This study examined physical training and observational training influences on motor learning and... more This study examined physical training and observational training influences on motor learning and the development of visual discrimination processes. Participants were trained on a bimanual task (relative phase of +90°) defined by a visual training stimulus. There were 2 observational contexts: 1) model-only, watch a learning model, and 2) stimulus-only, watch the visual training stimulus. After 2 d of training, the learning models performed the +90° pattern with reduced error in 2 retention tests. Each observer group showed improvement in performance of the +90° pattern, with the stimulus-only group characterized by a more significant improvement. The learning models and observer groups were characterized by an improvement in visually discriminating 2 features of the trained pattern, relative phase and hand-lead. Overall, physical practice (learning models) established a stronger link between the action and visual discrimination processes compared with the observational contexts. T...
The influence of monitoring-pressure on the performance of anti-phase and in-phase bimanual coord... more The influence of monitoring-pressure on the performance of anti-phase and in-phase bimanual coordination was examined. The two bimanual patterns were produced under no-monitoring and monitoring-pressure conditions at self-paced frequencies. Anti-phase coordination was always less stable than in-phase coordination, with or without monitoring. When performed under monitoring-pressure, the coordination patterns were performed with less variability in relative phase for both patterns across a range of self-paced movement frequencies compared to performance without monitoring. Thus, while monitoring-pressure did induce a behavioral change, it consisted of performance stabilization rather than degradation, a finding inconsistent with explicit-monitoring theory. However, the findings are consistent with the theory of coordination dynamics and studies that have revealed increased stability for the system's intrinsic dynamics as a result of attentional focus and intentional control.
This study demonstrated that motor skill proficiency ratings are constrained by the same order pa... more This study demonstrated that motor skill proficiency ratings are constrained by the same order parameter dynamics that constrain action production and action perception processes. Participants produced rhythmic actions simulated by an animated stick figure of the human arm. The primary finding was that participants' proficiency ratings covaried most with relative phase (φ) variability compared to mean relative phase. In-phase (φ = 0°) was produced with the least variability and received the highest proficiency rating, whereas the patterns φ = ±150° were attempted with the most variability and received the lowest proficiency ratings. A temporal delay in attempting to produce the animated pattern had a large impact on produced relative phase, yet had little impact on the proficiency ratings. Proprioceptive processes provide individuals information on motor skill proficiency. The lead or lag motion of the hand to forearm segment of the animated arm was identified consistently throu...
The authors manipulated movement amplitude in a bimanual circle-tracing task performed by 11 part... more The authors manipulated movement amplitude in a bimanual circle-tracing task performed by 11 participants. With pacing frequency fixed, the systematic increase and decrease of circle diameter within a trial induced phase transitions from the asymmetric (33% of trials) to the symmetric bimanual circle-tracing pattern; the transitions resulted from a loss of stability in the asymmetric pattern. Tracing frequency varied inversely with circle diameter so that end-effector variability was minimized in a set of self-paced trials in which the circle diameter in a trial was fixed. In the amplitude-scaling trials, end-effector variability varied directly with circle diameter, a consistent speed-accuracy tradeoff. The results support the conclusion that movement amplitude is a nonspecific control parameter. The findings are discussed with reference to several factors, e.g., tactile feedback, the recruitment and suppression of biomechanical degrees of freedom, and the role those factors may play in stabilizing bimanual coordination patterns
Both observational and physical practices support the acquisition of motor skill knowledge in the... more Both observational and physical practices support the acquisition of motor skill knowledge in the form of spatiotemporal coordination patterns. The current experiment examined the extent that observation and physical practice can support the transfer of spatiotemporal knowledge and amplitude knowledge associated with motor skills. Evidence from a multijoint limb task revealed that knowledge about spatiotemporal patterns (relative phase) acquired by observers and models can be generalized exceptionally well within the trained arm (right) and across to the untrained arm (left). Transfer of relative phase occurred even when untrained combinations of joint amplitudes were required. This indicates that observation and physical practice both lead to the development of an effector-independent representation of the spatiotemporal knowledge in this task. Both observers and models showed some transfer of the relative amplitude knowledge, with observers demonstrating superior transfer for both a trained and untrained-arm transfer test, while the models were limited to positive transfer on an untrained-arm transfer test. The representation of movement amplitude knowledge is effector-independent in this task, but the use of that knowledge is constrained by the specific practice context and the linkage between the elbow and wrist.
This study examined physical training and observational training influences on motor learning and... more This study examined physical training and observational training influences on motor learning and the development of visual discrimination processes. Participants were trained on a bimanual task (relative phase of +90°) defined by a visual training stimulus. There were 2 observational contexts: 1) model-only, watch a learning model, and 2) stimulus-only, watch the visual training stimulus. After 2 d of training, the learning models performed the +90° pattern with reduced error in 2 retention tests. Each observer group showed improvement in performance of the +90° pattern, with the stimulus-only group characterized by a more significant improvement. The learning models and observer groups were characterized by an improvement in visually discriminating 2 features of the trained pattern, relative phase and hand-lead. Overall, physical practice (learning models) established a stronger link between the action and visual discrimination processes compared with the observational contexts. T...
The influence of monitoring-pressure on the performance of anti-phase and in-phase bimanual coord... more The influence of monitoring-pressure on the performance of anti-phase and in-phase bimanual coordination was examined. The two bimanual patterns were produced under no-monitoring and monitoring-pressure conditions at self-paced frequencies. Anti-phase coordination was always less stable than in-phase coordination, with or without monitoring. When performed under monitoring-pressure, the coordination patterns were performed with less variability in relative phase for both patterns across a range of self-paced movement frequencies compared to performance without monitoring. Thus, while monitoring-pressure did induce a behavioral change, it consisted of performance stabilization rather than degradation, a finding inconsistent with explicit-monitoring theory. However, the findings are consistent with the theory of coordination dynamics and studies that have revealed increased stability for the system's intrinsic dynamics as a result of attentional focus and intentional control.
This study demonstrated that motor skill proficiency ratings are constrained by the same order pa... more This study demonstrated that motor skill proficiency ratings are constrained by the same order parameter dynamics that constrain action production and action perception processes. Participants produced rhythmic actions simulated by an animated stick figure of the human arm. The primary finding was that participants' proficiency ratings covaried most with relative phase (φ) variability compared to mean relative phase. In-phase (φ = 0°) was produced with the least variability and received the highest proficiency rating, whereas the patterns φ = ±150° were attempted with the most variability and received the lowest proficiency ratings. A temporal delay in attempting to produce the animated pattern had a large impact on produced relative phase, yet had little impact on the proficiency ratings. Proprioceptive processes provide individuals information on motor skill proficiency. The lead or lag motion of the hand to forearm segment of the animated arm was identified consistently throu...
The authors manipulated movement amplitude in a bimanual circle-tracing task performed by 11 part... more The authors manipulated movement amplitude in a bimanual circle-tracing task performed by 11 participants. With pacing frequency fixed, the systematic increase and decrease of circle diameter within a trial induced phase transitions from the asymmetric (33% of trials) to the symmetric bimanual circle-tracing pattern; the transitions resulted from a loss of stability in the asymmetric pattern. Tracing frequency varied inversely with circle diameter so that end-effector variability was minimized in a set of self-paced trials in which the circle diameter in a trial was fixed. In the amplitude-scaling trials, end-effector variability varied directly with circle diameter, a consistent speed-accuracy tradeoff. The results support the conclusion that movement amplitude is a nonspecific control parameter. The findings are discussed with reference to several factors, e.g., tactile feedback, the recruitment and suppression of biomechanical degrees of freedom, and the role those factors may play in stabilizing bimanual coordination patterns
Both observational and physical practices support the acquisition of motor skill knowledge in the... more Both observational and physical practices support the acquisition of motor skill knowledge in the form of spatiotemporal coordination patterns. The current experiment examined the extent that observation and physical practice can support the transfer of spatiotemporal knowledge and amplitude knowledge associated with motor skills. Evidence from a multijoint limb task revealed that knowledge about spatiotemporal patterns (relative phase) acquired by observers and models can be generalized exceptionally well within the trained arm (right) and across to the untrained arm (left). Transfer of relative phase occurred even when untrained combinations of joint amplitudes were required. This indicates that observation and physical practice both lead to the development of an effector-independent representation of the spatiotemporal knowledge in this task. Both observers and models showed some transfer of the relative amplitude knowledge, with observers demonstrating superior transfer for both a trained and untrained-arm transfer test, while the models were limited to positive transfer on an untrained-arm transfer test. The representation of movement amplitude knowledge is effector-independent in this task, but the use of that knowledge is constrained by the specific practice context and the linkage between the elbow and wrist.
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Papers by John Buchanan