scholars, and practitioners can engage in more culturally sensitive and contextually relevant approaches to crime prevention and justice. This study investigates the intricate relationship between human agency and the punishment of evil in African religion. It explores the diverse religious traditions, theological foundations, and cultural practices associated with punishment in African societies. The research contributes to our understanding of African religious systems and their implications for moral behaviour, justice, and social order in contemporary African contexts.
International Journal of Arts and Humanities, 2022
The paper Or Vanya Ka Mngerem (A Visitor is like flood): The Tiv notion of Hospitality examines t... more The paper Or Vanya Ka Mngerem (A Visitor is like flood): The Tiv notion of Hospitality examines the issue of hospitality in Tiv traditional and contemporary society. The motivation for this research is necessitated by the inhospitable nature of contemporary Tiv society. In collecting materials for the documentation of this paper, two main sources of data collection procedures were followed; the primary and secondary sources of data collection. In the primary source of data collection, the phenomenological, observation, and oral interview methods were used. In the secondary source, library materials from documented sources related to the topic under discussion from books, journals, e-sources, newspapers and magazines were collated for use. The paper established that the Tiv were hospitable people in the traditional society and would hardly eat without inviting those present or even passersby. Towards this the Tiv ate in the open court yard or in the ate-the reception hut. However, in the contemporary Tiv society, things have changed with the collapse of the Tiv social values and ethics. No one cares to invite a visitor to a meal or show any sign of hospitality to a guest, wanderer or passersby. In the current state of individualism, the paper calls on the Tiv to note the fact that Or Vanya Ka Mngerem (A Visitor is like flood); therefore like the flood which soon dries and empties itself in the river, a visitor leaves sooner than later. As such, while the visit lasts, the host should treat the guest well and make him/her comfortable. The paper concluded that a return to this basic principle and philosophy will once again propel the Tiv on the threshold of development, peace, tranquility and progress.
In a competitive world where everyone and every system is trying to outdo one another to create a... more In a competitive world where everyone and every system is trying to outdo one another to create a sense of relevance, the tendency of not being satisfied with a particular way in which something has been done over the years is often to copy or emulate what the other is doing. Religion is not free from this tendency; and this creates a situation where some elements or a reasonable chunk of ideas are copied and fussed into a religious tradition from one or more opposing or distinct religious groups. The idea of fusion in religious circles is known as religious syncretism. The paper is motivated by the seemingly fusion of Christian and Islamic patterns of beliefs in the Ethnic Denominations of African Religion in the Benue Valley of Nigeria. The paper adopts the Phenomenological and Analytic Methods. In the area of data collection, two main methods: the primary and secondary methods of data collection have been employed. In the primary source of data collection, observation and oral in...
The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring leg... more The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring legacies from traditional African societies. Until the coming of the colonialists, the traditional institution led by chiefs, emirs, obas, Ezes, etc performed legislative and judicial functions as well as political, religious, social and economic roles etc. The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution among the Tiv was not organised in a systematic manner until the International Journal of Culture and History ISSN 2332-5518 2021, Vol. 8, No. 2 http://ijch.macrothink.org 16 creation of the Tor Tiv stool in 1946. With several reformations, the chieftaincy institution has taken a definite stage in Tiv society. However, the problem of the study has to do with the fact that there has arisen in the Tiv chieftaincy scene; the ator a zan adua (Christian traditional rulers) who rather than protect and preserve Tiv cultural heritage are in the vanguard of the corrosion of a culture they had ...
The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring leg... more The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution is dynamic and one of the most enduring legacies from traditional African societies. Until the coming of the colonialists, the traditional institution led by chiefs, emirs, obas, Ezes, etc performed legislative and judicial functions as well as political, religious, social and economic roles etc. The chieftaincy and traditional rulership institution among the Tiv was not organised in a systematic manner until the creation of the Tor Tiv stool in 1946. With several reformations, the chieftaincy institution has taken a definite stage in Tiv society. However, the problem of the study has to do with the fact that there has arisen in the Tiv chieftaincy scene; the ator a zan adua (Christian traditional rulers) who rather than protect and preserve Tiv cultural heritage are in the vanguard of the corrosion of a culture they had taken an oath to protect and preserve. If prompt action is not taken by the Tiv, their culture would soon disa...
There are two very specific problems that this paper titled "Anyamgba, Anyigba, Ayingba or Ayangb... more There are two very specific problems that this paper titled "Anyamgba, Anyigba, Ayingba or Ayangba? Historical origin and development of a foremost settlement in Igala land" is set out to correct, the first is the question of the correct name for this town as several conjectures abound as to the true nomenclature of this foremost settlement which is now assuming an embarrassing status even in official quarters as the profile of this city continue to grow daily. The second is very similar to the first, who are the original inhabitants and founder(s) of the city? The assertion that "Anyigba chefu ewo etere" i.e. Anyigba is a no man's land has subsisted and flew in conversations for too long that morality, discipline and hierarchy of leadership and obedience is becoming a mirage in the face of increasing socio-cultural, political and economic realities confronting the city. Socio-historic and phenomenological methods were employed by the researcher as he encountered the people via different fronts for data to answer correctly the two questions raised. Justice could be said to have been done in the highlight of probable solutions in the facts here presented but more researches are recommended and the role of the paramount ruler and government authorities in making an official gazette to lay the issues to rest is very sacrosanct and urgent to validate addresses and maps.
The naming ceremony of a new baby is one of the very important rites of passage in African societ... more The naming ceremony of a new baby is one of the very important rites of passage in African societies; it usually takes place as a cultural as well as a religious ceremony. In those traditional societies, the ceremony officially announces the arrival of a newborn , introduces the child to the extended family and the larger community and above all, it conferred on the child a name. The name given to a child can have an enduring influence on their personality and upbringing. However, in more recent times, the forces of modernity, civilization, religious changes and development are greatly having an interplay that has negatively worked against this rich traditional belief and practices today not only among the Igala people but the world over. Borrowing and adulterations of beliefs, norms and values, cultural practices etc. are becoming prevalent, creating a kind of identity crisis especially for the minority ethnic groups. This paper on the topic The Egwele (fourteenth day) Ceremony in Igala Traditional Religion and Culture is an explanation of the cultural cum religious significance of the naming ceremony literally referred to as "egwele (fourteenth day) ceremony" of a child among the Igala people of north central geo-political zone of Nigeria as it differs significantly from the practices of the other ethnic groups within the sub-region as well as the whole of Africa. It also highlights the role of divination (Ifa ebo) and the people's belief in reincarnation before integrating the new born babies into the family/community. The researchers employed oral interview, historical and phenomenological methods along with library sources to establish the right of place for this religious cum cultural ceremony. The paper further accounted for some reasons behind the choice or source of Igala indigenous names and concluded with a recommendation on retaining the ceremony to combat the forces of modernization and religious changes that has negatively affected and eroded this rich heritage of the good Igala people located in Kogi State predominantly but are also found in cluster locations within and outside Nigeria.
Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertain... more Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertainment component e.g. African Magic programmes on satellite television, portray witchcraft as an issue that needs to be addressed. This seminar paper is a religious contribution aimed at creating an understanding of African interpretation of the biblical view of witchcraft. There are several reports of how people suspected to be witches and wizards are treated. Some were killed, arrested, banished on suspicion of witchcraft, to which the response from the Christian sector was diverse and varied. This being the case, the question that arises is, what does the Bible teach in this regard and what is the African interpretation to the biblical view of witchcraft. The most compelling evidence of witchcraft is its mention in both the Old and New Testaments. Although all African Christians read the same Bible, the interpretation differs greatly. This seminar paper attempts to identify, from a historical analytical point of view a number of biblical principles on witchcraft that could be set as guidelines for addressing witchcraft related matters. The work recommends that there should be a careful contextualisation process in the presentation of the gospel, traditional beliefs and practices such as those connected with ways of protecting oneself which often embedded in the people's worldview.
Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertain... more Witchcraft is still an issue in African culture and societies. The media, including the entertainment component e.g. African Magic programmes on satellite television, portray witchcraft as an issue that needs to be addressed. This seminar paper is a religious contribution aimed at creating an understanding of African interpretation of the biblical view of witchcraft. There are several reports of how people suspected to be witches and wizards are treated. Some were killed, arrested, banished on suspicion of witchcraft, to which the response from the Christian sector was diverse and varied. This being the case, the question that arises is, what does the Bible teach in this regard and what is the African interpretation to the biblical view of witchcraft. The most compelling evidence of witchcraft is its mention in both the Old and New Testaments. Although all African Christians read the same Bible, the interpretation differs greatly. This seminar paper attempts to identify, from a historical analytical point of view a number of biblical principles on witchcraft that could be set as guidelines for addressing witchcraft related matters. The work recommends that there should be a careful contextualisation process in the presentation of the gospel, traditional beliefs and practices such as those connected with ways of protecting oneself which often embedded in the people's worldview.
Resource control refers to the access of communities and State Governments to natural resources l... more Resource control refers to the access of communities and State Governments to natural resources located within their boundaries and the freedom to develop and utilize these resources without interference from the Federal Government. Resource control is an actual control of resources by the people who live in communities with these resources for the support of life. The paper is not intended to join the fray of the ongoing campaign for resource control (petroleum) in the Niger Delta or is to judge the merit or otherwise of the agitations for resource control in Nigeria. The paper is motivated by the untold hardships experienced by the Benue farming communities whose lands have been invaded and taken over by the Fulani herdsmen from the year 2012 and heightened with the massacre of 73 defenceless citizens of Benue on 1/1/2018 in Guma and Logo LGAs and the brutal murder of 2 Catholic Priests and 18 worshippers at Mbalom, Gwer East LGA on the 23/4/2018. The study is qualitative and adapts the historical, descriptive and analytic methods. Two methods; the primary and secondary sources were used as data collection apparatuses. In the primary source, oral interviews, and observation methods were employed; while books, journal articles, newspapers and magazines and government gazettes were used in the secondary source. The paper established that, most inhabitants of Benue State are subsistent farmers whose source of livelihood is from the soil which they cultivate their crops for food and means of exchange to solve other socioeconomic problems. The paper also established that the people of Benue State have been denied and deprived of access and or control to the resources found in their land with the invasion and takeover of their land by the Fulani killer herdsmen since 2012. Since it is from the land that Benue people have their wealth; invading and displacing them from their ancestral lands translates to a deprival of the control of the resources of their land for the support of life. This also affects the Benue State government as she loses revenue from markets and taxes that would have come from the displaced. Some of the most noticeable effect of the invasion is population displacement, hunger, malnutrition, disease, poverty, proliferation of small/light weapons. The paper calls on the Federal Government through her security agencies to ensure that the Fulani killer herdsmen are flushed out of Benue State for peace to be restored to pave way for the return of the displaced to their ancestral lands to resume full control of their God-given resources for the support of life and usher them into the next level of development in Nigeria.
Religions: Journal of the Nigerian Association for the Study of Religions, 2020
The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan
in Decem... more The corona virus (COVID-19) as a health challenge broke out in the Chinese city of Wuhan in December, 2019. The respiratory outbreak spread like harmattan fire to other Chinese cities and later emerged in countries abroad notably Spain, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), France, Brazil, Iran, India and the United States of America, leaving behind it a trail of deaths, collapse of the economy, social and religious institutions. The global spread of the virus and its dare consequences prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare it a pandemic in early 2020. No sooner had the virus broke out that scientists went to work in search of drugs and vaccine to cure the disease. The study is motivated by the devastation caused by the virus and the urgent need to have a cure for the disease. Primary and secondary sources were used in collecting data. The observation method was employed in the primary sources; while in the secondary method, documented sources from books, journals, newspapers, E-sources etc were used. The study discovered that the COVID-19 has no known cure yet and those who contract the diseases are symptomatically treated. Also, many drugs/vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. African Traditional Medicine (ATM) has also contributed in the fight against COVID-19 with different herbal remedies. The most prominent being the COVID-Organics from Madagascar. The study also established that the herbal drug was greeted with mixed feelings as Africans welcomed the feat while the west doubted its efficacy on the grounds of scientific verification. The study views this development as a “kill joy” attitude which emanates from the west that believes nothing good will ever come out of Africa. The negative attitude is also capable of dampening morale and preventing further discoveries. The study views that goodness and badness are universal truths and anything good is good everywhere; thus the west should desist from its campaign of calumny against Africa.
Pentecostalism is a modern Christian group which has its roots in the USA.. Pentecostals believe ... more Pentecostalism is a modern Christian group which has its roots in the USA.. Pentecostals believe in and emphasise the importance of the Holy Spirit to the individual and the church. Pentecostalism is a derivative of the biblical word Pentecost which implies the out-pouring of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles after the death and ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven, the Holy Spirit has thus, remained with the church to death. The paper used both the primary and secondary sources for its data collection. It established that: In Nigeria Pentecostalism did not begin until in the 1970s. Before this time, other mainline churches dominated the Nigerian Religious scene. As late comers to the Nigerian Religious scene, the Pentecostals have a lot of challenges to win souls from other churches. They (Pentecostals) have therefore, deviced strategies to cope with the monopoly of the mainline churches. The paper briefly traces the origin of Pentecostalism in Nigeria. Then the basic characteristic features of Pentecostalism are stated including the reasons for the upsurge of Pentecostalism in Nigeria. Efforts are also made to discuss the challenges and the strategies they have adopted to cope with monopoly of the mainline churches. In the final analysis, recommendations are made for a way forward and a conclusion drawn.
Adega, A. P. (2018). Kwav (Age Group) as an Agent of Grassroots level Development in Central Nigeria.. Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies. 2 (1), 2018: 50 – 60., 2018
The age group/age grade system is known to foster unity and cohesion amongst its members in Afric... more The age group/age grade system is known to foster unity and cohesion amongst its members in Africa generally and among the Tiv of central Nigeria in particular. It is often a thing of pride for a particular age group to beat its chest in satisfaction over a project it has successfully executed in its community. Such projects facilitate the development of the grass root areas in Africa. The study entitled Kwav (age group) as an agent of grassroots development amongst the Tiv of central Nigeria is motivated by the aim to investigate into the activities of kwav as regards its roles in the development of Tiv land in central Nigeria. The study employed both the primary and secondary sources of data collection drawn from oral interviews, personal observation, books, journals etc in that sequence. The findings of the study show that the kwav are deeply involved in developmental activities in their various communities including: rural roads construction and maintenance, bridges, protection of members from tsav (witchcraft) as well as the promotion of high moral values and sexual discipline in Tiv society. The attributes above have enormously facilitated the grassroots development of Tivland. Similarly, the kwav has engendered healthy competition among members and between one kwav group in the community and another. The study also established that even though the advent of Christianity, western education and civilization have generally weaned the influence of the kwav system among the Tiv; it has nevertheless survived and metamorphosed into different cleavages like alumni associations, teachers associations, course mates and other such related professional associations. All these still perform the same functions to members and the society at large. It is on the basis of the preceding fact that the study calls on the kwav to form cooperative societies to access government patronage in form of man power, finances and resources to facilitate the execution of projects to further enhance the grassroots development of Tivland. Also acknowledging the fact that development is often a dual carriage way involving the benefitting community and the government and or Non-governmental Organisation (NGO), the study calls on the Tiv to reinvigorate the kwav age grade system for the transformation of the grassroots and overall development of Tivland.
The African continent in the time past, the social structure-cum-political economy of various soc... more The African continent in the time past, the social structure-cum-political economy of various societies was predicated with the influence and activities of secret societies and cult groups like the Ogboni, Okonkwo, Ekpe, Zangbeto, Owegbe, Poro and Sande etc. which serve as the pivot around which tradition/culture, religion and social control revolves. They were safely regarded as indigenous institutions that exercised a sort of traditional/cultural control and maintain social and religious cohesion among the people as well as some governmental functions. This paper examines Ebo, Iye-Uny'ejima and Egwu (Masquerades) as Security and Social Control Mechanisms among the Igala People of North-Central Nigeria. The paper employed Historical and Phenomenological methods. In the area of data collection, the primary and secondary sources were used. In the primary sources, oral interviews and observation procedures were used. On the other hand, the secondary sources, journals, books, newspapers and magazines as well as e-sources were used. The data collected was analytically presented. The paper found out that just like several societies across Africa, the Igala people of North-Central Nigeria have their "Ancestral Cults" which represent the highest height of traditional secret society and cult groups which every adult male aspires to be a member of, this Ancestral cult trickled down into the 'masquerades (incarnate being) phenomenon' and Ebo which is regarded as principally a male affair and thus excludes all women and children (with few exception(s) from the scheme of activities. The paper also discovered that these cult groups served the Igala as security and social control mechanisms as they adjudicated in conflicts and secured the people. The paper observed that secrecy, metaphysics, mysticism, telepathy, clairvoyance, esoteric, magical powers of influence, exorcism, hypnosis, channeling and necromancy are the hallmarks of operations in the activities of secret cults among the Igala people. It concludes that the phenomenon of secret cults among the Igala people has both the negative and positive sides.
The paper An Assessment of the Contributions of Asian Religions to the Development of the Asian C... more The paper An Assessment of the Contributions of Asian Religions to the Development of the Asian Continent: Lessons for Africa examined the role of Asian religions in the economic, socio-political, religio-cultural and moral development of the Asian continent and the lessons the African continent can pool to her own development in the 21 st century. The paper is qualitative in nature and principally relies on library materials for its documentation. The paper adopts the Historical, Descriptive and Analytic methods. The paper employed the primary and secondary sources. In the primary source, information was obtained from the observation method; whereas in the secondary source, the paper obtained information from published materials such as textbooks, journals, newspapers/magazines and electronic sources. The paper established that the Asian religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism and Jainism greatly contributed to the economic, socio-political, religio-cultural and moral development of the Asian continent. This was made possible by the leadership strictly adhering to the teachings of these religious-philosophies. For instance, Confucianism in its socio-political teachings on good governance admonished those in position of authority to be mindful that they were in such leadership positions to impact on the lives of the masses; not as an avenue to enrich themselves. This is opposed to the African continent where the political leaders from the art of governance into private estates and run their countries as their own private properties. This is opposed to Africa where those in position of authority see their elevation as an opportunity to get a share of the national wealth/cake; this has greatly retarded development on the African continent. The paper calls on Africans and the leadership in particular to borrow a leaf from the teachings of these religious philosophies of Asian to influence development on the African continent which has lagged behind developmentally due to leadership ineptitude.
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Papers by Dr. Andrew Philips Adega
which African religions conceptualise and enact punishment for immoral or evil acts, focusing on the role of human agents in administering and carrying out these punishments. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates cultural anthropology, religious studies, and ethics, this research delves into the diverse religious traditions across the African continent. It explores
how African religious systems incorporate the notion of divine punishment as a means to maintain social order, uphold moral standards, and deter individuals from engaging in immoral behaviour. The study also examines the underlying theological and philosophical foundations that inform the punishment of evil within African religious frameworks. It explores concepts such as karma, ancestral spirits, and divine justice, investigating how these beliefs shape the understanding of punishment and its significance in African religious thought. Furthermore, the research explores the roles and responsibilities of human agents in the administration of punishment. It examines the cultural and societal mechanisms through which individuals are designated as agents of divine justice, and the rituals or practices associated with punishment within African religious communities. The findings of this study shed light on the diversity and complexity of African religious systems and their approaches to the punishment of evil. It highlights the cultural, ethical, and theological considerations that underpin these practices, offering insights into the values and beliefs that shape African societies. The implications of this study extend beyond academic discourse. Understanding how African religious systems address the punishment of evil has practical relevance for contemporary issues such as crime, justice, and moral behaviour in African societies. By gaining insights into the mechanisms of punishment and deterrence in African religions, policymakers, scholars, and practitioners can engage in more culturally sensitive and contextually relevant approaches to crime prevention and justice. This study investigates the intricate relationship between human agency and the punishment of evil in African religion. It explores the diverse religious traditions, theological foundations, and cultural practices associated with punishment in African societies. The research contributes to our understanding of African religious systems and their implications for moral behaviour, justice, and social order in contemporary African contexts.
in December, 2019. The respiratory outbreak spread like harmattan fire to other Chinese
cities and later emerged in countries abroad notably Spain, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom
(UK), France, Brazil, Iran, India and the United States of America, leaving behind it a trail of
deaths, collapse of the economy, social and religious institutions. The global spread of the
virus and its dare consequences prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare it
a pandemic in early 2020. No sooner had the virus broke out that scientists went to work in
search of drugs and vaccine to cure the disease. The study is motivated by the devastation
caused by the virus and the urgent need to have a cure for the disease. Primary and secondary
sources were used in collecting data. The observation method was employed in the primary
sources; while in the secondary method, documented sources from books, journals,
newspapers, E-sources etc were used. The study discovered that the COVID-19 has no
known cure yet and those who contract the diseases are symptomatically treated. Also, many
drugs/vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. African Traditional Medicine (ATM) has also
contributed in the fight against COVID-19 with different herbal remedies. The most
prominent being the COVID-Organics from Madagascar. The study also established that the
herbal drug was greeted with mixed feelings as Africans welcomed the feat while the west
doubted its efficacy on the grounds of scientific verification. The study views this
development as a “kill joy” attitude which emanates from the west that believes nothing good
will ever come out of Africa. The negative attitude is also capable of dampening morale and
preventing further discoveries. The study views that goodness and badness are universal
truths and anything good is good everywhere; thus the west should desist from its campaign
of calumny against Africa.
which African religions conceptualise and enact punishment for immoral or evil acts, focusing on the role of human agents in administering and carrying out these punishments. Drawing upon a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates cultural anthropology, religious studies, and ethics, this research delves into the diverse religious traditions across the African continent. It explores
how African religious systems incorporate the notion of divine punishment as a means to maintain social order, uphold moral standards, and deter individuals from engaging in immoral behaviour. The study also examines the underlying theological and philosophical foundations that inform the punishment of evil within African religious frameworks. It explores concepts such as karma, ancestral spirits, and divine justice, investigating how these beliefs shape the understanding of punishment and its significance in African religious thought. Furthermore, the research explores the roles and responsibilities of human agents in the administration of punishment. It examines the cultural and societal mechanisms through which individuals are designated as agents of divine justice, and the rituals or practices associated with punishment within African religious communities. The findings of this study shed light on the diversity and complexity of African religious systems and their approaches to the punishment of evil. It highlights the cultural, ethical, and theological considerations that underpin these practices, offering insights into the values and beliefs that shape African societies. The implications of this study extend beyond academic discourse. Understanding how African religious systems address the punishment of evil has practical relevance for contemporary issues such as crime, justice, and moral behaviour in African societies. By gaining insights into the mechanisms of punishment and deterrence in African religions, policymakers, scholars, and practitioners can engage in more culturally sensitive and contextually relevant approaches to crime prevention and justice. This study investigates the intricate relationship between human agency and the punishment of evil in African religion. It explores the diverse religious traditions, theological foundations, and cultural practices associated with punishment in African societies. The research contributes to our understanding of African religious systems and their implications for moral behaviour, justice, and social order in contemporary African contexts.
in December, 2019. The respiratory outbreak spread like harmattan fire to other Chinese
cities and later emerged in countries abroad notably Spain, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom
(UK), France, Brazil, Iran, India and the United States of America, leaving behind it a trail of
deaths, collapse of the economy, social and religious institutions. The global spread of the
virus and its dare consequences prompted the World Health Organisation (WHO) to declare it
a pandemic in early 2020. No sooner had the virus broke out that scientists went to work in
search of drugs and vaccine to cure the disease. The study is motivated by the devastation
caused by the virus and the urgent need to have a cure for the disease. Primary and secondary
sources were used in collecting data. The observation method was employed in the primary
sources; while in the secondary method, documented sources from books, journals,
newspapers, E-sources etc were used. The study discovered that the COVID-19 has no
known cure yet and those who contract the diseases are symptomatically treated. Also, many
drugs/vaccines are undergoing clinical trials. African Traditional Medicine (ATM) has also
contributed in the fight against COVID-19 with different herbal remedies. The most
prominent being the COVID-Organics from Madagascar. The study also established that the
herbal drug was greeted with mixed feelings as Africans welcomed the feat while the west
doubted its efficacy on the grounds of scientific verification. The study views this
development as a “kill joy” attitude which emanates from the west that believes nothing good
will ever come out of Africa. The negative attitude is also capable of dampening morale and
preventing further discoveries. The study views that goodness and badness are universal
truths and anything good is good everywhere; thus the west should desist from its campaign
of calumny against Africa.