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Nenda kwa yaliyomo

Parasitamoli

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru

Paracetamol (pia inajulikana kama acetaminophen) ni dawa inayotumika kutibu maumivu na homa.[1][2] Dawa hii kawaida hutumiwa kupunguza maumivu ya chini hadi ya wastani.[1] Ushahidi umechanganyika kuhusiana na matumizi yake ili kupunguza homa kwa watoto.[3][4] Mara nyingi huuzwa pamoja na dawa zingine, kama vile dawa nyingi za baridi.[1] Paracetamol pia hutumiwa kwa maumivu makali, kama vile maumivu ya saratani na maumivu baada ya upasuaji, pamoja na dawa za maumivu ya afyuni.[5] Kwa kawaida, dawa hii hutumiwa ima kwa mdomo au kwa njia ya haja kubwa, lakini pia inapatikana kwa kudungwa sindano kwenye mshipa.[1][6] Madhara yake hudumu kati ya saa mbili hadi nne.[6]

Paracetamol kwa ujumla ni salama katika kipimo kilichopendekezwa.[7] Kiwango cha juu cha kila siku kilichopendekezwa kwa mtu mzima ni gramu tatu hadi nne.[8][9] Viwango vya juu vinaweza kusababisha sumu, pamoja na kushindwa kwa ini.[1] Upele mkubwa wa ngozi unaweza kutokea mara chache.[1] Inaonekana kuwa salama wakati wa ujauzito na wakati wa kunyonyesha.[1] Kwa wale walio na ugonjwa wa ini, bado inaweza kutumika, lakini kwa kipimo cha chini.[10] Imeainishwa kama dawa ya kutuliza maumivu.[6] Haina shughuli kubwa ya kupambana na mwasho.[11] Jinsi inavyofanya kazi sio wazi kabisa.[11]

Paracetamol ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1877.[12] Ni dawa inayotumika sana kwa maumivu na homa nchini Marekani na Ulaya.[13] Iko kwenye Orodha ya Dawa Muhimu ya Shirika la Afya Ulimwenguni. [14] Paracetamol inapatikana kama dawa ya kawaida, na majina ya chapa ikiwa ni pamoja na Tylenol na Panadol miongoni mwa mengine. [15] Bei yake ya jumla katika nchi zinazoendelea ni chini ya US$0.01 kwa kila dozi.[16] Nchini Marekani, inagharimu takriban US$0.04 kwa kila dozi.[17] Mnamo mwaka wa 2017, ilikuwa dawa ya 25 inayoagizwa zaidi nchini Marekani, ikiwa na maagizo zaidi ya milioni ishirini na nne.[18] [19]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "Acetaminophen". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 5 Juni 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Septemba 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. Lee, WM (Desemba 2017). "Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?". Journal of Hepatology. 67 (6): 1324–1331. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.005. PMC 5696016. PMID 28734939.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A (2002). "Paracetamol for treating fever in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2): CD003676. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003676. PMC 6532671. PMID 12076499.
  4. de Martino M, Chiarugi A (2015). "Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management". Pain and Therapy. 4 (2): 149–168. doi:10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z. PMC 4676765. PMID 26518691.
  5. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2008). "6.1 and 7.1.1" (PDF). Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer. Scotland: National Health Service (NHS). ISBN 9781905813384. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 20 Desemba 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hochhauser, Daniel (2014). Cancer and its Management. John Wiley & Sons. uk. 119. ISBN 9781118468715. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. Russell FM, Shann F, Curtis N, Mulholland K (2003). "Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 81 (5): 367–72. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2572451. PMID 12856055.
  8. "Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever". National Health Service. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Agosti 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Agosti 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. "What are the recommended maximum daily dosages of acetaminophen in adults and children?". Medscape. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 21 Desemba 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Desemba 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. Lewis JH, Stine JG (Juni 2013). "Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 37 (12): 1132–56. doi:10.1111/apt.12324. PMID 23638982.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. 11.0 11.1 McKay, Gerard A.; Walters, Matthew R. (2013). "Non-Opioid Analgesics". Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (tol. la 9th). Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 9781118344897. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Agosti 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. Mangus, Brent C.; Miller, Michael G. (2005). Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis. uk. 39. ISBN 9780803620278. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Agosti 2020.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. Aghababian, Richard V. (22 Oktoba 2010). Essentials of emergency medicine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. uk. 814. ISBN 978-1-4496-1846-9. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 17 Agosti 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  14. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  15. Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition (tol. la 27th). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones & Bartlett Learning. uk. 12. ISBN 9781449665869. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 8 Septemba 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  16. "Paracetamol". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 22 Januari 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Januari 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  17. "Acetaminophen prices, coupons and patient assistance programs". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 16 Februari 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Februari 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  18. "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Februari 2021. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Februari 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  19. "Acetaminophen Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 12 Aprili 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo 11 Aprili 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)