This article contributes to the literature on One Health and public health ethics by expanding th... more This article contributes to the literature on One Health and public health ethics by expanding the principle of solidarity. We conceptualize solidarity to encompass not only practices intended to assist other people, but also practices intended to assist non-human others, including animals, plants, or places. To illustrate how manifestations of humanist and more-than-human solidarity may selectively complement one another, or collide, recent responses to Hendra virus in Australia and Rabies virus in Canada serve as case examples. Given that caring relationships are foundational to health promotion, people’s efforts to care for non-human others are highly relevant to public health, even when these efforts conflict with edicts issued in the name of public health. In its most optimistic explication,One Health aims to attain optimal health for humans, non-human animals and their shared environments. As a field, public health ethics needs to move beyond an exclusive preoccupation with humans, so as to account for moral complexity arising from people’s diverse connections with places, plants, and non-human animals.
This chapter addresses the representational politics of endemicity, arguing provocatively that vi... more This chapter addresses the representational politics of endemicity, arguing provocatively that viruses don’t kill people—people kill people. In pursuit of this claim, the authors develop a framework derived from historical studies of public health and from contemporary research in Structural One Health to argue that endemicity is not a natural phenomenon but is rather produced by social and economic policies. The authors argue that causal relations of endemic disease must be restructured in the popular imaginary. This chapter uses epidemics with isolated examples of “endemic” instances (tuberculosis in particular) to consider hierarchies and levels of cause, how these relate to global political economy, and with what implications for preventive and responsive action.
Health promotion views collaborations between local governments and citizens as key to improving ... more Health promotion views collaborations between local governments and citizens as key to improving health and lessening inequities in urban areas. Public parks, which are typically managed by local governments, are key settings for promoting physical activity, positive social interactions and overall well-being. Yet research on civic participation in park management is essentially absent from the health promotion literature. When the City of Calgary began to implement a new policy on off-leash dogs in parks, we had an opportunity to study civic participation in decision-making. We did so by examining policy documents, participating in meetings and conducting interviews. Off-leash parks have particular relevance for health promotion because they may support physical activity and networking for some, but may escalate conflict and deter park use amongst others. In this case study, the local government engaged citizens in developing an overarching off-leash policy for the city as a whole and in implementing the new policy at the level of neighbourhoods. Of the first three parks to be considered under the new policy, an off-leash area was ultimately designated in just one: a park located in a disadvantaged neighbourhood. By exploring this unexpected outcome, our case study suggests that public engagement, as practiced by local policymakers, may differ from community participation, as endorsed in health promotion. Further reflection on the meaning of ‘public’ is warranted in public health.
As a field, medical anthropology has contributed robust critiques of biomedical science as well a... more As a field, medical anthropology has contributed robust critiques of biomedical science as well as thoughtful explorations of embodiment at multiple scales. Questions about environmental health have been mounted within medical anthropology, yet have not tended to incorporate anthropological explorations of science and technology in relation to embodiment. Meanwhile, anthropological explorations of how spaces are perceived and inhabited have been advanced, and thus far, appear to have been received more readily in fields such as health geography, urban geography, and animal geography than in medical anthropology. In fact, the terminology of medical anthropology could present a discursive boundary to active and effective praxis in the domain of environmental health, for example, through classifying studies as being of or in medicine. Concretely, the essay will focus attention on the recent work of an environmental anthropologist, Tim Ingold, and especially on his examination of the concepts of “network” and “meshwork.” This discussion will open up questions of how bodies and environments are fashioned, materially and symbolically, while also underscoring the permeability and perishability of both human and nonhuman bodies. The proposed essay will thus argue for a more robust accounting of nonhuman animals and technological artifacts in medical anthropology’s rendering of environments. In doing so, this essay will call upon medical anthropologists and environmental anthropologists to engage with the field of public health known as health promotion. This subfield of public health presents a different point of entry for critical analysis and engaged scholarship than clinical practice (broadly conceived) or biomedical science.
Deliberative methods are of increasing interest to public health researchers and policymakers. We... more Deliberative methods are of increasing interest to public health researchers and policymakers. We systematically searched the peer-reviewed literature to identify public health and health policy research involving deliberative methods and report how deliberative methods have been used. We applied a taxonomy developed with reference to health policy and science and technology studies literatures to distinguish how deliberative methods engage different publics: citizens (ordinary people who are unfamiliar with the issues), consumers (those with relevant personal experience e.g. of illness) and advocates (those with technical expertise or partisan interests). We searched four databases for empirical studies in English published 1996-2013. This identified 78 articles reporting on 62 distinct events from the UK, USA, Canada, Australasia, Europe, Israel, Asia and Africa. Ten different types of deliberative techniques were used to represent and capture the interests and preferences of diff...
Es poco probable que las innovaciones biomédicas ofrezcan medidas eficaces y éticas para el cont... more Es poco probable que las innovaciones biomédicas ofrezcan medidas eficaces y éticas para el control de la tuberculosis (TB) si no se acompañan de una investigación complementaria en ciencias sociales. Sin embargo, un interés acentuado en el trabajo interdisciplinario suele verse obstaculizado por diferencias en el lenguaje y los conceptos especí́ficosde los enfoques de cada disciplina. En consecuencia, los investigadores de la sciencias biológicas y sociales deben aprendera comunicarse entre sí. En el presente artí́culo se destacan conceptos básicos en materia de TB, desde la perspectiva de la antropología médica y la sociología de la salud. Condensar estos conceptos en un marco introductorio tiene por objeto hacer que este material sea más accessible a los investigadores en los entornos de laboratorio y clínico y en el terreno, además de incitar cada vez más a los científicos de las ciencias sociales a participar en la investigación de la TB dirigida a los grupos clave, con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de las intervenciones programáticas. Con fines pedagógicos, los conceptos primordiales se agruparon en las siguientes tres categorías: 1) estructuras y entornos, que abarcan temas generales como las sindemias, las características biológicas locales, la medicalización, la violencia estructural y la vigilancia; 2) las prácticas y los procedimientos, que comprenden el género, los estigmas, los tabúes y la culpabilización de las víctimas; y 3) la experiencia y la asimilación cultural, que incluyen los discursos sobre las enfermedades, la ruptura biográfica y el nominalismo dinámico. Al ayudar a abordar esta literatura, se espera fomentar las conversaciones interdisciplinarias entre los profesionales de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. La TB es una enfermedad social por excelencia y su control será má́s eficaz cuando se aplique una estrategia polifacética de investigación.
Public discourses have influence on policymaking for emerging health issues. Media representation... more Public discourses have influence on policymaking for emerging health issues. Media representations of unfolding events, scientific uncertainty, and real and perceived risks shape public acceptance of health policy and therefore policy outcomes. To characterize and track views in popular circulation on the causes, consequences and appropriate policy responses to the emergence of Hendra virus as a zoonotic risk, this study examines coverage of this issue in Australian mass media for the period 2007-2011. Results demonstrate the predominant explanation for the emergence of Hendra became the encroachment of flying fox populations on human settlement. Depictions of scientific uncertainty as to whom and what was at risk from Hendra virus promoted the view that flying foxes were a direct risk to human health. Descriptions of the best strategy to address Hendra have become polarized between recognized health authorities advocating individualized behaviour changes to limit risk exposure; versus populist calls for flying fox control and eradication. Less than a quarter of news reports describe the ecological determinants of emerging infectious disease or upstream policy solutions. Because flying foxes rather than horses were increasingly represented as the proximal source of human infection, existing policies of flying fox protection became equated with government inaction; the plight of those affected by flying foxes representative of a moral failure. These findings illustrate the potential for health communications for emerging infectious disease risks to become entangled in other political agendas, with implications for the public's likelihood of supporting public policy and risk management strategies that require behavioural change or seek to address the ecological drivers of incidence.
Advances in veterinary orthopaedics are assessed on their ability to improve the function and wel... more Advances in veterinary orthopaedics are assessed on their ability to improve the function and wellbeing of animal patients. And yet historically veterinarians have struggled to bridge the divide between an animal's physicality and its interior experience of its function in clinical settings. For much of the twentieth century, most practitioners were agnostic to the possibility of animal mentation and its implications for suffering. This attitude has changed as veterinarians adapted to technological innovations and the emergence of a clientele who claimed to understand and relate to the subjective experiences of their animals. While visualising technologies and human analogies have shaped the nuts and bolts of veterinary orthopaedic practices, an emerging awareness of the inability of radiographic images to apprehend or correlate to a patient's experience of their function reliably has required veterinarians to place a greater emphasis on the owner's knowledge of the &quo...
Since the 1990s, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) has been the gold standard for monitoring glycaemic... more Since the 1990s, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) has been the gold standard for monitoring glycaemic control in people diagnosed as having either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Discussions are underway about diagnosing diabetes mellitus on the basis of HbA1C titres and using HbA1C tests to screen for T2DM. These discussions have focused on the relative benefits for individual patients, with some attention directed towards reduced costs to healthcare systems and benefits to society. We argue that there are strong ethical reasons for adopting HbA1C-based diagnosis and T2DM screening that have not yet been articulated. The rationale includes the differential impact of HbA1C-based diabetic testing on disadvantaged groups, and what we are beginning to learn about HbA1C vis-à-vis population health. Although it is arguable that screening must primarily benefit the individual, using HbA1C to diagnose and screen for T2DM may promote a more just distribution ...
Public health arguments for collecting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data, particularly in clinical sett... more Public health arguments for collecting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data, particularly in clinical settings, should be reframed to place more emphasis on nonmedical determinants of population health. We compare individual- with population-level interpretations of HbA1c titers. This comparison reveals that public health researchers need to pay close attention to diagnostic tests and their uses, including rhetorical uses. We also synthesize historical and current evidence to map out 2 possible scenarios for the future. In the first scenario, prevention efforts emphasize primary care and focus almost entirely downstream. The second scenario anticipates downstream interventions but also upstream interventions targeting environments. Our analysis adapts actor-network theory to strategic planning and forecasting in public health.
Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, 2012
Abstract: Weight-related health problems have become a common topic in Western mass media. News c... more Abstract: Weight-related health problems have become a common topic in Western mass media. News coverage has also extended to overweight pets, particularly since 2003 when the US National Academy of Sciences announced that obesity was also afflicting co-habiting companion animals in record numbers. To characterize and track views in popular circulation on causes, consequences, and responsibilities vis-à-vis weight gain and obesity, in pets as well as in people, this study examines portrayals of overweight dogs that ...
This article contributes to the literature on One Health and public health ethics by expanding th... more This article contributes to the literature on One Health and public health ethics by expanding the principle of solidarity. We conceptualize solidarity to encompass not only practices intended to assist other people, but also practices intended to assist non-human others, including animals, plants, or places. To illustrate how manifestations of humanist and more-than-human solidarity may selectively complement one another, or collide, recent responses to Hendra virus in Australia and Rabies virus in Canada serve as case examples. Given that caring relationships are foundational to health promotion, people’s efforts to care for non-human others are highly relevant to public health, even when these efforts conflict with edicts issued in the name of public health. In its most optimistic explication,One Health aims to attain optimal health for humans, non-human animals and their shared environments. As a field, public health ethics needs to move beyond an exclusive preoccupation with humans, so as to account for moral complexity arising from people’s diverse connections with places, plants, and non-human animals.
This chapter addresses the representational politics of endemicity, arguing provocatively that vi... more This chapter addresses the representational politics of endemicity, arguing provocatively that viruses don’t kill people—people kill people. In pursuit of this claim, the authors develop a framework derived from historical studies of public health and from contemporary research in Structural One Health to argue that endemicity is not a natural phenomenon but is rather produced by social and economic policies. The authors argue that causal relations of endemic disease must be restructured in the popular imaginary. This chapter uses epidemics with isolated examples of “endemic” instances (tuberculosis in particular) to consider hierarchies and levels of cause, how these relate to global political economy, and with what implications for preventive and responsive action.
Health promotion views collaborations between local governments and citizens as key to improving ... more Health promotion views collaborations between local governments and citizens as key to improving health and lessening inequities in urban areas. Public parks, which are typically managed by local governments, are key settings for promoting physical activity, positive social interactions and overall well-being. Yet research on civic participation in park management is essentially absent from the health promotion literature. When the City of Calgary began to implement a new policy on off-leash dogs in parks, we had an opportunity to study civic participation in decision-making. We did so by examining policy documents, participating in meetings and conducting interviews. Off-leash parks have particular relevance for health promotion because they may support physical activity and networking for some, but may escalate conflict and deter park use amongst others. In this case study, the local government engaged citizens in developing an overarching off-leash policy for the city as a whole and in implementing the new policy at the level of neighbourhoods. Of the first three parks to be considered under the new policy, an off-leash area was ultimately designated in just one: a park located in a disadvantaged neighbourhood. By exploring this unexpected outcome, our case study suggests that public engagement, as practiced by local policymakers, may differ from community participation, as endorsed in health promotion. Further reflection on the meaning of ‘public’ is warranted in public health.
As a field, medical anthropology has contributed robust critiques of biomedical science as well a... more As a field, medical anthropology has contributed robust critiques of biomedical science as well as thoughtful explorations of embodiment at multiple scales. Questions about environmental health have been mounted within medical anthropology, yet have not tended to incorporate anthropological explorations of science and technology in relation to embodiment. Meanwhile, anthropological explorations of how spaces are perceived and inhabited have been advanced, and thus far, appear to have been received more readily in fields such as health geography, urban geography, and animal geography than in medical anthropology. In fact, the terminology of medical anthropology could present a discursive boundary to active and effective praxis in the domain of environmental health, for example, through classifying studies as being of or in medicine. Concretely, the essay will focus attention on the recent work of an environmental anthropologist, Tim Ingold, and especially on his examination of the concepts of “network” and “meshwork.” This discussion will open up questions of how bodies and environments are fashioned, materially and symbolically, while also underscoring the permeability and perishability of both human and nonhuman bodies. The proposed essay will thus argue for a more robust accounting of nonhuman animals and technological artifacts in medical anthropology’s rendering of environments. In doing so, this essay will call upon medical anthropologists and environmental anthropologists to engage with the field of public health known as health promotion. This subfield of public health presents a different point of entry for critical analysis and engaged scholarship than clinical practice (broadly conceived) or biomedical science.
Deliberative methods are of increasing interest to public health researchers and policymakers. We... more Deliberative methods are of increasing interest to public health researchers and policymakers. We systematically searched the peer-reviewed literature to identify public health and health policy research involving deliberative methods and report how deliberative methods have been used. We applied a taxonomy developed with reference to health policy and science and technology studies literatures to distinguish how deliberative methods engage different publics: citizens (ordinary people who are unfamiliar with the issues), consumers (those with relevant personal experience e.g. of illness) and advocates (those with technical expertise or partisan interests). We searched four databases for empirical studies in English published 1996-2013. This identified 78 articles reporting on 62 distinct events from the UK, USA, Canada, Australasia, Europe, Israel, Asia and Africa. Ten different types of deliberative techniques were used to represent and capture the interests and preferences of diff...
Es poco probable que las innovaciones biomédicas ofrezcan medidas eficaces y éticas para el cont... more Es poco probable que las innovaciones biomédicas ofrezcan medidas eficaces y éticas para el control de la tuberculosis (TB) si no se acompañan de una investigación complementaria en ciencias sociales. Sin embargo, un interés acentuado en el trabajo interdisciplinario suele verse obstaculizado por diferencias en el lenguaje y los conceptos especí́ficosde los enfoques de cada disciplina. En consecuencia, los investigadores de la sciencias biológicas y sociales deben aprendera comunicarse entre sí. En el presente artí́culo se destacan conceptos básicos en materia de TB, desde la perspectiva de la antropología médica y la sociología de la salud. Condensar estos conceptos en un marco introductorio tiene por objeto hacer que este material sea más accessible a los investigadores en los entornos de laboratorio y clínico y en el terreno, además de incitar cada vez más a los científicos de las ciencias sociales a participar en la investigación de la TB dirigida a los grupos clave, con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de las intervenciones programáticas. Con fines pedagógicos, los conceptos primordiales se agruparon en las siguientes tres categorías: 1) estructuras y entornos, que abarcan temas generales como las sindemias, las características biológicas locales, la medicalización, la violencia estructural y la vigilancia; 2) las prácticas y los procedimientos, que comprenden el género, los estigmas, los tabúes y la culpabilización de las víctimas; y 3) la experiencia y la asimilación cultural, que incluyen los discursos sobre las enfermedades, la ruptura biográfica y el nominalismo dinámico. Al ayudar a abordar esta literatura, se espera fomentar las conversaciones interdisciplinarias entre los profesionales de la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. La TB es una enfermedad social por excelencia y su control será má́s eficaz cuando se aplique una estrategia polifacética de investigación.
Public discourses have influence on policymaking for emerging health issues. Media representation... more Public discourses have influence on policymaking for emerging health issues. Media representations of unfolding events, scientific uncertainty, and real and perceived risks shape public acceptance of health policy and therefore policy outcomes. To characterize and track views in popular circulation on the causes, consequences and appropriate policy responses to the emergence of Hendra virus as a zoonotic risk, this study examines coverage of this issue in Australian mass media for the period 2007-2011. Results demonstrate the predominant explanation for the emergence of Hendra became the encroachment of flying fox populations on human settlement. Depictions of scientific uncertainty as to whom and what was at risk from Hendra virus promoted the view that flying foxes were a direct risk to human health. Descriptions of the best strategy to address Hendra have become polarized between recognized health authorities advocating individualized behaviour changes to limit risk exposure; versus populist calls for flying fox control and eradication. Less than a quarter of news reports describe the ecological determinants of emerging infectious disease or upstream policy solutions. Because flying foxes rather than horses were increasingly represented as the proximal source of human infection, existing policies of flying fox protection became equated with government inaction; the plight of those affected by flying foxes representative of a moral failure. These findings illustrate the potential for health communications for emerging infectious disease risks to become entangled in other political agendas, with implications for the public's likelihood of supporting public policy and risk management strategies that require behavioural change or seek to address the ecological drivers of incidence.
Advances in veterinary orthopaedics are assessed on their ability to improve the function and wel... more Advances in veterinary orthopaedics are assessed on their ability to improve the function and wellbeing of animal patients. And yet historically veterinarians have struggled to bridge the divide between an animal's physicality and its interior experience of its function in clinical settings. For much of the twentieth century, most practitioners were agnostic to the possibility of animal mentation and its implications for suffering. This attitude has changed as veterinarians adapted to technological innovations and the emergence of a clientele who claimed to understand and relate to the subjective experiences of their animals. While visualising technologies and human analogies have shaped the nuts and bolts of veterinary orthopaedic practices, an emerging awareness of the inability of radiographic images to apprehend or correlate to a patient's experience of their function reliably has required veterinarians to place a greater emphasis on the owner's knowledge of the &quo...
Since the 1990s, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) has been the gold standard for monitoring glycaemic... more Since the 1990s, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) has been the gold standard for monitoring glycaemic control in people diagnosed as having either type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Discussions are underway about diagnosing diabetes mellitus on the basis of HbA1C titres and using HbA1C tests to screen for T2DM. These discussions have focused on the relative benefits for individual patients, with some attention directed towards reduced costs to healthcare systems and benefits to society. We argue that there are strong ethical reasons for adopting HbA1C-based diagnosis and T2DM screening that have not yet been articulated. The rationale includes the differential impact of HbA1C-based diabetic testing on disadvantaged groups, and what we are beginning to learn about HbA1C vis-à-vis population health. Although it is arguable that screening must primarily benefit the individual, using HbA1C to diagnose and screen for T2DM may promote a more just distribution ...
Public health arguments for collecting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data, particularly in clinical sett... more Public health arguments for collecting hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data, particularly in clinical settings, should be reframed to place more emphasis on nonmedical determinants of population health. We compare individual- with population-level interpretations of HbA1c titers. This comparison reveals that public health researchers need to pay close attention to diagnostic tests and their uses, including rhetorical uses. We also synthesize historical and current evidence to map out 2 possible scenarios for the future. In the first scenario, prevention efforts emphasize primary care and focus almost entirely downstream. The second scenario anticipates downstream interventions but also upstream interventions targeting environments. Our analysis adapts actor-network theory to strategic planning and forecasting in public health.
Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People & Animals, 2012
Abstract: Weight-related health problems have become a common topic in Western mass media. News c... more Abstract: Weight-related health problems have become a common topic in Western mass media. News coverage has also extended to overweight pets, particularly since 2003 when the US National Academy of Sciences announced that obesity was also afflicting co-habiting companion animals in record numbers. To characterize and track views in popular circulation on causes, consequences, and responsibilities vis-à-vis weight gain and obesity, in pets as well as in people, this study examines portrayals of overweight dogs that ...
Canadian journal of veterinary research = Revue canadienne de recherche vétérinaire, 2012
Risk factors associated with canine obesity include the amount of walking a dog receives. The aim... more Risk factors associated with canine obesity include the amount of walking a dog receives. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between canine exercise requirements, socio-demographic factors, and dog-walking behaviors in winter in Calgary. Dog owners, from a cross-sectional study which included a random sample of adults, were asked their household income, domicile type, gender, age, education level, number and breed(s) of dog(s) owned, and frequency and time spent dog-walking in a usual week. Canine exercise requirements were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) positively associated with the minutes pet dogs were walked, as was the owner being a female. Moreover, dog walking frequency, but not minutes of dog walking, was significantly associated with residing in attached housing (i.e., apartments). Different types of dogs have different exercise requirements to maintain optimal health. Understanding the role of socio-demographic factors and dog-related char...
Responsible dog ownership has been identified as a point of intervention to promote physical acti... more Responsible dog ownership has been identified as a point of intervention to promote physical activity, based upon an expectation of dog walking in public space. Nevertheless, quantitative research has found variability among owners in their dog walking. In this study, we explore the implications for health promotion of such variability. We do so by drawing on the concepts of habitus and social capital to analyse qualitative interviews. Participants were recruited from a social network in a cosmopolitan city with a policy framework intended to ensure equitable access to public space for dog walkers. The analysis confirms dog ownership can promote both physical activity and social capital, to the extent of mutual reinforcement. Yet we identified patterns of care in which dogs could influence people’s emotional well-being without promoting physical activity. In particular, some owners were not capable of extensive dog walking but still benefited emotionally from dog ownership and from interpersonal interactions facilitated by dog ownership. Some participants’ dogs, however, could not be walked in public without risking public safety and social sanctions. Responsible dog ownership can therefore also entail not exercising dogs. Contra to the emerging ideal in health promotion, a ‘dog-shaped hole’ in someone’s life does not always take the form of a walking companion.
Much of the discussion on the Anthropocene has centred upon anthropogenic global warming and clim... more Much of the discussion on the Anthropocene has centred upon anthropogenic global warming and climate change and the urgency of political and social responses to this problem. Animals in the Anthropocene: critical perspectives on non-human futures shows that assessing the effects of human activity on the planet requires more than just the quantification of ecological impacts towards the categorisation of geological eras. It requires recognising and evaluating a wide range of territories and terrains, full of non-human agents and interests and meanings, exposed to the immanent and profound forces of change that give their name to the Anthropocene.
It is from the perspective of 'the animal question' - asking how best to think and live with animals - that Animals in the Anthropocene seeks to interrogate the Anthropocene as a concept, discourse, and state of affairs. The term Anthropocene is a useful device for drawing attention to the devastations wreaked by anthropocentrism and advancing a relational model for human and non-human life. The effects on animals of human political and economic systems continue to expand and intensify, in numerous domains and in ways that not only cause suffering and loss but that also produce new forms of life and alter the very nature of species. As anthropogenic change affects the more-than-human world in innumerable ways, we must accept responsibility for the damage we have caused, and the debt we owe to non-human species.
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It is from the perspective of 'the animal question' - asking how best to think and live with animals - that Animals in the Anthropocene seeks to interrogate the Anthropocene as a concept, discourse, and state of affairs. The term Anthropocene is a useful device for drawing attention to the devastations wreaked by anthropocentrism and advancing a relational model for human and non-human life. The effects on animals of human political and economic systems continue to expand and intensify, in numerous domains and in ways that not only cause suffering and loss but that also produce new forms of life and alter the very nature of species. As anthropogenic change affects the more-than-human world in innumerable ways, we must accept responsibility for the damage we have caused, and the debt we owe to non-human species.