Umani
Umani (au Umanikeo, kutoka jina la Kiingereza "Manicheism") ni dini iliyoanzishwa na Mani (216-274 hivi) huko Mesopotamia, wakati ilikuwa sehemu ya milki ya Uajemi katika karne ya 3 BK.
Mani alibuni dini yake kwa kusudi akilenga kuunganisha Uzoroasta, Ukristo na Ubuddha. Alitazama ulimwengu kuwa na nguvu mbili ambazo ni mwanga na giza, sawa na mema na mabaya. Dini hiyo ilifuata ujuzilio na kuenea sana katika Uajemi, upande wa magharibi katika Dola la Roma na upande wa mashariki hadi China.
Kati ya watu walioisadiki, maarufu zaidi ni Augustino wa Hippo, aliyoifuata kwa miaka kadhaa kabla hajaongokea Ukristo wa Kanisa Katoliki na kutunga maandiko dhidi ya Umani.
Katika karne zilizofuata, jina la "Umani" lilitumiwa na waandishi Wakristo dhidi ya mafundisho mbalimbali yaliyotazamiwa kama uzushi na kuonyesha tabia za uwili, hata kama hazikutokana na Umani wa kihistoria.
Viungo vya Nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
- Catholic Encyclopedia – Manichæism public domain, published 1917.
- International Association of Manichaean Studies
- Manichaean and Christian Remains in Zayton (Quanzhou, South China) Archived 19 Julai 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- Religions of Iran: Manichaeism by I.J.S. Taraporewala
Tafsiri za Kiingereza kwa vyanzo vya Kimani
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- A summary of the Manichaean creation myth
- Manichaean Writings
- Manicheism. Complete bibliography and selection of Manichaean source texts in PDF format:
- The Book of the Giants by W.B. Henning, 1943
- Nag Hammadi and Manichaean Studies (NHMS) series from Brill (various volumes containing English translations of Manichaean texts)