The feasibility of manufacturing phosphate
bonded wood composite board products from four locally... more The feasibility of manufacturing phosphate bonded wood composite board products from four locally occurring invasive acacia tree species (Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, A. mearnsii and A. longifolia) was studied using a formulated magnesium oxide (MgO) and monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) binder system. The optimization for the manufacturing process was studied using a central composite statistical design, whereupon the following factors were considered, i.e. KH2PO4: MgO ratio, the fly ash content as partial replacement for the binder and the wood content as a ratio of wood to the total inorganic content. A fitted response surface plot was used to show the effect of the main factors and their interactions on the measured board properties. A response surface model was developed to predict the parameters leading to the best board properties. All physical properties evaluated met or exceeded the minimum requirements for low density particleboards. The results showed that the variables considered have significant effects on the physical properties of the boards. The optimum composite manufacturing process for making durable products within the scope of the studied species was found to be a KH2PO4/MgO ratio of 1.66, an ash content of 2.7% and a wood/inorganic ratio of 0.96 for the selected wood species.
This study investigates the potential use of magnesium based phosphate cement prepared from a hea... more This study investigates the potential use of magnesium based phosphate cement prepared from a heavy magnesium oxide and monopotassium phosphate as a binder for the production of composite panels using bio-based industrial residues such as bagasse, hemp hurds, pine sawdust, paper mill sludge and wastepaper as raw materials. These residues were used to produce lightweight and durable materials that can compare with current Portland cement based products. The phosphate binder is fast setting, cold curing and has a low carbon footprint compared to its Portland cement counterpart. The development of phosphate bonded board products promises to reduce the energy requirements in the manufacturing process of board products, and also provides an alternative route for disposal or value addition to bio-based residues by developing environmentally friendly products. The board manufacturing process was laid out on a central composite design (CCD) to model the response variable, utilizing as much residues as technically feasible. The design allowed for the production of low and medium density boards that can be used for non-structural interior finishes and partition boards. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to show the relationships between the production variables and predict the board property by variable optimisation. Tests of mechanical and physical properties were conducted on the boards. The density of hemp boards ranged from 0.59–0.83 g/cm 3 , bagasse boards ranged from 0.54–0.78 g/cm 3 , pine boards ranged from 0.58–0.84 g/cm 3 , paper sludge boards ranged from 0.68–0.81 g/cm 3 and wastepaper boards ranged from 0.67–0.81 g/cm 3. The study has shown that it is feasible to produce phosphate based board products using bio based industrial and agricultural residues. The physical properties of the products met the minimum requirements for cement bonded particleboard (EN 634:2007) and LD-1 grade particle board (ANSI 208.1:1999).
The feasibility of manufacturing phosphate
bonded wood composite board products from four locally... more The feasibility of manufacturing phosphate bonded wood composite board products from four locally occurring invasive acacia tree species (Acacia cyclops, A. saligna, A. mearnsii and A. longifolia) was studied using a formulated magnesium oxide (MgO) and monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4) binder system. The optimization for the manufacturing process was studied using a central composite statistical design, whereupon the following factors were considered, i.e. KH2PO4: MgO ratio, the fly ash content as partial replacement for the binder and the wood content as a ratio of wood to the total inorganic content. A fitted response surface plot was used to show the effect of the main factors and their interactions on the measured board properties. A response surface model was developed to predict the parameters leading to the best board properties. All physical properties evaluated met or exceeded the minimum requirements for low density particleboards. The results showed that the variables considered have significant effects on the physical properties of the boards. The optimum composite manufacturing process for making durable products within the scope of the studied species was found to be a KH2PO4/MgO ratio of 1.66, an ash content of 2.7% and a wood/inorganic ratio of 0.96 for the selected wood species.
This study investigates the potential use of magnesium based phosphate cement prepared from a hea... more This study investigates the potential use of magnesium based phosphate cement prepared from a heavy magnesium oxide and monopotassium phosphate as a binder for the production of composite panels using bio-based industrial residues such as bagasse, hemp hurds, pine sawdust, paper mill sludge and wastepaper as raw materials. These residues were used to produce lightweight and durable materials that can compare with current Portland cement based products. The phosphate binder is fast setting, cold curing and has a low carbon footprint compared to its Portland cement counterpart. The development of phosphate bonded board products promises to reduce the energy requirements in the manufacturing process of board products, and also provides an alternative route for disposal or value addition to bio-based residues by developing environmentally friendly products. The board manufacturing process was laid out on a central composite design (CCD) to model the response variable, utilizing as much residues as technically feasible. The design allowed for the production of low and medium density boards that can be used for non-structural interior finishes and partition boards. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to show the relationships between the production variables and predict the board property by variable optimisation. Tests of mechanical and physical properties were conducted on the boards. The density of hemp boards ranged from 0.59–0.83 g/cm 3 , bagasse boards ranged from 0.54–0.78 g/cm 3 , pine boards ranged from 0.58–0.84 g/cm 3 , paper sludge boards ranged from 0.68–0.81 g/cm 3 and wastepaper boards ranged from 0.67–0.81 g/cm 3. The study has shown that it is feasible to produce phosphate based board products using bio based industrial and agricultural residues. The physical properties of the products met the minimum requirements for cement bonded particleboard (EN 634:2007) and LD-1 grade particle board (ANSI 208.1:1999).
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Papers by S. Amiandamhen
bonded wood composite board products from four locally
occurring invasive acacia tree species (Acacia cyclops, A.
saligna, A. mearnsii and A. longifolia) was studied using
a formulated magnesium oxide (MgO) and monopotassium
phosphate (KH2PO4) binder system. The optimization
for the manufacturing process was studied using a central
composite statistical design, whereupon the following factors
were considered, i.e. KH2PO4: MgO ratio, the fly ash
content as partial replacement for the binder and the wood
content as a ratio of wood to the total inorganic content.
A fitted response surface plot was used to show the effect
of the main factors and their interactions on the measured
board properties. A response surface model was developed
to predict the parameters leading to the best board properties.
All physical properties evaluated met or exceeded
the minimum requirements for low density particleboards.
The results showed that the variables considered have significant
effects on the physical properties of the boards.
The optimum composite manufacturing process for making
durable products within the scope of the studied species
was found to be a KH2PO4/MgO ratio of 1.66, an ash
content of 2.7% and a wood/inorganic ratio of 0.96 for the
selected wood species.
bonded wood composite board products from four locally
occurring invasive acacia tree species (Acacia cyclops, A.
saligna, A. mearnsii and A. longifolia) was studied using
a formulated magnesium oxide (MgO) and monopotassium
phosphate (KH2PO4) binder system. The optimization
for the manufacturing process was studied using a central
composite statistical design, whereupon the following factors
were considered, i.e. KH2PO4: MgO ratio, the fly ash
content as partial replacement for the binder and the wood
content as a ratio of wood to the total inorganic content.
A fitted response surface plot was used to show the effect
of the main factors and their interactions on the measured
board properties. A response surface model was developed
to predict the parameters leading to the best board properties.
All physical properties evaluated met or exceeded
the minimum requirements for low density particleboards.
The results showed that the variables considered have significant
effects on the physical properties of the boards.
The optimum composite manufacturing process for making
durable products within the scope of the studied species
was found to be a KH2PO4/MgO ratio of 1.66, an ash
content of 2.7% and a wood/inorganic ratio of 0.96 for the
selected wood species.