International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , 2024
A study was conducted to the effect of dietary supplementation of amla fruit powder, tulsi leaf p... more A study was conducted to the effect of dietary supplementation of amla fruit powder, tulsi leaf powder and their combination on production performance of Japanese quails. For this study 252 day-old straight run Japanese quails were randomly distributed into seven treatments consisting of six replicates each. Each replicate had six birds. The birds were reared in cages throughout the biological experiment and Japanese quail brooder mash diet was provided as control diet (T1), brooder mash with amla fruit powder (AFP) at the rate of 0.5% (T2), 1.0% (T3), tulsi leaf powder (TLP) at the rate of 0.25% (T4), 0.5% (T5), amla fruit powder 0.5% + tulsi leaf powder 0.25% (T6),amla fruit powder 1.0% + tulsi leaf powder 0.5% (T7) were used. The results revealed that there was significant difference between the treatment groups in body weight up to fourth week of the experiment. During 5 th week there was statistically non-significant improvement in all treatment groups than in control. The statistical analysis of the data in the study revealed that, there was significant (p<0.05) difference in weekly body weight gain of Japanese quails from first to fifth week of age. The supplementation of phytobiotics separately or in combination positively influenced the body weight gain. Supplementation of AFP and TLP alone or in combination significantly (p<0.05) influenced the feed intake during third and fifth week of age. However, the supplementation had no significant (p>0.05) effect on overall feed intake of birds. The overall feed efficiency showed statistically non-significant (p>0.05) improvement among the treatment groups. The overall livability of birds (from day-old to five weeks) showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among the treatment groups. It was concluded that the results revealed that there was significant difference between the treatment groups in body weight up to fourth week of the experiment. The birds supplemented with combination of AFP and TLP at both higher and lower levels in feed recorded significant (p<0.05) increase in weight gain in second and third weeks. The overall feed intake, feed efficiency and livability showed statistically non-significant (p>0.05) improvement among the treatment groups.
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2024
A biological trial was conducted to investigate the effect of bacteriophage on carcass characteri... more A biological trial was conducted to investigate the effect of bacteriophage on carcass characteristics of commercial broilers with or without bacterial challenge. Totally 180 day old Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments designated as T1 to T5 with each treatment replicated thrice. T1 and T2 served as negative and positive control respectively, while birds in T3, T4 and T5 were exposed to E. coli on different days during 35 days course. Dietary treatments included T1 - basal diet, T2 - basal diet with bacteriophage in feed (50 mg/bird/ day up to 7th day and 25 mg/bird/day up to 35th day), T3 without bacteriophage, T4-bacteriophage in feed (50 mg/bird/day up to 35th day) and T5 - bacteriophage in feed (50 mg/bird/day up to 7th day and 25 mg/bird/day up to 35th day). E. coli was introduced orally in groups T3 and T4 on day 10, while T5 on day 26 (106 CFU/ bird). The bacteriophage supplementation to E. coli challenged birds had significantly increased the weights of eviscerated carcass, giblets, ready-to-cook meat; the cut-up parts like breast, back and drumstick compared to non-supplemented group. Results shed light on the potential benefits of bacteriophage as a natural alternate approach to antibiotic growth promotors in broiler production. Key words: Poultry, bacteriophage, carcass yield, cut up parts
To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuous... more To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuously for six generation. A total 1000 Guinea fowl hatching eggs were collected and keets were hatched out to create base population. The production traits were given due importance during selective breeding for 6 generations to improve both body weight and egg production. The hatch weight, body weight (g), FCR, livability, age at sexual maturity (days), HDEP and HHEP, annual egg number, weight (g), total and fertile hatchability (%) were studied. The day-old chick weight of all six generations ranged from 26.46 to 28.10g. The 4 and 8th week mean body weight of the first-generation white Guinea fowl was 180.85 and 481.69g, respectively, which increased to 220.95 and 494.13g, respectively in 6th generation. Similarly, the 12 and 16th week body weight in lst generation increased from 767.12 to 805.29g and 951.04 to 1079.15g respectively, at 6th generation. The linear regression analysis of 4 and 8th week body weight over generations revealed significant increment of 7.59 g and 7.72 g respectively, per generation. Similarly, the body weight in each generation had a positive change with high degree of goodness of fit. The 12 and 16th week FCR showed a positive change of high magnitude over generations. The hen day and hen housed egg production (29-51 weeks) from 1st to 6th generation increased from 39.26 to 40.55% and 37.53 to 38.83% respectively, during the course of selection. The total and fertile egg hatchability also showed marked changes due to selection with improvement varying from 49.52 to 53.14% and 71.37 to 72.38% across the generations. This study concluded that the multi-stage short-term selection can improve both body weight and egg production in white Guinea fowl.
To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuous... more To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuously for six generation. A total 1000 Guinea fowl hatching eggs were collected and keets were hatched out to create base population. The production traits were given due importance during selective breeding for 6 generations to improve both body weight and egg production. The hatch weight, body weight (g), FCR, livability, age at sexual maturity (days), HDEP and HHEP, annual egg number, weight (g), total and fertile hatchability (%) were studied. The day-old chick weight of all six generations ranged from 26.46 to 28.10g. The 4 and 8th week mean body weight of the first-generation white Guinea fowl was 180.85 and 481.69g, respectively, which increased to 220.95 and 494.13g, respectively in 6th generation. Similarly, the 12 and 16th week body weight in lst generation increased from 767.12 to 805.29g and 951.04 to 1079.15g respectively, at 6th generation. The linear regression analysis of 4 and 8th week body weight over generations revealed significant increment of 7.59 g and 7.72 g respectively, per generation. Similarly, the body weight in each generation had a positive change with high degree of goodness of fit. The 12 and 16th week FCR showed a positive change of high magnitude over generations. The hen day and hen housed egg production (29-51 weeks) from 1st to 6th generation increased from 39.26 to 40.55% and 37.53 to 38.83% respectively, during the course of selection. The total and fertile egg hatchability also showed marked changes due to selection with improvement varying from 49.52 to 53.14% and 71.37 to 72.38% across the generations. This study concluded that the multi-stage short-term selection can improve both body weight and egg production in white Guinea fowl.
Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding, 2005
A~450 bp fragment of 12S rRNA gene was amplified by using universal primers in Red Jungle fowl (R... more A~450 bp fragment of 12S rRNA gene was amplified by using universal primers in Red Jungle fowl (RJF) and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence comparisons for 12S rRNA sequences from different chicken breeds / poultry species showed ample variation among them. Sequence alignment of partial 12S rRNA gene showed that per cent genetic similarity between RJF and poultry species ranged from 68.9 to 98.2, while genetic divergence ranged from 0.7 % — 15 %. Red jungle fowl showed maximum genetic similarity with chicken (99.2 %), while least genetic similarity with duck (77.4 %). Among other comparisons, except the lower genetic similarity of duck with all other poultry species (> 78 %), the genetic similarity of almost similar magnitude (82.8 % to 86.3 %) was observed. Key words : Phyogenetic relationship, 12S rRNA gene polymorphism, Red Jungle fowl
Indian Journal of Veterinary and animal Sciences Research, 2014
Three hundred and sixty (360) day-old straight run Nandanam broiler-2 chicks were individually we... more Three hundred and sixty (360) day-old straight run Nandanam broiler-2 chicks were individually weighed, wing banded and randomly assigned to three different dietary treatments with two replicates and reared on deep litter system for a period of 8 weeks. The results showed that supplementation of muti-enzyme at the rate of 500g per ton of feed (T2) in Nandanam broiler-2 ration were significantly higher (P<0.01) than control in weight gain of 2 nd , 8 th and 0-8 week of age. The feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency was significantly higher (P<0.01) in control compared to treatment. The livability was highly significant (P<0.01) in T3 than control. The carcass characteristics of live weight, heart, eviscerated, giblet and ready-to-cook weight did not show any significant difference in treatment group than control. The cut-up parts of breast yield were highly significant (P<0.01) in T2 than control. The drumstick yield was significantly higher (P<0.01) in control than treatments. The cut-up-parts of back, thigh, neck and wing did not show any significant difference in treatment than the control, but the value was better in enzyme treated group. It was concluded that the production performance was better in supplementation of multi-enzyme at the rate of 500g/ ton of feed and carcass traits was not significantly different between the treatments.
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2013
The above study was conducted to analyze the hatchability performance of broiler breeder hatching... more The above study was conducted to analyze the hatchability performance of broiler breeder hatching eggs at Institute of Poultry Production and Management, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai – 51. A total of 4436 broiler breeder hatching eggs with 12 settings were divided in to two equal groups of each 2218 as treatment and control. The treatment group hatching eggs were exposed to PEMF at 1 Hz frequency with 1500 nT intensity for 18 hours at 180C and 80 percent relative humidity. The control eggs were stored at the same temperature and humidity but kept unexposed to the PEMF. After bringing into room temperature for one hour, the eggs were incubated under optimum temperature and humidity in setter and hatcher. The hatchability performance showed no significant difference between treatment and control groups. Percent hatchability to total and fertile egg set for treatment group were 76.09 and 90.36 and that of control were 73.89 and 89.59 respectively. There were no significant differences observed for mean per cent embryonic mortality, mean per cent dead in germ and dead in shell between treatment and control group. The results of this study provide enough indication from the experiment, that it is imperative to conduct a few more trials using a different combination of frequency, intensity and dose duration to get better hatchability performance
Supplementation of live yeast culture containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) in broiler ration ... more Supplementation of live yeast culture containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) in broiler ration enhanced immune status of birds against Ranikhet disease and infectious bursal disease. Serum cholesterol level reduced significantly (P < 0.05) with 0.2 per cent SC supplementation, while other serum parameters like total proteins, albumin and glucose remained unchanged.
Genetic polymorphism in BL B2 gene between Red Jungle Fowl (RJF) and domesticated chicken through... more Genetic polymorphism in BL B2 gene between Red Jungle Fowl (RJF) and domesticated chicken through sequence homology comparisons was studied. A 277 bp amplicon representing second exon corresponding to ? extra cellular domain of BL B2 gene was amplified using chicken specific primers and sequenced (Accession No DQ885564). Sequence homology comparisons of the 277 bp sequence of RJF showed that it had the maximum genetic similarity (93.3%) with BW1 haplotype of RJF. Among the chicken B haplotypes, B21 haplotype, irrespective of its genetic background i.e. either it is from White Leghorn or Thai native chicken, showed maximum sequence homology. Among chicken breeds, RJF showed more genetic similarity with Chinese and Korean native in comparison to Indian native chicken breed.
Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding, 2005
Sequence variation in BLB2 gene was used to estimate the genetic relatedness among Red Jungle fow... more Sequence variation in BLB2 gene was used to estimate the genetic relatedness among Red Jungle fowl (RJF) and other poultry speciesl A277 bp fragment from-second exon colresponding to Bl extra cellular domain of BLB2 g"rr" *u. successfully amplified, cloned and sequenced in Red Jungle fowl' The related sequences from di+erent poultry and jungleiowl species were retrieved from genebank nucleotide sequence data-hase. RJF showed maximum g"r"tl" similarity "l!l ^6 Y^o.withchicken (Gallus g' domesticus) followed by other jungte fowl (G. Lafayetti) and pheasant (81.9 % and 81.5 o/o, respectively)' Ducks seemed to be most distant with i.rr' $z'.s y"), followed by turkey (76.2 %) and quail (78.3 %)' Among other comparisons, maximum genetic similarity was seen between quail and turkey (78'7 %) and least genetic similarity between duck and quail (55.5 %). la general, duck showed lower genetic similarity with other avian species. Genetic divergence values ietween RJF and other poultry species also revealed similar trend.
Indian Journal of animal genetics and Breeding, 2005
The pVIVO2-GFPlLacZ vector was cloned in E. coli DH5∞ cells, multiplied and recovered by plasmid ... more The pVIVO2-GFPlLacZ vector was cloned in E. coli DH5∞ cells, multiplied and recovered by plasmid isolation. The recovery of vector was confirmed by digestion of vector with NcoI restriction enzyme which yielded single 9.6 kb lineralized vector and digestion with Hind III restriction enzyme, which yielded two fragments of 2979 and 6641 bp as per expectation. A 5317 bp LacZ gene (XmaJI and NheI release fragment) and a 2l52 bp GFP gene (XmaJI and PacI release fragment) were eluted and purified and used as DNA substrate in hybridization. An 1111 bp LacZ probe (Hind III and SmaI release fragment) and 621 bp GFP probe (l.Icol and EcoRV release fragment) was used eluted, purified and labeled with biotin using BrightstarTM Psorslen-Biotin non-isotopic labeling kit (Ambion, USA) and the efficiency of the biotinylation of the samples was assessed by comparing the detection of biotin on the labeled 11ll bp LacZ probe, 621 bp GFP probe as well as in control DNA provided with the kit. The dot blots from whole vector DNA and 5l32bp LacZ gene DNA was found to hybridize with 1111 bp LacZ probe and the dot blots from whole vector DNA and 2152 bp GFP gene DNA was found to hybridize with 621bp GFP probe. These results clearly evidenced the efficiency of biotin labelled probe in detecting the specific gene in hybridization studies.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different weight categories and strains on fe... more An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different weight categories and strains on fertility and different hatchability traits in two strains of White leghorn, IWP, and IWN. The results revealed that none of the traits studied showed significant differences in egg weight in both IWN and IWP strains. Significant difference of strain was observed for overall mean values of egg weight, fertility, early embryonic death, dead germs, and dead-in-shell. The correlation of egg weight with all the other traits were very low, of which , the association was in positive direction for egg weight and dead-in-shell in both the strains.
Aim: The present experiments were conducted (a) to evaluate the semen attributes of older Rhode I... more Aim: The present experiments were conducted (a) to evaluate the semen attributes of older Rhode Island Red (RIR) roosters and the inter-trait relationships, (b) to test sperm washing and storage duration suitable for gene transfer experiments. Materials and Methods: The semen characteristics of older RIR roosters were studied, and Pearson correlation analysis was done to demonstrate the inter-trait relationships. Progressive motility and percent live sperms were tested at different post-washing intervals to identify suitable sperm processing conditions for gene transfer experiments. Results: The volume, appearance score, initial motility, sperm count and percent live and abnormal spermatozoa were 0.38 ml, 3.58, 80.34%, 4.03 × 10 9 sperms/ml, 83.18% and 4.52% respectively. Positive correlation was observed among appearance score, motility, live sperm and sperm count. Semen volume is negatively correlated with all the other characters except live sperms, whereas, percent abnormal sperms negatively associated with all the other traits. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in terms of motility and live sperm was recorded at 60 min post-washing. Conclusion: The semen attributes of RIR roosters compares well with the other breeds of chicken. The appearance score can be used to assess fertility where microscopic evaluation facilities are limited. The sperm washing protocol tested in the experiment is suitable for gene transfer experiments.
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2024
A study was conducted to evaluate external and internal egg quality characters of three chicken b... more A study was conducted to evaluate external and internal egg quality characters of three chicken breeds/ ecotypes namely, indigenous Siruvidai, TANUVAS Aseel and White Leghorn. A total of 180 eggs (120 eggs from Siruvidai chicken, 30 eggs from TANUVAS Aseel and 30 eggs from White Leghorn) were subjected to this study. The weight, length, width and surface area of White Leghorn eggs were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of TANUVAS Aseel and indigenous Siruvidai chicken. Shape index was found to be significantly (P<0.05 higher in Siruvidai chicken eggs compared to that of TANUVAS Aseel and White Leghorn. Among the internal egg qualities, the height and width of albumen and albumen index were significantly (P<0.05) higher in White Leghorn chicken eggs compared to that of TANUVAS Aseel and Siruvidai chicken. Yolk height and yolk index of three breeds showed no significant difference among breeds. Yolk width was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TANUVAS Aseel compared to that of Siruvidai chicken. Yolk colour was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TANUVAS Aseel and Siruvidai chicken compared to that of White Leghorn. Shell thickness was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TANUVAS Aseel and White Leghorn as compared to Siruvidai chicken. Haugh unit was significantly (P<0.05) higher in White Leghorn compared to TANUVAS Aseel and Siruvidai chicken. The results revealed that the egg quality characters like egg weight, egg length, egg width, shape index, surface area, albumen height, albumen index, shell thickness and Haugh unit of indigenous Siruvidai chicken is different from other indigenous breed like Aseel and exotic breed like White Leghorn.
Indian Journal of Veterinary ans Animal Sciences Research, 2023
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of sex on growth pattern and carcass characters o... more An experiment was conducted to study the effect of sex on growth pattern and carcass characters of commercial broilers. One hundred and twenty numbers of day-old chicks were wing banded, weighed and reared up to 40 days of age. The body weight was individually recorded from all the birds on 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 40 days of age to assess the influence of gender on body weight. At the end of the experiment 12 males and 12 females were subjected to slaughter studies to assess the carcass characters. The body weight between males and females were similar up to 14 days of age and thereafter, males recorded significantly (p<0.01) higher body weights on 21, 28, 35, 40 days of age, weighing 35.79, 107.69, 179.73, 211.88 g respectively higher than females. The ready-to-cook weight (%) and dressed carcass (%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in males; whereas, New York carcass (%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in females. Among the cut of parts, the drumstick percentage was significantly (p<0.05) higher in males, whereas, the wings percentage was significantly (p<0.05) higher in females. Among processing yields and losses, only shank & feet and abdominal fat (%) showed significant (p<0.05) difference between sexes; while, feather, blood, head, viscera, kidney and total offal yields had non-significant difference between sexes. Among giblets, only the heart yield was significantly (p<0.05) different between sexes with higher value in females. The results showed that the males attain marketable weight early, therefore can be marketed early. The males can be slaughtered earlier than females for producing specialized products from drumstick; whereas, females can be slaughtered early to harvest drumette. Keywords: Commercial broiler, male and female, effect of sex, growth pattern, carcass characters
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2023
To improve the production performance of white Guinea fowl, selective breeding was carried out co... more To improve the production performance of white Guinea fowl, selective breeding was carried out continuously for six generation. A total 1000 Guinea fowl hatching eggs were procured from various government institutions and private entrepreneurs, and subsequently keets were hatched out and base population was created. The production traits were given due importance during selective breeding for six generations to improve both body weight and egg production. The traits such as hatch weight, 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th and 24th week body weight (g), FCR, livability, age at sexual maturity (days), Hen - Day Egg Production (HDEP) and Hen - Housed Egg Production (HHEP), annual egg number, egg weight (g), adult livability, total and fertile hatchability (%) were studied in all six generations. The day-old chick weight of all six generations ranged from 26.46 to 28.10 g. The 4th and 8th week mean body weight of the first generation white Guinea fowl was 180.85 g and 481.69 g respectively, which increased to 220.95 g and 494.13 g, respectively in 6th generation. Similarly, the 12th and 16th week body weights in 1st generation increased from 767.12 g to 805.29 g and 951.04 g to 1079.15 g , respectively, at 6th generation. The linear regression analysis of 4th and 8th week body weight over generations revealed significant increment of 7.59 g and 7.72 g, respectively, per generation. Similarly, the 12th, 16th and 24th week body weight in each generation had a positive change with high degree of goodness of fit. The 12 and 16th week FCR showed a positive change of high magnitude over generations. The hen day and hen housed egg production (29-51 weeks) from 1st generation to 6th generation increased from 39.26 to 40.55 % and 37.53 to 38.83 % , respectively, during the course of selection. The total and fertile egg hatchability also showed marked changes due to selection with values varying from 49.52 to 53.14 % and 71.37 to 72.38 % across the generations. This study concluded that the multi stage short-term selection can improve both body weight and egg production in white Guinea fowl. Key words: Selective breeding, production performance, white Guinea fowl.
A biological trial was carried out to study the dietary protein requirement of Kadaknath chicken ... more A biological trial was carried out to study the dietary protein requirement of Kadaknath chicken during the growing phase (0-12 week) to assess the growth performance. A total of 240 day old Kadaknath chicks were wing banded, weighed individually and distributed randomly into four experimental groups with three replicates of 20 chicks each. Four experimental diets were formulated with four levels of crude protein viz., 14, 16, 18 and 20 per cent with 2800 kcal / Kg ME. The birds fed with 20 per cent crude protein with 2800 kcal /Kg ME had highest body weight (895.81±16.11 g) when compared to other treatment groups. The cumulative feed consumption was 3481.59±39.25 g, 3384.09±40.23 g, 3386.31±36.64 g and 3478.46±32.89 g in groups fed with 20, 18, 16 and 14% CP respectively. Among the various treatment groups, T 4 group fed with 20% CP showed better feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 4.03±0.08 followed by with 18, 16, and 14% CP respectively. The above study concluded that Kadaknath chicken diet having 20 per cent crude protein and 2800 kcal/Kg ME up to 12 weeks of age is optimum to elicit best growth performance in terms of body weight and feed conversion ratio.
The sternum of blue and yellow macaw was comprised of a manubrium sterni or sternal spine, a body... more The sternum of blue and yellow macaw was comprised of a manubrium sterni or sternal spine, a body and a sternal crest. The manubrium sterni was thick upwardly bent spine-like process arose only from the ventral edge of the cranial border. At the base of the sternal spine on left side, a large pneumatic foramina was noticed. The body of the sternum was rectangular in shape. In the cranial half presented numerous small pneumatic foramina. Two large oval foramina, the foramen ovale were located near the caudal border. The cranial border of the sternum was convex, thick and semicircular in shape. The craniolateral process was very short, roughly quadrilateral in shape and dorsolaterally directed. The lateral borders presented five transversely placed thin and short articular cylinders. The caudolateral process was short, broad and thin. It extended up to the caudal border of the sternum and fused with it and formed caudal border of the sternum. The sternal crest was well developed, tria...
Churchil, R.R. (2023). Avian Transgenesis: Methods and Applications, In: Poultry Production: Curr... more Churchil, R.R. (2023). Avian Transgenesis: Methods and Applications, In: Poultry Production: Current Insights, Banday, M. T., Khan, A.A, Adil, S. and Sheikh, I.U. (Eds.), Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, PP. 285 - 295.
International Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry , 2024
A study was conducted to the effect of dietary supplementation of amla fruit powder, tulsi leaf p... more A study was conducted to the effect of dietary supplementation of amla fruit powder, tulsi leaf powder and their combination on production performance of Japanese quails. For this study 252 day-old straight run Japanese quails were randomly distributed into seven treatments consisting of six replicates each. Each replicate had six birds. The birds were reared in cages throughout the biological experiment and Japanese quail brooder mash diet was provided as control diet (T1), brooder mash with amla fruit powder (AFP) at the rate of 0.5% (T2), 1.0% (T3), tulsi leaf powder (TLP) at the rate of 0.25% (T4), 0.5% (T5), amla fruit powder 0.5% + tulsi leaf powder 0.25% (T6),amla fruit powder 1.0% + tulsi leaf powder 0.5% (T7) were used. The results revealed that there was significant difference between the treatment groups in body weight up to fourth week of the experiment. During 5 th week there was statistically non-significant improvement in all treatment groups than in control. The statistical analysis of the data in the study revealed that, there was significant (p<0.05) difference in weekly body weight gain of Japanese quails from first to fifth week of age. The supplementation of phytobiotics separately or in combination positively influenced the body weight gain. Supplementation of AFP and TLP alone or in combination significantly (p<0.05) influenced the feed intake during third and fifth week of age. However, the supplementation had no significant (p>0.05) effect on overall feed intake of birds. The overall feed efficiency showed statistically non-significant (p>0.05) improvement among the treatment groups. The overall livability of birds (from day-old to five weeks) showed no significant (p>0.05) difference among the treatment groups. It was concluded that the results revealed that there was significant difference between the treatment groups in body weight up to fourth week of the experiment. The birds supplemented with combination of AFP and TLP at both higher and lower levels in feed recorded significant (p<0.05) increase in weight gain in second and third weeks. The overall feed intake, feed efficiency and livability showed statistically non-significant (p>0.05) improvement among the treatment groups.
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2024
A biological trial was conducted to investigate the effect of bacteriophage on carcass characteri... more A biological trial was conducted to investigate the effect of bacteriophage on carcass characteristics of commercial broilers with or without bacterial challenge. Totally 180 day old Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly allotted into five dietary treatments designated as T1 to T5 with each treatment replicated thrice. T1 and T2 served as negative and positive control respectively, while birds in T3, T4 and T5 were exposed to E. coli on different days during 35 days course. Dietary treatments included T1 - basal diet, T2 - basal diet with bacteriophage in feed (50 mg/bird/ day up to 7th day and 25 mg/bird/day up to 35th day), T3 without bacteriophage, T4-bacteriophage in feed (50 mg/bird/day up to 35th day) and T5 - bacteriophage in feed (50 mg/bird/day up to 7th day and 25 mg/bird/day up to 35th day). E. coli was introduced orally in groups T3 and T4 on day 10, while T5 on day 26 (106 CFU/ bird). The bacteriophage supplementation to E. coli challenged birds had significantly increased the weights of eviscerated carcass, giblets, ready-to-cook meat; the cut-up parts like breast, back and drumstick compared to non-supplemented group. Results shed light on the potential benefits of bacteriophage as a natural alternate approach to antibiotic growth promotors in broiler production. Key words: Poultry, bacteriophage, carcass yield, cut up parts
To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuous... more To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuously for six generation. A total 1000 Guinea fowl hatching eggs were collected and keets were hatched out to create base population. The production traits were given due importance during selective breeding for 6 generations to improve both body weight and egg production. The hatch weight, body weight (g), FCR, livability, age at sexual maturity (days), HDEP and HHEP, annual egg number, weight (g), total and fertile hatchability (%) were studied. The day-old chick weight of all six generations ranged from 26.46 to 28.10g. The 4 and 8th week mean body weight of the first-generation white Guinea fowl was 180.85 and 481.69g, respectively, which increased to 220.95 and 494.13g, respectively in 6th generation. Similarly, the 12 and 16th week body weight in lst generation increased from 767.12 to 805.29g and 951.04 to 1079.15g respectively, at 6th generation. The linear regression analysis of 4 and 8th week body weight over generations revealed significant increment of 7.59 g and 7.72 g respectively, per generation. Similarly, the body weight in each generation had a positive change with high degree of goodness of fit. The 12 and 16th week FCR showed a positive change of high magnitude over generations. The hen day and hen housed egg production (29-51 weeks) from 1st to 6th generation increased from 39.26 to 40.55% and 37.53 to 38.83% respectively, during the course of selection. The total and fertile egg hatchability also showed marked changes due to selection with improvement varying from 49.52 to 53.14% and 71.37 to 72.38% across the generations. This study concluded that the multi-stage short-term selection can improve both body weight and egg production in white Guinea fowl.
To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuous... more To improve productive traits of white Guinea fowl , selective breeding was carried out continuously for six generation. A total 1000 Guinea fowl hatching eggs were collected and keets were hatched out to create base population. The production traits were given due importance during selective breeding for 6 generations to improve both body weight and egg production. The hatch weight, body weight (g), FCR, livability, age at sexual maturity (days), HDEP and HHEP, annual egg number, weight (g), total and fertile hatchability (%) were studied. The day-old chick weight of all six generations ranged from 26.46 to 28.10g. The 4 and 8th week mean body weight of the first-generation white Guinea fowl was 180.85 and 481.69g, respectively, which increased to 220.95 and 494.13g, respectively in 6th generation. Similarly, the 12 and 16th week body weight in lst generation increased from 767.12 to 805.29g and 951.04 to 1079.15g respectively, at 6th generation. The linear regression analysis of 4 and 8th week body weight over generations revealed significant increment of 7.59 g and 7.72 g respectively, per generation. Similarly, the body weight in each generation had a positive change with high degree of goodness of fit. The 12 and 16th week FCR showed a positive change of high magnitude over generations. The hen day and hen housed egg production (29-51 weeks) from 1st to 6th generation increased from 39.26 to 40.55% and 37.53 to 38.83% respectively, during the course of selection. The total and fertile egg hatchability also showed marked changes due to selection with improvement varying from 49.52 to 53.14% and 71.37 to 72.38% across the generations. This study concluded that the multi-stage short-term selection can improve both body weight and egg production in white Guinea fowl.
Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding, 2005
A~450 bp fragment of 12S rRNA gene was amplified by using universal primers in Red Jungle fowl (R... more A~450 bp fragment of 12S rRNA gene was amplified by using universal primers in Red Jungle fowl (RJF) and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence comparisons for 12S rRNA sequences from different chicken breeds / poultry species showed ample variation among them. Sequence alignment of partial 12S rRNA gene showed that per cent genetic similarity between RJF and poultry species ranged from 68.9 to 98.2, while genetic divergence ranged from 0.7 % — 15 %. Red jungle fowl showed maximum genetic similarity with chicken (99.2 %), while least genetic similarity with duck (77.4 %). Among other comparisons, except the lower genetic similarity of duck with all other poultry species (> 78 %), the genetic similarity of almost similar magnitude (82.8 % to 86.3 %) was observed. Key words : Phyogenetic relationship, 12S rRNA gene polymorphism, Red Jungle fowl
Indian Journal of Veterinary and animal Sciences Research, 2014
Three hundred and sixty (360) day-old straight run Nandanam broiler-2 chicks were individually we... more Three hundred and sixty (360) day-old straight run Nandanam broiler-2 chicks were individually weighed, wing banded and randomly assigned to three different dietary treatments with two replicates and reared on deep litter system for a period of 8 weeks. The results showed that supplementation of muti-enzyme at the rate of 500g per ton of feed (T2) in Nandanam broiler-2 ration were significantly higher (P<0.01) than control in weight gain of 2 nd , 8 th and 0-8 week of age. The feed consumption and feed conversion efficiency was significantly higher (P<0.01) in control compared to treatment. The livability was highly significant (P<0.01) in T3 than control. The carcass characteristics of live weight, heart, eviscerated, giblet and ready-to-cook weight did not show any significant difference in treatment group than control. The cut-up parts of breast yield were highly significant (P<0.01) in T2 than control. The drumstick yield was significantly higher (P<0.01) in control than treatments. The cut-up-parts of back, thigh, neck and wing did not show any significant difference in treatment than the control, but the value was better in enzyme treated group. It was concluded that the production performance was better in supplementation of multi-enzyme at the rate of 500g/ ton of feed and carcass traits was not significantly different between the treatments.
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2013
The above study was conducted to analyze the hatchability performance of broiler breeder hatching... more The above study was conducted to analyze the hatchability performance of broiler breeder hatching eggs at Institute of Poultry Production and Management, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai – 51. A total of 4436 broiler breeder hatching eggs with 12 settings were divided in to two equal groups of each 2218 as treatment and control. The treatment group hatching eggs were exposed to PEMF at 1 Hz frequency with 1500 nT intensity for 18 hours at 180C and 80 percent relative humidity. The control eggs were stored at the same temperature and humidity but kept unexposed to the PEMF. After bringing into room temperature for one hour, the eggs were incubated under optimum temperature and humidity in setter and hatcher. The hatchability performance showed no significant difference between treatment and control groups. Percent hatchability to total and fertile egg set for treatment group were 76.09 and 90.36 and that of control were 73.89 and 89.59 respectively. There were no significant differences observed for mean per cent embryonic mortality, mean per cent dead in germ and dead in shell between treatment and control group. The results of this study provide enough indication from the experiment, that it is imperative to conduct a few more trials using a different combination of frequency, intensity and dose duration to get better hatchability performance
Supplementation of live yeast culture containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) in broiler ration ... more Supplementation of live yeast culture containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) in broiler ration enhanced immune status of birds against Ranikhet disease and infectious bursal disease. Serum cholesterol level reduced significantly (P < 0.05) with 0.2 per cent SC supplementation, while other serum parameters like total proteins, albumin and glucose remained unchanged.
Genetic polymorphism in BL B2 gene between Red Jungle Fowl (RJF) and domesticated chicken through... more Genetic polymorphism in BL B2 gene between Red Jungle Fowl (RJF) and domesticated chicken through sequence homology comparisons was studied. A 277 bp amplicon representing second exon corresponding to ? extra cellular domain of BL B2 gene was amplified using chicken specific primers and sequenced (Accession No DQ885564). Sequence homology comparisons of the 277 bp sequence of RJF showed that it had the maximum genetic similarity (93.3%) with BW1 haplotype of RJF. Among the chicken B haplotypes, B21 haplotype, irrespective of its genetic background i.e. either it is from White Leghorn or Thai native chicken, showed maximum sequence homology. Among chicken breeds, RJF showed more genetic similarity with Chinese and Korean native in comparison to Indian native chicken breed.
Indian Journal of Animal Genetics and Breeding, 2005
Sequence variation in BLB2 gene was used to estimate the genetic relatedness among Red Jungle fow... more Sequence variation in BLB2 gene was used to estimate the genetic relatedness among Red Jungle fowl (RJF) and other poultry speciesl A277 bp fragment from-second exon colresponding to Bl extra cellular domain of BLB2 g"rr" *u. successfully amplified, cloned and sequenced in Red Jungle fowl' The related sequences from di+erent poultry and jungleiowl species were retrieved from genebank nucleotide sequence data-hase. RJF showed maximum g"r"tl" similarity "l!l ^6 Y^o.withchicken (Gallus g' domesticus) followed by other jungte fowl (G. Lafayetti) and pheasant (81.9 % and 81.5 o/o, respectively)' Ducks seemed to be most distant with i.rr' $z'.s y"), followed by turkey (76.2 %) and quail (78.3 %)' Among other comparisons, maximum genetic similarity was seen between quail and turkey (78'7 %) and least genetic similarity between duck and quail (55.5 %). la general, duck showed lower genetic similarity with other avian species. Genetic divergence values ietween RJF and other poultry species also revealed similar trend.
Indian Journal of animal genetics and Breeding, 2005
The pVIVO2-GFPlLacZ vector was cloned in E. coli DH5∞ cells, multiplied and recovered by plasmid ... more The pVIVO2-GFPlLacZ vector was cloned in E. coli DH5∞ cells, multiplied and recovered by plasmid isolation. The recovery of vector was confirmed by digestion of vector with NcoI restriction enzyme which yielded single 9.6 kb lineralized vector and digestion with Hind III restriction enzyme, which yielded two fragments of 2979 and 6641 bp as per expectation. A 5317 bp LacZ gene (XmaJI and NheI release fragment) and a 2l52 bp GFP gene (XmaJI and PacI release fragment) were eluted and purified and used as DNA substrate in hybridization. An 1111 bp LacZ probe (Hind III and SmaI release fragment) and 621 bp GFP probe (l.Icol and EcoRV release fragment) was used eluted, purified and labeled with biotin using BrightstarTM Psorslen-Biotin non-isotopic labeling kit (Ambion, USA) and the efficiency of the biotinylation of the samples was assessed by comparing the detection of biotin on the labeled 11ll bp LacZ probe, 621 bp GFP probe as well as in control DNA provided with the kit. The dot blots from whole vector DNA and 5l32bp LacZ gene DNA was found to hybridize with 1111 bp LacZ probe and the dot blots from whole vector DNA and 2152 bp GFP gene DNA was found to hybridize with 621bp GFP probe. These results clearly evidenced the efficiency of biotin labelled probe in detecting the specific gene in hybridization studies.
An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different weight categories and strains on fe... more An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different weight categories and strains on fertility and different hatchability traits in two strains of White leghorn, IWP, and IWN. The results revealed that none of the traits studied showed significant differences in egg weight in both IWN and IWP strains. Significant difference of strain was observed for overall mean values of egg weight, fertility, early embryonic death, dead germs, and dead-in-shell. The correlation of egg weight with all the other traits were very low, of which , the association was in positive direction for egg weight and dead-in-shell in both the strains.
Aim: The present experiments were conducted (a) to evaluate the semen attributes of older Rhode I... more Aim: The present experiments were conducted (a) to evaluate the semen attributes of older Rhode Island Red (RIR) roosters and the inter-trait relationships, (b) to test sperm washing and storage duration suitable for gene transfer experiments. Materials and Methods: The semen characteristics of older RIR roosters were studied, and Pearson correlation analysis was done to demonstrate the inter-trait relationships. Progressive motility and percent live sperms were tested at different post-washing intervals to identify suitable sperm processing conditions for gene transfer experiments. Results: The volume, appearance score, initial motility, sperm count and percent live and abnormal spermatozoa were 0.38 ml, 3.58, 80.34%, 4.03 × 10 9 sperms/ml, 83.18% and 4.52% respectively. Positive correlation was observed among appearance score, motility, live sperm and sperm count. Semen volume is negatively correlated with all the other characters except live sperms, whereas, percent abnormal sperms negatively associated with all the other traits. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in terms of motility and live sperm was recorded at 60 min post-washing. Conclusion: The semen attributes of RIR roosters compares well with the other breeds of chicken. The appearance score can be used to assess fertility where microscopic evaluation facilities are limited. The sperm washing protocol tested in the experiment is suitable for gene transfer experiments.
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2024
A study was conducted to evaluate external and internal egg quality characters of three chicken b... more A study was conducted to evaluate external and internal egg quality characters of three chicken breeds/ ecotypes namely, indigenous Siruvidai, TANUVAS Aseel and White Leghorn. A total of 180 eggs (120 eggs from Siruvidai chicken, 30 eggs from TANUVAS Aseel and 30 eggs from White Leghorn) were subjected to this study. The weight, length, width and surface area of White Leghorn eggs were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of TANUVAS Aseel and indigenous Siruvidai chicken. Shape index was found to be significantly (P<0.05 higher in Siruvidai chicken eggs compared to that of TANUVAS Aseel and White Leghorn. Among the internal egg qualities, the height and width of albumen and albumen index were significantly (P<0.05) higher in White Leghorn chicken eggs compared to that of TANUVAS Aseel and Siruvidai chicken. Yolk height and yolk index of three breeds showed no significant difference among breeds. Yolk width was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TANUVAS Aseel compared to that of Siruvidai chicken. Yolk colour was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TANUVAS Aseel and Siruvidai chicken compared to that of White Leghorn. Shell thickness was significantly (P<0.05) higher in TANUVAS Aseel and White Leghorn as compared to Siruvidai chicken. Haugh unit was significantly (P<0.05) higher in White Leghorn compared to TANUVAS Aseel and Siruvidai chicken. The results revealed that the egg quality characters like egg weight, egg length, egg width, shape index, surface area, albumen height, albumen index, shell thickness and Haugh unit of indigenous Siruvidai chicken is different from other indigenous breed like Aseel and exotic breed like White Leghorn.
Indian Journal of Veterinary ans Animal Sciences Research, 2023
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of sex on growth pattern and carcass characters o... more An experiment was conducted to study the effect of sex on growth pattern and carcass characters of commercial broilers. One hundred and twenty numbers of day-old chicks were wing banded, weighed and reared up to 40 days of age. The body weight was individually recorded from all the birds on 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 40 days of age to assess the influence of gender on body weight. At the end of the experiment 12 males and 12 females were subjected to slaughter studies to assess the carcass characters. The body weight between males and females were similar up to 14 days of age and thereafter, males recorded significantly (p<0.01) higher body weights on 21, 28, 35, 40 days of age, weighing 35.79, 107.69, 179.73, 211.88 g respectively higher than females. The ready-to-cook weight (%) and dressed carcass (%) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in males; whereas, New York carcass (%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in females. Among the cut of parts, the drumstick percentage was significantly (p<0.05) higher in males, whereas, the wings percentage was significantly (p<0.05) higher in females. Among processing yields and losses, only shank & feet and abdominal fat (%) showed significant (p<0.05) difference between sexes; while, feather, blood, head, viscera, kidney and total offal yields had non-significant difference between sexes. Among giblets, only the heart yield was significantly (p<0.05) different between sexes with higher value in females. The results showed that the males attain marketable weight early, therefore can be marketed early. The males can be slaughtered earlier than females for producing specialized products from drumstick; whereas, females can be slaughtered early to harvest drumette. Keywords: Commercial broiler, male and female, effect of sex, growth pattern, carcass characters
Indian Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Research, 2023
To improve the production performance of white Guinea fowl, selective breeding was carried out co... more To improve the production performance of white Guinea fowl, selective breeding was carried out continuously for six generation. A total 1000 Guinea fowl hatching eggs were procured from various government institutions and private entrepreneurs, and subsequently keets were hatched out and base population was created. The production traits were given due importance during selective breeding for six generations to improve both body weight and egg production. The traits such as hatch weight, 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th and 24th week body weight (g), FCR, livability, age at sexual maturity (days), Hen - Day Egg Production (HDEP) and Hen - Housed Egg Production (HHEP), annual egg number, egg weight (g), adult livability, total and fertile hatchability (%) were studied in all six generations. The day-old chick weight of all six generations ranged from 26.46 to 28.10 g. The 4th and 8th week mean body weight of the first generation white Guinea fowl was 180.85 g and 481.69 g respectively, which increased to 220.95 g and 494.13 g, respectively in 6th generation. Similarly, the 12th and 16th week body weights in 1st generation increased from 767.12 g to 805.29 g and 951.04 g to 1079.15 g , respectively, at 6th generation. The linear regression analysis of 4th and 8th week body weight over generations revealed significant increment of 7.59 g and 7.72 g, respectively, per generation. Similarly, the 12th, 16th and 24th week body weight in each generation had a positive change with high degree of goodness of fit. The 12 and 16th week FCR showed a positive change of high magnitude over generations. The hen day and hen housed egg production (29-51 weeks) from 1st generation to 6th generation increased from 39.26 to 40.55 % and 37.53 to 38.83 % , respectively, during the course of selection. The total and fertile egg hatchability also showed marked changes due to selection with values varying from 49.52 to 53.14 % and 71.37 to 72.38 % across the generations. This study concluded that the multi stage short-term selection can improve both body weight and egg production in white Guinea fowl. Key words: Selective breeding, production performance, white Guinea fowl.
A biological trial was carried out to study the dietary protein requirement of Kadaknath chicken ... more A biological trial was carried out to study the dietary protein requirement of Kadaknath chicken during the growing phase (0-12 week) to assess the growth performance. A total of 240 day old Kadaknath chicks were wing banded, weighed individually and distributed randomly into four experimental groups with three replicates of 20 chicks each. Four experimental diets were formulated with four levels of crude protein viz., 14, 16, 18 and 20 per cent with 2800 kcal / Kg ME. The birds fed with 20 per cent crude protein with 2800 kcal /Kg ME had highest body weight (895.81±16.11 g) when compared to other treatment groups. The cumulative feed consumption was 3481.59±39.25 g, 3384.09±40.23 g, 3386.31±36.64 g and 3478.46±32.89 g in groups fed with 20, 18, 16 and 14% CP respectively. Among the various treatment groups, T 4 group fed with 20% CP showed better feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 4.03±0.08 followed by with 18, 16, and 14% CP respectively. The above study concluded that Kadaknath chicken diet having 20 per cent crude protein and 2800 kcal/Kg ME up to 12 weeks of age is optimum to elicit best growth performance in terms of body weight and feed conversion ratio.
The sternum of blue and yellow macaw was comprised of a manubrium sterni or sternal spine, a body... more The sternum of blue and yellow macaw was comprised of a manubrium sterni or sternal spine, a body and a sternal crest. The manubrium sterni was thick upwardly bent spine-like process arose only from the ventral edge of the cranial border. At the base of the sternal spine on left side, a large pneumatic foramina was noticed. The body of the sternum was rectangular in shape. In the cranial half presented numerous small pneumatic foramina. Two large oval foramina, the foramen ovale were located near the caudal border. The cranial border of the sternum was convex, thick and semicircular in shape. The craniolateral process was very short, roughly quadrilateral in shape and dorsolaterally directed. The lateral borders presented five transversely placed thin and short articular cylinders. The caudolateral process was short, broad and thin. It extended up to the caudal border of the sternum and fused with it and formed caudal border of the sternum. The sternal crest was well developed, tria...
Churchil, R.R. (2023). Avian Transgenesis: Methods and Applications, In: Poultry Production: Curr... more Churchil, R.R. (2023). Avian Transgenesis: Methods and Applications, In: Poultry Production: Current Insights, Banday, M. T., Khan, A.A, Adil, S. and Sheikh, I.U. (Eds.), Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, India, PP. 285 - 295.
Proceedings of Conference on: Sustainable Animal Nutrition for Global Health and Production: Innovations and Directions, 2024
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of dried marigold ... more An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation of dried marigold (Tagetes erect) petals powder (DMPP) and annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seed powder (ASP) on intensity and stability of egg yolk colour in laying hens. In this study, twenty Rhode Island Red layers, of 43 weeks old, were divided into two experimental groups, and fed with 1% each of DMPP and PAS respectively. The yolk colours from eggs of both groups were scored daily using Roche colour fan prior to, during and after withdrawing the supplementation and the mean yolk colour for every two-day interval (period) were taken for statistical analysis. The initial yolk scores of DMPP and ASP fed group were 5.20 and 4.80, respectively. and the values increased to peak value of 10.25 in DMPP group during period 11 whereas to peak yolk colour of 8.33 during period 7 in ASP group. Throughout six period feedings, the yolk colour remained in plateau despite feeding the natural yolk pigmenters and on withdrawal, DMPP-fed group showed a gradual decrease in the egg yolk colour at a rate of 0.64 and reached value of 6.28 at the end of five two-day periods; whereas, the ASP-fed group maintained a stable yolk colour for the same period. Keywords: Marigold petals, annatto seeds, yolk colour, layers. Introduction In addition to being a great source of nutrients, eggs possess an array of properties making it crucial for preventing diseases and maintaining health. However, buyers' decisions are influenced by egg qualities and egg yolk colour is one such major quality influencing buyer’s preference. The dietary pigments and, to a lesser extent, the birds' physiological condition is closely linked to the yolk colour and hence consumers generally associate the pigmentation of the egg yolk to its nutrient content and well-being of the bird (Pebriansyah and Marounek, 2018). Hence the demand for eggs with vibrant yolk colour is rising in today’s market, which can give farmers a better income and maximise their profits. Objective Therefore, the objective of the study was to assess the effect of dietary supplementation of natural egg yolk pigmenters like dried marigold (Tagetes erecta) petal powder (DMPP) and annatto (Bixa orellana L.) seed powder (ASP) on the intensity and rate of changes of yolk colour during feeding and withdrawal phase in laying hens. Materials and Methods Two experimental groups viz., DMPP and ASP, each containing 10 birds of 43 weeks old Rhode Island Red layers, were fed with 1% DMPP and ASP respectively. The yolk colours from eggs of both groups were scored daily prior to, during and after withdrawal of supplementation using Roche colour fan. The scores were pooled and mean for two-day periods were used for further analysis. Results and Discussion The results showed that the initial egg yolk score in DMPP and ASP group were 5.20 and 4.80 respectively prior to commencement of trial and on supplementation, the yolk colour showed a gradual increase in both the groups with time. The regression analysis revealed that the yolk colour in DMPP fed group increased at a slower rate of 0.48 per period compared to 0.55 in ASP fed group. During the course of feeding, the peak yolk colour (8.33) was seen in the ASP group during period 7; while, the colour increase continued further in DMPP group and reached its peak colour during period 11 with a value of 10.25. Although the supplementation was continued, the yolk colour remained in plateau with mean egg yolk colour values of 10.05 and 8.18 in DMPP and ASP group respectively during 6 two-days periods. The yolk colour intensity was significantly (P<0.05) higher in DMPP fed group compared to ASP fed group during plateau. On withdrawal of feed supplementation, the results showed that there was gradual decline in egg yolk colour in DMPP group at a rate of 0.64 and reached a yolk colour value of 6.28 after 5 two-days period, whereas, ASP fed group maintained a plateau with a mean yolk colour score of 8.43 for the same period after withdrawal. Further no significant difference in the mean yolk colour intensity values existed during the peak and 5 two-day post-withdrawal periods in ASP group. The results indicated that although higher intensity of egg yolk colour can be obtained by feeding 1% DMPP compared to 1% ASP, supplementation of annatto seeds can result in stable egg yolk colour even on withdrawal. Conclusion The supplementation of 1% annatto seed favoured enhancement of egg yolk colour and reached its peak at a faster rate compared to dried marigold petal powder and thereafter remained stable with a yolk colour score of 8.33. Though 1% dried marigold petal powder supplementation favoured peak yolk colour intensity of 10.05, the rate of yolk colour enhancement was slower, and decline after withdrawal was faster in DMPP fed group compared to annatto seed fed group. Therefore, dietary supplementation of annatto seeds powder may be preferred to dried marigold petal powder as its favours rapid and long-lasting yolk colour augmentation in layers.
In: Souvenir, IV World Waterfowl Conference, Thrissur, Kerala, India. pp. 57-64
Domestic ducks have served as a source of food and income for people in many parts of the world f... more Domestic ducks have served as a source of food and income for people in many parts of the world from ancient times. Ducks are a source of meat, eggs and down-feathers (for making bedding and warm jackets). Ducks are able to subsist and grow to maturity on relatively simple diets, based on locally available feedstuffs. Duck meat and duck eggs are good dietary sources of high quality protein, energy and several vitamins and minerals. When properly included as part of a well balanced daily diet, duck meat and eggs can supply a substantial portion of the nutrients required by human. This article deals with the nutritive value of duck egg and meat and describes variety of their products.
Chapter 1. Duck Production: An Overview (A. Jalaludeen and R. Richard Churchil); Chapter 2 Breeds... more Chapter 1. Duck Production: An Overview (A. Jalaludeen and R. Richard Churchil); Chapter 2 Breeds of Domestic Ducks (C. H. Su); Chapter 3 Duck Genetics and Breeding (Martin H. C. Liu and R. Richard Churchil); Chapter 4. Anatomy and Physiology of Ducks (K. M. Lucy and K. Karthiayini); Chapter 5 Nomadic (Transhumant) Duck Farming Practices (S. Sankaralingam and J. D. Mahanta); Chapter 6 Integrated Duck Farming (D. Sapcota and Kashmiri Begum); Chapter 7 Intensive Duck Rearing (K. Gajendran and P. Veeramani) Chapter 8 Feeding and Nutrient Requirements of Ducks (A. B. Mandal); Chapter 9. Incubation and Hatching of Duck Eggs (Stella Cyriac and Leo Joseph); Chapter 10 Nutritive Value of Duck Meat and Eggs (Elisabeth Baéza and Jeng-Fang Huang); Chapter 11 Duck Slaughter Processing and Meat Quality Measurements (Wen-Shyan Chen); 12 Further Processing of Duck Meat and Egg (George T. Oommen, T. Sathu, and Wen-Shyan Chen); Chapter 13 Value Addition of Feather and Down (Yao K. Y. Chen); Chapter 14 Duck Diseases and Disease Management (Yen-Ping Chen, Chao-Fang Yu, and Yu-Hua Shih); Chapter 15 Duck Genomics and Biotechnology (Surya Kanta Mishra and Adnan Naim); Chapter 16 Duck Farming: Opportunities, Constraints and Policy Recommendations (R. Richard Churchil and A. Jalaludeen) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6100-6
In book: Recent Trends in Poultry Production; Editors: S. P. Tiwari and O P Dinani, 2019
Transgenic chickens hold promise in many commercial and industrial applications beyond the intrin... more Transgenic chickens hold promise in many commercial and industrial applications beyond the intrinsic value as model systems in biological research. Chickens deposit large amounts of proteins into their eggs. A transgenic chicken could conceivably function as a bioreactor for the production of commercially or pharmaceutically important proteins, which are difficult or impossible to produce economically in prokaryotic systems. Gene transfer technology may also prove to be a useful complement to traditional poultry breeding methods in the improvement of commercially important production traits such as growth and disease resistance. Both intra and inter-species transfer could be used in poultry to introduce genes controlling desirable physiological functions unavailable in the existing pool of genetic variation. The quality of the product can be modified by biotechnology; a transgenic layer chicken can produce more eggs with less cholesterol or a genetically engineered broiler chicken can produce lean meat or with a favourable lipid profile to reduce health risk to the consumer. This chapter briefly covers Definition of Transgenesis History of Avian Transgenesis, Advantages of avian species as a transgenic bioreactor, Difficulties in avian transgenesis, Methods of transgenesis (Viral mediated gene transfer, Microinjection, Embryonic stem/ primordial cell-mediated gene transfer, Testis mediated gene transfer, Sperm mediated gene transfer (SMGT), Transgenesis for Developing Disease Resistant Poultry, Transgenesis for productivity improvement, Biopharming, Transgenesis for Developing Disease Resistant Poultry, Transgenesis for productivity improvement and Biopharming.
In book: Recent Trends in Poultry Production; Editors: S. P. Tiwari and O P Dinani , 2019
Ducks are important poultry species in many developing countries by virtue of their hardiness to ... more Ducks are important poultry species in many developing countries by virtue of their hardiness to diseases, long production year, large sized eggs, early morning egg laying character and their habit of foraging on aquatic plants - animals. They are suitable for integrated farming systems. They flourish well in marshy and wet lands. Along with other scavenging-poultry species, ducks play a vital role in meeting daily protein needs and providing household income of farm families in the mixed farming systems of many developing countries' It is considered to be the women's enterprise in small holder farming systems. Although a number of potential advantages, duck farming is decreasing year after year in India which could be due to scarce in scavenging areas and natural feed resources, drying up of natural water bodies, excessive use of chemicals in crop fields, less Govt. support, etc. Nomadic duck production is still on a traditional system, location specific technological interventions are to be carried out to refine the existing practices. Ducks and other water fowls are of great importance for food security of mankind in many parts of the world. In this chapter different aspects of duck production like Breeds of ducks, Distribution of ducks, Systems of management (Free range, semi-intensive, intensive & integrated), Feeding of ducks, Duck diseases and Interventions needed are briefly discussed.
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