The enormous growth of sharing economy in the second decade of the twenty-first century undoubted... more The enormous growth of sharing economy in the second decade of the twenty-first century undoubtedly revolutionized the tourism and accommodation market around the world. The current research focuses on the sharing economy development, and it is mostly limited to popular cities and metropolis while its development and impact on other areas are neglected. The main aim of this article is to examine a relationship between the current size of sharing economy and population density, urbanization , development of professional hospitality base and tourism attractiveness. The research was based on the data from Statistics Poland and AirDNA. The results show that the number of sharing economy active rentals is not correlated with population and population density, but it is correlated with the number of traditional accommodation establishments and tourism attractiveness index. Moreover, the number of active rentals per capita is five times higher in urban than in other counties. The spatial distribution of sharing economy rentals is much more concentrated than a traditional hospitality market.
Although the recent rise of sharing economy platforms revolutionized hospitality market around th... more Although the recent rise of sharing economy platforms revolutionized hospitality market around the world, its impact is unevenly distributed, as a majority of new P2P accommodation providers emerged in urban areas. The aim of this study is to provide sharing economy development paths in areas surrounding all 23 national parks in Poland. This study is conducted basing on data from online observation of 2 sharing economy platforms development with data gathered from official census. Results show that (1) sharing economy is still in its nascent stage in non-urban areas; (2) there is a strong positive relationship between sharing economy accommodation establishments and both the population density and income per capita, (3) population density and income per capita have no effect on the ratio between the number of traditional and sharing economy accommodation establishments. This study contributes to existing literature in following areas: (1) it assesses the sharing economy phenomenon in areas with natural attractions, (2) it validates the relationship between area population density and sharing economy proliferation, (3) it examines the connection between area economic performance and sharing economy proliferation.
Although market regulations are subject to numerous academic studies, both at a general level and... more Although market regulations are subject to numerous academic studies, both at a general level and in specific markets, most scholars focus on qualitative research. The quantitative market regulation research results in building static or dynamic regulation indexes. A large part of this type of indexes applies to the overall economy while only a small percentage of them concerns tourism market. The aim of the paper is to build a tour operator market regulation index. The index is constructed on the basis of data collected from a literature analysis, national legislations and interviews with representatives of tourism organizations in 11 European countries. Market-specific regulations in research area can be compared only to a very limited extent. Moreover an index of tour operator market regulation is not correlated with the index of economic freedom. According to the authors only significant liberalization of tour operator market may render an establishment of a common market area in the European Union.
The use of social media is gradually transforming all marketing activities also in the public sec... more The use of social media is gradually transforming all marketing activities also in the public sector. Social media in public administration constitutes also a research area for numerous scholars not only with economic background. Still a majority of contributions deal with qualitative aspects of social media adoption by either presenting good practices or comparing the selected social media of cities and countries. Hence there is a paucity of research that presents the real share of social media adoption in public administration, especially at the local level. The aim of this paper is to fill this research gap and present the data of social media adoption among lowest level of Polish local government. As a research area we choose communes (municipalities (Polish: gmina) NUTS 5) as the lowest administrative unit in Poland. We used a random sample of 385 Polish communes (out of 2,478) and examined whether they have official social media profiles by inspecting their official web sites. The main result of this study is the estimation of a percentage of communes that have at least one social media official profile which in 2016 was 52,71%. This represents a huge expansion of social media popularity as in 2015 we estimated the same number as 26,75%. The structure of used social media sites between 2015 and 2016 did not change much as Facebook remained the most often chosen social media for local public administration.
Although online travel agencies (OTA) exist on tourism market since 1996, they represent only a f... more Although online travel agencies (OTA) exist on tourism market since 1996, they represent only a fraction of coverage in scientific tourism literature. Oligopolistic type of OTA market and relations between OTA and hospitality industry are referred mainly in industry journals and press releases. This paper tries to summarize existing knowledge about OTA market and investigate its position in Polish hospitality distribution channels. As previous research indicated that OTA cooperate mainly with business tourism establishments as a research area were chosen 20 Polish cities with highest population number. The number of Polish hotels from official record of Ministry of Sport and Tourism were compared with the number of hotels from a site of an OTA which has the highest market share (Booking.com). Over 90% of Polish hotels cooperate with Booking.com (almost all among 3,4 and 5 star hotels). Given the fragmented nature of Polish hospitality market and growing dependence of online distribution channels, it indicates a strong bargaining power of OTA. For that reason those contracts should be subject of industry specific regulations.
Social media are playing an increasingly signifi cant role as information source for holidaymaker... more Social media are playing an increasingly signifi cant role as information source for holidaymakers. Although there is an abundance of research concerning good practices in its usage in marketing of destinations, little is known about implementation of social media in protected areas. The objective of this study is to examine the degree which particular social media appear on webpages of Polish communes (commune is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland) which are located in Polish National Parks (n=119 communes out of 2479 communes in Poland). Those communes are characterised by lower population number and lower per capita income than Polish average. Results showed that 41,18% (49) communes have at least one offi cial profi le in social media. The most common used social media were Facebook (45) and Youtube (16). Communes that were using social media have on average 35% higher income per capita and 68% more citizens than those that do not use social media. Hence commune's economy and its population determine its propensity to use social media. The analysis of the results showed that social media are still underutilised in marketing of Polish communes in protected areas.
Promocja produktu turystycznego miasta oraz zawarte w niej działania z zakresu reklamy są jedynie... more Promocja produktu turystycznego miasta oraz zawarte w niej działania z zakresu reklamy są jedynie jedną z kilku płaszczyzn współpracy pomiędzy branżą turystyczną a DMO (ang. Destination Marketing Organization – jednostka odpowiedzialna za marketing terytorialny, w przypadku marketingu turystyki jest nią najczęściej albo lokalna organizacja turystyczna albo wydzielony departament jednostki terytorialnej). Na pozostałe obszary współpracy składają się głównie: kształtowanie produktu turystycznego miejscowości (np. poprzez tworzenie zryczałtowanych produktów turystycznych czego przykładem mogą być karty miejskie, współpraca w zakresie imprez masowych oraz organizacji konferencji i kongresów), badania marketingowe oraz komunikacja branży turystycznej z władzami jednostki terytorialnej (lobbing). Reklama, która ze względu na wysokie koszty (zwłaszcza w przypadku reklamy masowej) jest stosunkowo niechętnie wykorzystywana przez DMO w turystycznej promocji jednostek terytorialnych, substytuowana jest innymi instrumentami promocji takimi jak study tour, marketing targowy. Przedsiębiorstwa turystyczne, które bardzo często same stanowią część składową produktu turystycznego prowadzą działania reklamowe dwutorowo: z jednej strony wspierają działania DMO a z drugiej strony reklamują się niezależnie. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie współzależności pomiędzy niezależnymi działaniami w zakresie reklamy oraz kooperacją z DMO na podstawie badań przedsiębiorstw turystycznych w miastach Europy środkowo wschodniej.
The paper explores relationship between European fund absorption by communes
in West Pomerania, P... more The paper explores relationship between European fund absorption by communes in West Pomerania, Poland and their tourist attractiveness. Authors assumed that tourist attractiveness index is positively correlated with the European fund absorption from 5th Regional Program (which is directed to Tourist and Culture). Research proved that between tourist attractiveness index and amount of funds absorbed per capita there is a strong positive correlation which is statistically significant.
Swedish Route as an example of cultural tourism in the Bay of Stettin The paper describes the pos... more Swedish Route as an example of cultural tourism in the Bay of Stettin The paper describes the possibilities of incorporation the cultural tourism connected with Swedish Route to water tourism in the Bay of Stettin. New route would consist of 4 Polish (Świnoujście, Wolin, Nowe Warpno, Szczecin) and one German city (Anklam). International nature of the product would facilitate the funding from border cooperation funds such as INTERREG. Creating such product may extend the average stay period both for water tourism and cultural tourism. It would be one of a very few Swedish-shaped tourism product in Poland, what would significantly improve the image of the Bay. The long distance to Sweden is mentioned as a main threat.
Publikacja jest owocem badań autora prowadzonych w zakresie wykorzystania technologii informatycz... more Publikacja jest owocem badań autora prowadzonych w zakresie wykorzystania technologii informatycznych w turystyce oraz współpracy z licznymi przedsiębiorstwami świadczącymi usługi informatyczne dla sektora turystycznego. W książce omówiono: * wpływ oraz główne problemy zastosowania technologii informatycznych w działalności przedsiębiorstw, * historię rozwiązań informatycznych w sektorze lotniczym na przykładzie ewolucji systemów rezerwacyjnych, * historię zastosowań rozwiązań informatycznych w sektorze hotelarskim oraz touroperatorów, * rewolucję internetową z połowy lat 90. XX wieku, która miała wpływ na rozwój sektora turystycznego, * problemy związane z implementacją rozwiązań informatycznych w sektorze publicznym (e-partnership, budowa systemów informacji turystycznej), * przyszłość zastosowań technik informatycznych w sektorze turystycznym (technologie mobilne, wirtualna rzeczywistość). W książce zamieszczono studia przypadków, które są przykładami badań naukowych w zakresie e...
In the paper the authors assume that on the regional and local level an appropriately constructed... more In the paper the authors assume that on the regional and local level an appropriately constructed tourist information system may positively influence tourist arrivals and expenditure. The authors see the quality of public private cooperation and institutional framework that regulates funding and creation of the system as critical factors influencing the efficiency of a tourist information system. In the article theoretical considerations are illustrated with the comparative survey of tourist information system in West Pomerania province in Poland and Lake Balaton in Hungary. Authors chosen this examples because of certain similarities between this two tourist destinations such as domination of 3S tourism, similar level of local GDP and similar political background.
Reducing the cost of obtaining information in the market and therefore asymmetry of information m... more Reducing the cost of obtaining information in the market and therefore asymmetry of information may lead to the more efficient outcome of market transactions, where both demand and supply side are better off. This is also true for tourism market where appropriate delivery of tourist information service can furthermore influence tourists’ length of stay, spending and tourists’ behaviour. Since its delivery may have an impact on the whole tourism economy, it is often considered as a public good and public authorities are expect to finance and maintain tourist information service. Still, some cooperation in frames of information exchange is usually performed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate public private cooperation level in dissemination of tourism information in West Pomeranian Province in Poland.
Since January 1, 2014 licenses needed to execute a tour guide profession in Poland (with exceptio... more Since January 1, 2014 licenses needed to execute a tour guide profession in Poland (with exception of mountain tour guiding) have been abandoned. This study attempts to examine whether regulation paucity affected prices and quality of service at the tour guiding market. A majority of findings refers to the results of questionnaires conducted among tour guides during annual meeting of tour guides’ association which was supported with structured interviews with heads of tour guide associations. The questionnaires were divided into three parts which are related to information asymmetry, price changes and quantity of service on the market after deregulation. Most of interrogated tour guides believe that tour operators may correctly assess a quality of their services and their licenses still act as a quality certificates. A majority did neither experience a price fall of their services nor they observed new tour guides on the market. However a half of interviewed tour guides observed that tour guides widen their services into fields previously restricted (e.g. other area). Hence, deregulation benefited mostly existing group of tour guides. Findings of this study may serve as an case study for tourism policy makers in other areas where regulation of tour guide profession is going to be modified. Some insights might be implemented also to the process of deregulation of other occupations. Scientific implications are elaborated.
One of main aims of European Union (EU) is convergence which is emanated in creating incentives f... more One of main aims of European Union (EU) is convergence which is emanated in creating incentives for underdeveloped regions for its accelerated. Enhancing tourism economy seems to be an appropriate tool to achieve this goal as regions endowed with tourism attractions are usually peripheral areas with high unemployment and low level of overall economic development. EU operationalize this goal through making available of various funds which are directed to eligible actors. Still to obtain those funds certain activity is necessary, which requires substantial resources both human and financial. This study attempts to identify determinants of activity in attracting EU-funds in the area of tourism. Author investigates differences between communes in North-West Poland that received tourism-related EU-funds and those that did not receive it. Five main explanatory variables were selected: potential barriers in the application process, number of inhabitants, tourism attractiveness, coastal location and income per capita. Coastal location, tourism attractiveness and number of inhabitants have been found as factors that make a difference between communes. Investigation is proceeded basing on the quantitative and qualitative research which has been done in 2012.
The main aim of the paper is to assess the impact of culture on business tourism product created ... more The main aim of the paper is to assess the impact of culture on business tourism product created by Convention Bureaus across various Polish cities. The core of business tourism product is based on the conference facilities which enable organizations to arrange meetings and conferences. The role of the culture in business tourism product is reduced to creation a supplementary resource which constitutes an attraction in a free time. However as free time is usually a scarce resource in meeting industry, it is to be organized carefully. The way conference organizers fill free time depends on the activities of Convention Bureaus, who are main neutral advisors to potential organizers. For that reason authors attempt to compare the place of culture in promotion of business tourism product based on the activities of Convention Bureaus. In particular a content of internet site, an analysis of actual conference programs and mystery shopping technique have been used to investigate a place of culture in business tourism product.
Public regulation of many markets is often seen as a remedy to market inefficiency. However regul... more Public regulation of many markets is often seen as a remedy to market inefficiency. However regulation responsibilities in many industries are handed to business organizations which offer better and up-to-date technical know-how and do not require taxpayers support. This paper discusses advantages and drawbacks of self-regulation basing on economic and juridical literature. Than factors that determine adopting self-regulation are subject to scrutiny. As the reputation and strength of industry organizations are indispensable to become credible partner to public administration, a civil society development is examined as a key factor influencing possible implementation of self-regulation. A hotel market is taken as a case study as both self-regulation and public regulation of hotel classification are adopted across various European countries. Countries where self-regulation concept has been applied show a higher average civil society index than other countries. Developing civil society seem to be the preliminary pace before embarking on with successful self-regulation
Głównym celem niniejszego podręcznika jest wskazanie na możliwości wykorzystania nowoczesnych tec... more Głównym celem niniejszego podręcznika jest wskazanie na możliwości wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii informacyjnych w marketingu przedsiębiorstw. Publikacja ma mieć charakter suplementu tradycyjnych podręczników do przedmiotu marketing i z tego powodu autorzy ograniczyli się w nim do omówienia zastosowania ICT w poszczególnych instrumentach marketingu-mix i celowo zrezygnowali z wprowadzenia do marketingu i innych elementów, których opis z natury rzeczy musiałby stanowić powtórzenie podstawowych podręczników do nauki marketingu. Autorzy, w odróżnieniu od większości dostępnych podręczników e-marketingu pogrupowali materiał w ramach istniejących instrumentów marketingu-mix, stojąc na stanowisku, że internet i nowe technologie informacyjne stanowią jedynie dodatkowe narzędzie a nie osobny instrument marketingu. Książka składa się z czterech rozdziałów poświęconych kolejno: e-produktowi, e-cenie, e-dystrybucji i e-promocji.
Podręcznik kierowany jest do nauczycieli przedmiotów ekonomicznych na poziomie szkoły średniej, uczniów, studentów oraz pracowników naukowych i praktyków życia gospodarczego zainteresowanych tematem e-marketingu. Podręcznik zawiera liczne studia przypadków, pytania kontrolne oraz przykłady testów, które mogą stać się dodatkowym narzędziem dydaktycznym w procesie kształcenia lub inspiracją dla powstania prac dyplomowych i magisterskich oraz dalszych badań naukowych.
The enormous growth of sharing economy in the second decade of the twenty-first century undoubted... more The enormous growth of sharing economy in the second decade of the twenty-first century undoubtedly revolutionized the tourism and accommodation market around the world. The current research focuses on the sharing economy development, and it is mostly limited to popular cities and metropolis while its development and impact on other areas are neglected. The main aim of this article is to examine a relationship between the current size of sharing economy and population density, urbanization , development of professional hospitality base and tourism attractiveness. The research was based on the data from Statistics Poland and AirDNA. The results show that the number of sharing economy active rentals is not correlated with population and population density, but it is correlated with the number of traditional accommodation establishments and tourism attractiveness index. Moreover, the number of active rentals per capita is five times higher in urban than in other counties. The spatial distribution of sharing economy rentals is much more concentrated than a traditional hospitality market.
Although the recent rise of sharing economy platforms revolutionized hospitality market around th... more Although the recent rise of sharing economy platforms revolutionized hospitality market around the world, its impact is unevenly distributed, as a majority of new P2P accommodation providers emerged in urban areas. The aim of this study is to provide sharing economy development paths in areas surrounding all 23 national parks in Poland. This study is conducted basing on data from online observation of 2 sharing economy platforms development with data gathered from official census. Results show that (1) sharing economy is still in its nascent stage in non-urban areas; (2) there is a strong positive relationship between sharing economy accommodation establishments and both the population density and income per capita, (3) population density and income per capita have no effect on the ratio between the number of traditional and sharing economy accommodation establishments. This study contributes to existing literature in following areas: (1) it assesses the sharing economy phenomenon in areas with natural attractions, (2) it validates the relationship between area population density and sharing economy proliferation, (3) it examines the connection between area economic performance and sharing economy proliferation.
Although market regulations are subject to numerous academic studies, both at a general level and... more Although market regulations are subject to numerous academic studies, both at a general level and in specific markets, most scholars focus on qualitative research. The quantitative market regulation research results in building static or dynamic regulation indexes. A large part of this type of indexes applies to the overall economy while only a small percentage of them concerns tourism market. The aim of the paper is to build a tour operator market regulation index. The index is constructed on the basis of data collected from a literature analysis, national legislations and interviews with representatives of tourism organizations in 11 European countries. Market-specific regulations in research area can be compared only to a very limited extent. Moreover an index of tour operator market regulation is not correlated with the index of economic freedom. According to the authors only significant liberalization of tour operator market may render an establishment of a common market area in the European Union.
The use of social media is gradually transforming all marketing activities also in the public sec... more The use of social media is gradually transforming all marketing activities also in the public sector. Social media in public administration constitutes also a research area for numerous scholars not only with economic background. Still a majority of contributions deal with qualitative aspects of social media adoption by either presenting good practices or comparing the selected social media of cities and countries. Hence there is a paucity of research that presents the real share of social media adoption in public administration, especially at the local level. The aim of this paper is to fill this research gap and present the data of social media adoption among lowest level of Polish local government. As a research area we choose communes (municipalities (Polish: gmina) NUTS 5) as the lowest administrative unit in Poland. We used a random sample of 385 Polish communes (out of 2,478) and examined whether they have official social media profiles by inspecting their official web sites. The main result of this study is the estimation of a percentage of communes that have at least one social media official profile which in 2016 was 52,71%. This represents a huge expansion of social media popularity as in 2015 we estimated the same number as 26,75%. The structure of used social media sites between 2015 and 2016 did not change much as Facebook remained the most often chosen social media for local public administration.
Although online travel agencies (OTA) exist on tourism market since 1996, they represent only a f... more Although online travel agencies (OTA) exist on tourism market since 1996, they represent only a fraction of coverage in scientific tourism literature. Oligopolistic type of OTA market and relations between OTA and hospitality industry are referred mainly in industry journals and press releases. This paper tries to summarize existing knowledge about OTA market and investigate its position in Polish hospitality distribution channels. As previous research indicated that OTA cooperate mainly with business tourism establishments as a research area were chosen 20 Polish cities with highest population number. The number of Polish hotels from official record of Ministry of Sport and Tourism were compared with the number of hotels from a site of an OTA which has the highest market share (Booking.com). Over 90% of Polish hotels cooperate with Booking.com (almost all among 3,4 and 5 star hotels). Given the fragmented nature of Polish hospitality market and growing dependence of online distribution channels, it indicates a strong bargaining power of OTA. For that reason those contracts should be subject of industry specific regulations.
Social media are playing an increasingly signifi cant role as information source for holidaymaker... more Social media are playing an increasingly signifi cant role as information source for holidaymakers. Although there is an abundance of research concerning good practices in its usage in marketing of destinations, little is known about implementation of social media in protected areas. The objective of this study is to examine the degree which particular social media appear on webpages of Polish communes (commune is the principal unit of administrative division of Poland) which are located in Polish National Parks (n=119 communes out of 2479 communes in Poland). Those communes are characterised by lower population number and lower per capita income than Polish average. Results showed that 41,18% (49) communes have at least one offi cial profi le in social media. The most common used social media were Facebook (45) and Youtube (16). Communes that were using social media have on average 35% higher income per capita and 68% more citizens than those that do not use social media. Hence commune's economy and its population determine its propensity to use social media. The analysis of the results showed that social media are still underutilised in marketing of Polish communes in protected areas.
Promocja produktu turystycznego miasta oraz zawarte w niej działania z zakresu reklamy są jedynie... more Promocja produktu turystycznego miasta oraz zawarte w niej działania z zakresu reklamy są jedynie jedną z kilku płaszczyzn współpracy pomiędzy branżą turystyczną a DMO (ang. Destination Marketing Organization – jednostka odpowiedzialna za marketing terytorialny, w przypadku marketingu turystyki jest nią najczęściej albo lokalna organizacja turystyczna albo wydzielony departament jednostki terytorialnej). Na pozostałe obszary współpracy składają się głównie: kształtowanie produktu turystycznego miejscowości (np. poprzez tworzenie zryczałtowanych produktów turystycznych czego przykładem mogą być karty miejskie, współpraca w zakresie imprez masowych oraz organizacji konferencji i kongresów), badania marketingowe oraz komunikacja branży turystycznej z władzami jednostki terytorialnej (lobbing). Reklama, która ze względu na wysokie koszty (zwłaszcza w przypadku reklamy masowej) jest stosunkowo niechętnie wykorzystywana przez DMO w turystycznej promocji jednostek terytorialnych, substytuowana jest innymi instrumentami promocji takimi jak study tour, marketing targowy. Przedsiębiorstwa turystyczne, które bardzo często same stanowią część składową produktu turystycznego prowadzą działania reklamowe dwutorowo: z jednej strony wspierają działania DMO a z drugiej strony reklamują się niezależnie. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie współzależności pomiędzy niezależnymi działaniami w zakresie reklamy oraz kooperacją z DMO na podstawie badań przedsiębiorstw turystycznych w miastach Europy środkowo wschodniej.
The paper explores relationship between European fund absorption by communes
in West Pomerania, P... more The paper explores relationship between European fund absorption by communes in West Pomerania, Poland and their tourist attractiveness. Authors assumed that tourist attractiveness index is positively correlated with the European fund absorption from 5th Regional Program (which is directed to Tourist and Culture). Research proved that between tourist attractiveness index and amount of funds absorbed per capita there is a strong positive correlation which is statistically significant.
Swedish Route as an example of cultural tourism in the Bay of Stettin The paper describes the pos... more Swedish Route as an example of cultural tourism in the Bay of Stettin The paper describes the possibilities of incorporation the cultural tourism connected with Swedish Route to water tourism in the Bay of Stettin. New route would consist of 4 Polish (Świnoujście, Wolin, Nowe Warpno, Szczecin) and one German city (Anklam). International nature of the product would facilitate the funding from border cooperation funds such as INTERREG. Creating such product may extend the average stay period both for water tourism and cultural tourism. It would be one of a very few Swedish-shaped tourism product in Poland, what would significantly improve the image of the Bay. The long distance to Sweden is mentioned as a main threat.
Publikacja jest owocem badań autora prowadzonych w zakresie wykorzystania technologii informatycz... more Publikacja jest owocem badań autora prowadzonych w zakresie wykorzystania technologii informatycznych w turystyce oraz współpracy z licznymi przedsiębiorstwami świadczącymi usługi informatyczne dla sektora turystycznego. W książce omówiono: * wpływ oraz główne problemy zastosowania technologii informatycznych w działalności przedsiębiorstw, * historię rozwiązań informatycznych w sektorze lotniczym na przykładzie ewolucji systemów rezerwacyjnych, * historię zastosowań rozwiązań informatycznych w sektorze hotelarskim oraz touroperatorów, * rewolucję internetową z połowy lat 90. XX wieku, która miała wpływ na rozwój sektora turystycznego, * problemy związane z implementacją rozwiązań informatycznych w sektorze publicznym (e-partnership, budowa systemów informacji turystycznej), * przyszłość zastosowań technik informatycznych w sektorze turystycznym (technologie mobilne, wirtualna rzeczywistość). W książce zamieszczono studia przypadków, które są przykładami badań naukowych w zakresie e...
In the paper the authors assume that on the regional and local level an appropriately constructed... more In the paper the authors assume that on the regional and local level an appropriately constructed tourist information system may positively influence tourist arrivals and expenditure. The authors see the quality of public private cooperation and institutional framework that regulates funding and creation of the system as critical factors influencing the efficiency of a tourist information system. In the article theoretical considerations are illustrated with the comparative survey of tourist information system in West Pomerania province in Poland and Lake Balaton in Hungary. Authors chosen this examples because of certain similarities between this two tourist destinations such as domination of 3S tourism, similar level of local GDP and similar political background.
Reducing the cost of obtaining information in the market and therefore asymmetry of information m... more Reducing the cost of obtaining information in the market and therefore asymmetry of information may lead to the more efficient outcome of market transactions, where both demand and supply side are better off. This is also true for tourism market where appropriate delivery of tourist information service can furthermore influence tourists’ length of stay, spending and tourists’ behaviour. Since its delivery may have an impact on the whole tourism economy, it is often considered as a public good and public authorities are expect to finance and maintain tourist information service. Still, some cooperation in frames of information exchange is usually performed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate public private cooperation level in dissemination of tourism information in West Pomeranian Province in Poland.
Since January 1, 2014 licenses needed to execute a tour guide profession in Poland (with exceptio... more Since January 1, 2014 licenses needed to execute a tour guide profession in Poland (with exception of mountain tour guiding) have been abandoned. This study attempts to examine whether regulation paucity affected prices and quality of service at the tour guiding market. A majority of findings refers to the results of questionnaires conducted among tour guides during annual meeting of tour guides’ association which was supported with structured interviews with heads of tour guide associations. The questionnaires were divided into three parts which are related to information asymmetry, price changes and quantity of service on the market after deregulation. Most of interrogated tour guides believe that tour operators may correctly assess a quality of their services and their licenses still act as a quality certificates. A majority did neither experience a price fall of their services nor they observed new tour guides on the market. However a half of interviewed tour guides observed that tour guides widen their services into fields previously restricted (e.g. other area). Hence, deregulation benefited mostly existing group of tour guides. Findings of this study may serve as an case study for tourism policy makers in other areas where regulation of tour guide profession is going to be modified. Some insights might be implemented also to the process of deregulation of other occupations. Scientific implications are elaborated.
One of main aims of European Union (EU) is convergence which is emanated in creating incentives f... more One of main aims of European Union (EU) is convergence which is emanated in creating incentives for underdeveloped regions for its accelerated. Enhancing tourism economy seems to be an appropriate tool to achieve this goal as regions endowed with tourism attractions are usually peripheral areas with high unemployment and low level of overall economic development. EU operationalize this goal through making available of various funds which are directed to eligible actors. Still to obtain those funds certain activity is necessary, which requires substantial resources both human and financial. This study attempts to identify determinants of activity in attracting EU-funds in the area of tourism. Author investigates differences between communes in North-West Poland that received tourism-related EU-funds and those that did not receive it. Five main explanatory variables were selected: potential barriers in the application process, number of inhabitants, tourism attractiveness, coastal location and income per capita. Coastal location, tourism attractiveness and number of inhabitants have been found as factors that make a difference between communes. Investigation is proceeded basing on the quantitative and qualitative research which has been done in 2012.
The main aim of the paper is to assess the impact of culture on business tourism product created ... more The main aim of the paper is to assess the impact of culture on business tourism product created by Convention Bureaus across various Polish cities. The core of business tourism product is based on the conference facilities which enable organizations to arrange meetings and conferences. The role of the culture in business tourism product is reduced to creation a supplementary resource which constitutes an attraction in a free time. However as free time is usually a scarce resource in meeting industry, it is to be organized carefully. The way conference organizers fill free time depends on the activities of Convention Bureaus, who are main neutral advisors to potential organizers. For that reason authors attempt to compare the place of culture in promotion of business tourism product based on the activities of Convention Bureaus. In particular a content of internet site, an analysis of actual conference programs and mystery shopping technique have been used to investigate a place of culture in business tourism product.
Public regulation of many markets is often seen as a remedy to market inefficiency. However regul... more Public regulation of many markets is often seen as a remedy to market inefficiency. However regulation responsibilities in many industries are handed to business organizations which offer better and up-to-date technical know-how and do not require taxpayers support. This paper discusses advantages and drawbacks of self-regulation basing on economic and juridical literature. Than factors that determine adopting self-regulation are subject to scrutiny. As the reputation and strength of industry organizations are indispensable to become credible partner to public administration, a civil society development is examined as a key factor influencing possible implementation of self-regulation. A hotel market is taken as a case study as both self-regulation and public regulation of hotel classification are adopted across various European countries. Countries where self-regulation concept has been applied show a higher average civil society index than other countries. Developing civil society seem to be the preliminary pace before embarking on with successful self-regulation
Głównym celem niniejszego podręcznika jest wskazanie na możliwości wykorzystania nowoczesnych tec... more Głównym celem niniejszego podręcznika jest wskazanie na możliwości wykorzystania nowoczesnych technologii informacyjnych w marketingu przedsiębiorstw. Publikacja ma mieć charakter suplementu tradycyjnych podręczników do przedmiotu marketing i z tego powodu autorzy ograniczyli się w nim do omówienia zastosowania ICT w poszczególnych instrumentach marketingu-mix i celowo zrezygnowali z wprowadzenia do marketingu i innych elementów, których opis z natury rzeczy musiałby stanowić powtórzenie podstawowych podręczników do nauki marketingu. Autorzy, w odróżnieniu od większości dostępnych podręczników e-marketingu pogrupowali materiał w ramach istniejących instrumentów marketingu-mix, stojąc na stanowisku, że internet i nowe technologie informacyjne stanowią jedynie dodatkowe narzędzie a nie osobny instrument marketingu. Książka składa się z czterech rozdziałów poświęconych kolejno: e-produktowi, e-cenie, e-dystrybucji i e-promocji.
Podręcznik kierowany jest do nauczycieli przedmiotów ekonomicznych na poziomie szkoły średniej, uczniów, studentów oraz pracowników naukowych i praktyków życia gospodarczego zainteresowanych tematem e-marketingu. Podręcznik zawiera liczne studia przypadków, pytania kontrolne oraz przykłady testów, które mogą stać się dodatkowym narzędziem dydaktycznym w procesie kształcenia lub inspiracją dla powstania prac dyplomowych i magisterskich oraz dalszych badań naukowych.
The Routledge Handbook of Tourism Experience Management and Marketing, 2020
Sharing economy is a complex term that refers to the phenomenon of peer-to-peer (P2P) service mar... more Sharing economy is a complex term that refers to the phenomenon of peer-to-peer (P2P) service markets that arose due to the innovative internet platforms whose market strategy is based on merging supply and demand. The emergence of sharing economy revolutionized the tourism industry and profoundly changed the structure of accommodation and transportation supply. Although diversity is one of the main characteristics of sharing economy, in general, P2P service providers supply a different product which is based not only on the traditional features but also on the personal traits of hosts. Possibility of direct interaction with a member of the local community creates a completely different experience for tourists which is appealing especially to leisure tourists in city break segment. Moreover, similarly to OTAs and metasearch sites, sharing economy platforms provide an opportunity for tourists to share their experiences. The aim of this chapter is to identify distinct characteristics of sharing the economy experience, present differences between the traditional and sharing economy and highlight the importance of sharing economy platforms in creating value for customers.
Liczba użytkowników Internetu na świecie rośnie praktycznie nieprzerwanie od jego powstania. Wraz... more Liczba użytkowników Internetu na świecie rośnie praktycznie nieprzerwanie od jego powstania. Wraz z rozwojem Internetu zmienia się jego wykorzystanie, zarówno na poziomie społecznym jak i biznesowym. Pojawienie się mediów społecznościowych ze względu na znacznie większe możliwości dwustronnej komunikacji z szeregowymi użytkownikami sieci, zmieniło w sposób fundamentalny podejście do jego wykorzystania w marketingu. Popularność mediów społecznościowych rośnie niemal tak szybko jak wcześniej popularność Internetu i z tego powodu są one coraz częściej wykorzystywanym przez samorządy terytorialne narzędziem komunikacji z mieszkańcami i turystami. Dotychczasowe badania aktywności samorządu terytorialnego w zakresie wykorzystania mediów społecznościowych miały charakter wycinkowy, w ramach którego pokazywano raczej dobre praktyki oraz dokonywano analizy jakościowej. W artykule autorzy dokonują szacunku wykorzystania mediów społecznościowych w turystycznym marketingu terytorialnym przez gminy na obszarze całego kraju na podstawie analizy ilościowej przeprowadzonej na losowej próbie 385 gmin.
Głównym problemem badawczym w niniejszej pracy są niedoskonałości ekonomii współdzielenia na ryn... more Głównym problemem badawczym w niniejszej pracy są niedoskonałości ekonomii współdzielenia na rynku usług hotelarskich. Niedoskonałości rynku obejmujące istnienie kosztów transakcyjnych, asymetrii informacji oraz efektów zewnętrznych są istotne dla wyjaśnienia przyczyn ograniczonego zasięgu wymiany P2P na rynku usług hotelarskich przed rokiem 2010. Innowacje związane z redukcją niedoskonałości rynku były główną przyczyną wzrostu znaczenia platform EW.
W monografii podjęto próbę weryfikacji dwóch równorzędnych i wzajemnie ze sobą powiązanych hipotez badawczych. Według pierwszej hipotezy poziom niedoskonałości współdzielonego rynku usług hotelarskich jest wyższy niż w przypadku tradycyjnego rynku usług hotelarskich. Hipoteza druga zakłada, że pośrednicy na rynku usług hotelarskich EW nie ograniczają tych niedoskonałości rynku, które związane są z efektami zewnętrznymi transakcji.
Uploads
Papers by Adam Pawlicz
in West Pomerania, Poland and their tourist attractiveness. Authors assumed that tourist
attractiveness index is positively correlated with the European fund absorption from
5th Regional Program (which is directed to Tourist and Culture). Research proved that
between tourist attractiveness index and amount of funds absorbed per capita there is
a strong positive correlation which is statistically significant.
In the article theoretical considerations are illustrated with the comparative survey of tourist information system in West Pomerania province in Poland and Lake Balaton in Hungary. Authors chosen this examples because of certain similarities between this two tourist destinations such as domination of 3S tourism, similar level of local GDP and similar political background.
A majority of findings refers to the results of questionnaires conducted among tour guides during annual meeting of tour guides’ association which was supported with structured interviews with heads of tour guide associations. The questionnaires were divided into three parts which are related to information asymmetry, price changes and quantity of service on the market after deregulation.
Most of interrogated tour guides believe that tour operators may correctly assess a quality of their services and their licenses still act as a quality certificates. A majority did neither experience a price fall of their services nor they observed new tour guides on the market. However a half of interviewed tour guides observed that tour guides widen their services into fields previously restricted (e.g. other area). Hence, deregulation benefited mostly existing group of tour guides.
Findings of this study may serve as an case study for tourism policy makers in other areas where regulation of tour guide profession is going to be modified. Some insights might be implemented also to the process of deregulation of other occupations. Scientific implications are elaborated.
Podręcznik kierowany jest do nauczycieli przedmiotów ekonomicznych na poziomie szkoły średniej, uczniów, studentów oraz pracowników naukowych i praktyków życia gospodarczego zainteresowanych tematem e-marketingu. Podręcznik zawiera liczne studia przypadków, pytania kontrolne oraz przykłady testów, które mogą stać się dodatkowym narzędziem dydaktycznym w procesie kształcenia lub inspiracją dla powstania prac dyplomowych i magisterskich oraz dalszych badań naukowych.
in West Pomerania, Poland and their tourist attractiveness. Authors assumed that tourist
attractiveness index is positively correlated with the European fund absorption from
5th Regional Program (which is directed to Tourist and Culture). Research proved that
between tourist attractiveness index and amount of funds absorbed per capita there is
a strong positive correlation which is statistically significant.
In the article theoretical considerations are illustrated with the comparative survey of tourist information system in West Pomerania province in Poland and Lake Balaton in Hungary. Authors chosen this examples because of certain similarities between this two tourist destinations such as domination of 3S tourism, similar level of local GDP and similar political background.
A majority of findings refers to the results of questionnaires conducted among tour guides during annual meeting of tour guides’ association which was supported with structured interviews with heads of tour guide associations. The questionnaires were divided into three parts which are related to information asymmetry, price changes and quantity of service on the market after deregulation.
Most of interrogated tour guides believe that tour operators may correctly assess a quality of their services and their licenses still act as a quality certificates. A majority did neither experience a price fall of their services nor they observed new tour guides on the market. However a half of interviewed tour guides observed that tour guides widen their services into fields previously restricted (e.g. other area). Hence, deregulation benefited mostly existing group of tour guides.
Findings of this study may serve as an case study for tourism policy makers in other areas where regulation of tour guide profession is going to be modified. Some insights might be implemented also to the process of deregulation of other occupations. Scientific implications are elaborated.
Podręcznik kierowany jest do nauczycieli przedmiotów ekonomicznych na poziomie szkoły średniej, uczniów, studentów oraz pracowników naukowych i praktyków życia gospodarczego zainteresowanych tematem e-marketingu. Podręcznik zawiera liczne studia przypadków, pytania kontrolne oraz przykłady testów, które mogą stać się dodatkowym narzędziem dydaktycznym w procesie kształcenia lub inspiracją dla powstania prac dyplomowych i magisterskich oraz dalszych badań naukowych.
Although diversity is one of the main characteristics of sharing economy, in general, P2P service providers supply a different product which is based not only on the traditional features but also on the personal traits of hosts. Possibility of direct interaction with a member of the local community creates a completely different experience for tourists which is appealing especially to leisure tourists in city break segment. Moreover, similarly to OTAs and metasearch sites, sharing economy platforms provide an opportunity for tourists to share their experiences.
The aim of this chapter is to identify distinct characteristics of sharing the economy experience, present differences between the traditional and sharing economy and highlight the importance of sharing economy platforms in creating value for customers.
W monografii podjęto próbę weryfikacji dwóch równorzędnych i wzajemnie ze sobą powiązanych hipotez badawczych. Według pierwszej hipotezy poziom niedoskonałości współdzielonego rynku usług hotelarskich jest wyższy niż w przypadku tradycyjnego rynku usług hotelarskich. Hipoteza druga zakłada, że pośrednicy na rynku usług hotelarskich EW nie ograniczają tych niedoskonałości rynku, które związane są z efektami zewnętrznymi transakcji.