رِنداکو یا «واکگرفتگی پیوندی» نام یک فرایند واژواجی منحصربهفرد زایا در زبان ژاپنی امروز است. د... more رِنداکو یا «واکگرفتگی پیوندی» نام یک فرایند واژواجی منحصربهفرد زایا در زبان ژاپنی امروز است. در اثر این فرایند، تکواژهایی که با آوای گرفته بیواک آغاز میشوند اگر در جایگاه غیرآغازین کلمه قرار بگیرند، آوای گرفته بیواک آغازینشان واکدار میشود. رنداکو علیرغم زایایی بالا، استثناءهای پرشماری دارد و مطالعه و پژوهش درباره این پیکره عظیمِ استثناءها در چند دهه گذشته به کشف قواعد، الگوها و گرایشهای مختلفی در زبان ژاپنی انجامیده است. این پژوهشها نکات فراوانی را در خصوص تعامل واجشناسی با بخشهای دیگر زبان نیز آشکار ساختهاند و نقش شایان توجهی در پیشرفت و اصلاح نظریههای زبانشناسی ایفا کردهاند و موجب شدهاند تا رنداکو به یکی از موضوعات جذاب و پرطرفدار در مطالعات زبانشناسی در ژاپن و خارج از ژاپن تبدیل شود. در جستار پیش رو، نخست پدیده رنداکو را از دیدگاه همزمانی معرفی میکنیم و درباره تکوین آن از منظر درزمانی توضیح میدهیم. سپس رابطه این فرایند را با دیگر فرایندهای واجی و آوایی زبان ژاپنی بررسی میکنیم و در ادامه به ارتباط بین وقوع یا عدم وقوع رنداکو با ساختار ساختواژی و اطلاعات معناشناختی کلمات میپردازیم و در پایان به برخی ملاحظات واژگانی و گویشی مرتبط با رنداکو نیز اشاره میکنیم.
Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences, Nov 11, 2018
The present article introduces and evaluates the textbook “Japanese through Newspaper Articles” w... more The present article introduces and evaluates the textbook “Japanese through Newspaper Articles” written by Osamu and Nobuko Mizutani which is commonly tought in “journalistic Japanese” classes both in and outside Japan. This article reviwes the book from two different points of view: first, the linguistic and pedagical functions of the book are evaluated and its achievements as a language textbook are criticized. Second, the cultural aspects of the book are evaluated and the image it tries to portray from Japanese society is analyzed. In order to achieve these goals, 60 real journal articles are randomely selected from Japanese press and their content is compared to that of the news articles in the book by using polarity tags.
""This dissertation explores the phonological representation an... more ""This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosodic prominence in Persian. It comprises two related parts: the first part addresses prosodic phrasing in Persian sentences, while the second part deals with phonetic correlates of prosodic prominence by reporting conducted production and perception experiments. The phonological part is carried out within the framework of Prosodic Phonology, and aims at determining the prosodic structure of Persian from foot level, up to utterance level. By adopting Optimality Theory, it tries to explain how morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints together with prosodic markedness constraints form the prosodic structure of the language. It begins with foot level and suggests that in languages like Persian which have one non-iterative weight-insensitive edgemost stress per word, a single foot which is edge-aligned with the minimal Phonological Word best explains the prosodic pattern at word level. This part also focuses on prosodic differences between lexical words and weak function words (clitics) and shows that any attempt to describe the prosodic structure of Persian without addressing this crucial difference, will not be able to provide explanation for a wide range of phenomena. This study suggests that proclitics and enclitics behave asymmetrically in Persian: enclitics prosodize as affixal clitics, while proclitics are free clitics. Next, it addresses the problem of weak function words which are not a part of their preceding or following XPs, and demonstrates how the phonological well-formedness constraints determine the direction of cliticization in these XP-external function words. It also deals with the issue of clitic clusters in Persian which was not explored in the previous works. Another contribution of this study is reclassification of so-called exceptionally initial-stressed words. This dissertation also deals with the longstanding problem of Ezafe constructions and by reviewing previous proposals on the prosodic structure of these constructions, based on phonological evidence and phonetic observations suggests that each lexical word in an Ezafe construction maps onto a Phonological Phrase, and the Ezafe morpheme phrases with its preceding material to satisfy the phonological well-formedness constraint ONSET. The prosodic structure of XP-external clitics such as the Ezafe morpheme is explained by adopting a syntax-prosody interface constraint namely MAP-XP, that bans two sister XPs inside a single Phonological Phrase. This study proposes a ranking of OT constraints by which the prosodic structure of Ezafe constructions and other syntactic phrases such as DPs and VPs can be predicted and explained uniformly. It also proposes that the interaction between morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints and prosodic markedness constraints determine prosodic constituents of all levels and their heads, and other constraints require the heads of phonological phrases to be associated with audible accents. The rightmost Phonological Phrase in an Intonational Phrase is the head. This head associates with an accent which is perceived more prominently than the other accents. One further issue explored here is the fact that in lexicalized Ezafe constructions and also in the ones containing given/old information, some words may appear without audible accent. The phonetic difference between final and non-final accents is the subject of the second half of this dissertation. Previous research on Persian has shown that the main acoustic correlate of prosodic prominence is f0. This study reports production and perception experiment results conducted in order to answer the question whether final (nuclear) accents are perceived more prominently than the other ones only because they are not followed by any other accent, or because they are phonetically different from the non-final (pre-nuclear) accents. The results of production experiments reveal that nuclear accented syllables have a lower f0 range, but a longer duration in comparison with pre-nuclear accented ones. Other parameters such as overall intensity, spectral tilt and vowel quality do not differ significantly in the two types of accents. Perception experiments reveal that native listeners can indeed distinguish the two types of accents without having access to the portion of the utterance that follows the final accent. This proves that the two types of accents are phonetically different. Perception tests also show that the difference between the shapes of f0 curves in the two types of accents is the main acoustic parameter that helps the listeners distinguish them from each other. In pre-nuclear accented words, the f0 peak is at the right edge of the metrically strong syllable, and the curve has a rising slope at this point. In these syllables, the peak may even occur on the initial syllable of the following word. However, in the syllables...
This paper deals with Japanese deverbal nouns and their status in bilingual Japanese dictionaries... more This paper deals with Japanese deverbal nouns and their status in bilingual Japanese dictionaries, and tries to establish a link between linguistic research and applied lexicography. The research question is how deverbal nouns should be treated in bilingual dictionaries. This study reviews linguistic research done on Japanese deverbal nouns in the past decades and tries to make use of them in compiling dictionaries for language learners. In this study, we investigated four Japanese bilingual dictionaries to examine how they treat deverbal nouns and to reveal problems concerning this matter. Based on these observations and linguistic evidence, the present study suggests that deverbal nouns should not be eliminated from bilingual dictionaries and decisions on the way of presenting them in dictionaries should be based on factors such as corpus-based frequency data.
While the term "linguistics" implies the scientific study of language structure... more While the term "linguistics" implies the scientific study of language structure, the term "geolinguistics" is a relatively new term used to describe our traditional interest in the interrelationship between language and area. However, the term "geolinguistics" does suggest that we have new methods and tools available to us for consideration of language and area. The study of language from a geolinguistic standpoint would be of particular interest to Iranian linguistics for at least two reasons: (1) the Persian dialects and the regional variants play an important role in the geolinguistic make-up of Iran; (2) Iranian linguistics has not made a significant contribution to the geolinguistic study of the language so far. In this paper we will discuss measurement of the diffusion of linguistic change via normal contact among speakers. The phenomenon involved here is dialectal inter-community diffusion. By this term we refer to the observation that, when two separate linguistic communities speak two different dialects of the same language, then a feature characteristic of one dialect (a lexical item, or a phonetic/phonological linguistic behavior pattern) may turn up in the speech of the speakers of the other dialect (Trudgill, 1986). We aim to illustrate one of the many scientific questions which confront geolinguistics, contrasting the degree to which a very bare concept of geography, essentially just distance, competes with a more complicated one, involving areas or regions, in explaining the aggregate linguistic distances among language varieties. In this respect, the Mazandarani dialect spoken in Sari, a city located in the northern part of Iran, is considered to compare with the Standard Contemporary Persian as the official language of Iran. The data is taken from various data collections in the dialect region. The data include lexical, phonological as well as syntactic variations of the dialect. The linguistic maps are developed through a global study of all online content indexed within Google Maps over the selected area. In the light of the observations and discussions we suggest that by “the loss of geographically and demographically restricted, or „marked‟ variants, and the closely related notion of dialect convergence (Torgersen & Kerswill, 2004, Kerswill, 2002), two or more varieties become more alike through convergent changes. The pattern of geographical diffusion reveals that face-to-face contact of minority Iranian dialects with the dominant Persian will lead to the external influence of the dominant language. Feature characteristics of phonetic, phonological, morphological or syntactic patterns in a minority dialect may come to approximate features of the dominant Persian. We suggest that models like the “dominantminority languages” hierarchy can be refined by a closer engagement with geographical data. This allows an increasingly detailed understanding of dialect change in relation to patterns of dialect contact.
Although indirect translation (translating a translated text) has always been a common practice i... more Although indirect translation (translating a translated text) has always been a common practice in literary translations and other types of translation, it has only recently gained attention as a subject of study in the field of translation studies. The present paper attempts to shed light on the differences between direct and indirect literary translation by analyzing translations of the Japanese novel, Black Rain as a case study. There are two different translations of this novel into Persian; a direct one from Japanese and an indirect one from Russian. Juliane House's translation quality assessment model (House, 1997; 2001; 2015) was used to compare the two translations. The main findings show that the direct translation was a relatively overt translation, transferring cultural elements from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), while the indirect translation used "cultural filters" to make cultural compensations for SL cultural phenomena in TL. Furthermore, House divides translation errors into two groups, namely, overt and covert errors. The analysis revealed that there were no covert errors in the direct translation, while the indirect translation contained a covert error. House further divides overt errors into 'mismatches of the denotative meanings of elements of the source and translation texts' and 'breach of the target language system'. The former were much more frequent in the indirect translation, while the latter were slightly more frequent in the direct translation.
This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosod... more This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosodic prominence in Persian. It comprises two related parts: the first part addresses prosodic phrasing in Persian sentences, while the second part deals with phonetic correlates of prosodic prominence by reporting conducted production and perception experiments. The phonological part is carried out within the framework of Prosodic Phonology, and aims at determining the prosodic structure of Persian from foot level, up to utterance level. By adopting Optimality Theory, it tries to explain how morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints together with prosodic markedness constraints form the prosodic structure of the language. It begins with foot level and suggests that in languages like Persian which have one non-iterative weight-insensitive edgemost stress per word, a single foot which is edge-aligned with the minimal Phonological Word best explains the prosodic pattern at word level. This...
رِنداکو یا «واکگرفتگی پیوندی» نام یک فرایند واژواجی منحصربهفرد زایا در زبان ژاپنی امروز است. د... more رِنداکو یا «واکگرفتگی پیوندی» نام یک فرایند واژواجی منحصربهفرد زایا در زبان ژاپنی امروز است. در اثر این فرایند، تکواژهایی که با آوای گرفته بیواک آغاز میشوند اگر در جایگاه غیرآغازین کلمه قرار بگیرند، آوای گرفته بیواک آغازینشان واکدار میشود. رنداکو علیرغم زایایی بالا، استثناءهای پرشماری دارد و مطالعه و پژوهش درباره این پیکره عظیمِ استثناءها در چند دهه گذشته به کشف قواعد، الگوها و گرایشهای مختلفی در زبان ژاپنی انجامیده است. این پژوهشها نکات فراوانی را در خصوص تعامل واجشناسی با بخشهای دیگر زبان نیز آشکار ساختهاند و نقش شایان توجهی در پیشرفت و اصلاح نظریههای زبانشناسی ایفا کردهاند و موجب شدهاند تا رنداکو به یکی از موضوعات جذاب و پرطرفدار در مطالعات زبانشناسی در ژاپن و خارج از ژاپن تبدیل شود. در جستار پیش رو، نخست پدیده رنداکو را از دیدگاه همزمانی معرفی میکنیم و درباره تکوین آن از منظر درزمانی توضیح میدهیم. سپس رابطه این فرایند را با دیگر فرایندهای واجی و آوایی زبان ژاپنی بررسی میکنیم و در ادامه به ارتباط بین وقوع یا عدم وقوع رنداکو با ساختار ساختواژی و اطلاعات معناشناختی کلمات میپردازیم و در پایان به برخی ملاحظات واژگانی و گویشی مرتبط با رنداکو نیز اشاره میکنیم.
Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences, Nov 11, 2018
The present article introduces and evaluates the textbook “Japanese through Newspaper Articles” w... more The present article introduces and evaluates the textbook “Japanese through Newspaper Articles” written by Osamu and Nobuko Mizutani which is commonly tought in “journalistic Japanese” classes both in and outside Japan. This article reviwes the book from two different points of view: first, the linguistic and pedagical functions of the book are evaluated and its achievements as a language textbook are criticized. Second, the cultural aspects of the book are evaluated and the image it tries to portray from Japanese society is analyzed. In order to achieve these goals, 60 real journal articles are randomely selected from Japanese press and their content is compared to that of the news articles in the book by using polarity tags.
""This dissertation explores the phonological representation an... more ""This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosodic prominence in Persian. It comprises two related parts: the first part addresses prosodic phrasing in Persian sentences, while the second part deals with phonetic correlates of prosodic prominence by reporting conducted production and perception experiments. The phonological part is carried out within the framework of Prosodic Phonology, and aims at determining the prosodic structure of Persian from foot level, up to utterance level. By adopting Optimality Theory, it tries to explain how morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints together with prosodic markedness constraints form the prosodic structure of the language. It begins with foot level and suggests that in languages like Persian which have one non-iterative weight-insensitive edgemost stress per word, a single foot which is edge-aligned with the minimal Phonological Word best explains the prosodic pattern at word level. This part also focuses on prosodic differences between lexical words and weak function words (clitics) and shows that any attempt to describe the prosodic structure of Persian without addressing this crucial difference, will not be able to provide explanation for a wide range of phenomena. This study suggests that proclitics and enclitics behave asymmetrically in Persian: enclitics prosodize as affixal clitics, while proclitics are free clitics. Next, it addresses the problem of weak function words which are not a part of their preceding or following XPs, and demonstrates how the phonological well-formedness constraints determine the direction of cliticization in these XP-external function words. It also deals with the issue of clitic clusters in Persian which was not explored in the previous works. Another contribution of this study is reclassification of so-called exceptionally initial-stressed words. This dissertation also deals with the longstanding problem of Ezafe constructions and by reviewing previous proposals on the prosodic structure of these constructions, based on phonological evidence and phonetic observations suggests that each lexical word in an Ezafe construction maps onto a Phonological Phrase, and the Ezafe morpheme phrases with its preceding material to satisfy the phonological well-formedness constraint ONSET. The prosodic structure of XP-external clitics such as the Ezafe morpheme is explained by adopting a syntax-prosody interface constraint namely MAP-XP, that bans two sister XPs inside a single Phonological Phrase. This study proposes a ranking of OT constraints by which the prosodic structure of Ezafe constructions and other syntactic phrases such as DPs and VPs can be predicted and explained uniformly. It also proposes that the interaction between morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints and prosodic markedness constraints determine prosodic constituents of all levels and their heads, and other constraints require the heads of phonological phrases to be associated with audible accents. The rightmost Phonological Phrase in an Intonational Phrase is the head. This head associates with an accent which is perceived more prominently than the other accents. One further issue explored here is the fact that in lexicalized Ezafe constructions and also in the ones containing given/old information, some words may appear without audible accent. The phonetic difference between final and non-final accents is the subject of the second half of this dissertation. Previous research on Persian has shown that the main acoustic correlate of prosodic prominence is f0. This study reports production and perception experiment results conducted in order to answer the question whether final (nuclear) accents are perceived more prominently than the other ones only because they are not followed by any other accent, or because they are phonetically different from the non-final (pre-nuclear) accents. The results of production experiments reveal that nuclear accented syllables have a lower f0 range, but a longer duration in comparison with pre-nuclear accented ones. Other parameters such as overall intensity, spectral tilt and vowel quality do not differ significantly in the two types of accents. Perception experiments reveal that native listeners can indeed distinguish the two types of accents without having access to the portion of the utterance that follows the final accent. This proves that the two types of accents are phonetically different. Perception tests also show that the difference between the shapes of f0 curves in the two types of accents is the main acoustic parameter that helps the listeners distinguish them from each other. In pre-nuclear accented words, the f0 peak is at the right edge of the metrically strong syllable, and the curve has a rising slope at this point. In these syllables, the peak may even occur on the initial syllable of the following word. However, in the syllables...
This paper deals with Japanese deverbal nouns and their status in bilingual Japanese dictionaries... more This paper deals with Japanese deverbal nouns and their status in bilingual Japanese dictionaries, and tries to establish a link between linguistic research and applied lexicography. The research question is how deverbal nouns should be treated in bilingual dictionaries. This study reviews linguistic research done on Japanese deverbal nouns in the past decades and tries to make use of them in compiling dictionaries for language learners. In this study, we investigated four Japanese bilingual dictionaries to examine how they treat deverbal nouns and to reveal problems concerning this matter. Based on these observations and linguistic evidence, the present study suggests that deverbal nouns should not be eliminated from bilingual dictionaries and decisions on the way of presenting them in dictionaries should be based on factors such as corpus-based frequency data.
While the term "linguistics" implies the scientific study of language structure... more While the term "linguistics" implies the scientific study of language structure, the term "geolinguistics" is a relatively new term used to describe our traditional interest in the interrelationship between language and area. However, the term "geolinguistics" does suggest that we have new methods and tools available to us for consideration of language and area. The study of language from a geolinguistic standpoint would be of particular interest to Iranian linguistics for at least two reasons: (1) the Persian dialects and the regional variants play an important role in the geolinguistic make-up of Iran; (2) Iranian linguistics has not made a significant contribution to the geolinguistic study of the language so far. In this paper we will discuss measurement of the diffusion of linguistic change via normal contact among speakers. The phenomenon involved here is dialectal inter-community diffusion. By this term we refer to the observation that, when two separate linguistic communities speak two different dialects of the same language, then a feature characteristic of one dialect (a lexical item, or a phonetic/phonological linguistic behavior pattern) may turn up in the speech of the speakers of the other dialect (Trudgill, 1986). We aim to illustrate one of the many scientific questions which confront geolinguistics, contrasting the degree to which a very bare concept of geography, essentially just distance, competes with a more complicated one, involving areas or regions, in explaining the aggregate linguistic distances among language varieties. In this respect, the Mazandarani dialect spoken in Sari, a city located in the northern part of Iran, is considered to compare with the Standard Contemporary Persian as the official language of Iran. The data is taken from various data collections in the dialect region. The data include lexical, phonological as well as syntactic variations of the dialect. The linguistic maps are developed through a global study of all online content indexed within Google Maps over the selected area. In the light of the observations and discussions we suggest that by “the loss of geographically and demographically restricted, or „marked‟ variants, and the closely related notion of dialect convergence (Torgersen & Kerswill, 2004, Kerswill, 2002), two or more varieties become more alike through convergent changes. The pattern of geographical diffusion reveals that face-to-face contact of minority Iranian dialects with the dominant Persian will lead to the external influence of the dominant language. Feature characteristics of phonetic, phonological, morphological or syntactic patterns in a minority dialect may come to approximate features of the dominant Persian. We suggest that models like the “dominantminority languages” hierarchy can be refined by a closer engagement with geographical data. This allows an increasingly detailed understanding of dialect change in relation to patterns of dialect contact.
Although indirect translation (translating a translated text) has always been a common practice i... more Although indirect translation (translating a translated text) has always been a common practice in literary translations and other types of translation, it has only recently gained attention as a subject of study in the field of translation studies. The present paper attempts to shed light on the differences between direct and indirect literary translation by analyzing translations of the Japanese novel, Black Rain as a case study. There are two different translations of this novel into Persian; a direct one from Japanese and an indirect one from Russian. Juliane House's translation quality assessment model (House, 1997; 2001; 2015) was used to compare the two translations. The main findings show that the direct translation was a relatively overt translation, transferring cultural elements from the source language (SL) to the target language (TL), while the indirect translation used "cultural filters" to make cultural compensations for SL cultural phenomena in TL. Furthermore, House divides translation errors into two groups, namely, overt and covert errors. The analysis revealed that there were no covert errors in the direct translation, while the indirect translation contained a covert error. House further divides overt errors into 'mismatches of the denotative meanings of elements of the source and translation texts' and 'breach of the target language system'. The former were much more frequent in the indirect translation, while the latter were slightly more frequent in the direct translation.
This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosod... more This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosodic prominence in Persian. It comprises two related parts: the first part addresses prosodic phrasing in Persian sentences, while the second part deals with phonetic correlates of prosodic prominence by reporting conducted production and perception experiments. The phonological part is carried out within the framework of Prosodic Phonology, and aims at determining the prosodic structure of Persian from foot level, up to utterance level. By adopting Optimality Theory, it tries to explain how morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints together with prosodic markedness constraints form the prosodic structure of the language. It begins with foot level and suggests that in languages like Persian which have one non-iterative weight-insensitive edgemost stress per word, a single foot which is edge-aligned with the minimal Phonological Word best explains the prosodic pattern at word level. This...
"This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of proso... more "This dissertation explores the phonological representation and the phonetic realization of prosodic prominence in Persian. It comprises two related parts: the first part addresses prosodic phrasing in Persian sentences, while the second part deals with phonetic correlates of prosodic prominence by reporting conducted production and perception experiments. The phonological part is carried out within the framework of Prosodic Phonology, and aims at determining the prosodic structure of Persian from foot level, up to utterance level. By adopting Optimality Theory, it tries to explain how morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints together with prosodic markedness constraints form the prosodic structure of the language. It begins with foot level and suggests that in languages like Persian which have one non-iterative weight-insensitive edgemost stress per word, a single foot which is edge-aligned with the minimal Phonological Word best explains the prosodic pattern at word level. This part also focuses on prosodic differences between lexical words and weak function words (clitics) and shows that any attempt to describe the prosodic structure of Persian without addressing this crucial difference, will not be able to provide explanation for a wide range of phenomena. This study suggests that proclitics and enclitics behave asymmetrically in Persian: enclitics prosodize as affixal clitics, while proclitics are free clitics. Next, it addresses the problem of weak function words which are not a part of their preceding or following XPs, and demonstrates how the phonological well-formedness constraints determine the direction of cliticization in these XP-external function words. It also deals with the issue of clitic clusters in Persian which was not explored in the previous works. Another contribution of this study is reclassification of so-called exceptionally initial-stressed words.
This dissertation also deals with the longstanding problem of Ezafe constructions and by reviewing previous proposals on the prosodic structure of these constructions, based on phonological evidence and phonetic observations suggests that each lexical word in an Ezafe construction maps onto a Phonological Phrase, and the Ezafe morpheme phrases with its preceding material to satisfy the phonological well-formedness constraint ONSET. The prosodic structure of XP-external clitics such as the Ezafe morpheme is explained by adopting a syntax-prosody interface constraint namely MAP-XP, that bans two sister XPs inside a single Phonological Phrase. This study proposes a ranking of OT constraints by which the prosodic structure of Ezafe constructions and other syntactic phrases such as DPs and VPs can be predicted and explained uniformly. It also proposes that the interaction between morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints and prosodic markedness constraints determine prosodic constituents of all levels and their heads, and other constraints require the heads of phonological phrases to be associated with audible accents. The rightmost Phonological Phrase in an Intonational Phrase is the head. This head associates with an accent which is perceived more prominently than the other accents. One further issue explored here is the fact that in lexicalized Ezafe constructions and also in the ones containing given/old information, some words may appear without audible accent.
The phonetic difference between final and non-final accents is the subject of the second half of this dissertation. Previous research on Persian has shown that the main acoustic correlate of prosodic prominence is f0. This study reports production and perception experiment results conducted in order to answer the question whether final (nuclear) accents are perceived more prominently than the other ones only because they are not followed by any other accent, or because they are phonetically different from the non-final (pre-nuclear) accents. The results of production experiments reveal that nuclear accented syllables have a lower f0 range, but a longer duration in comparison with pre-nuclear accented ones. Other parameters such as overall intensity, spectral tilt and vowel quality do not differ significantly in the two types of accents. Perception experiments reveal that native listeners can indeed distinguish the two types of accents without having access to the portion of the utterance that follows the final accent. This proves that the two types of accents are phonetically different. Perception tests also show that the difference between the shapes of f0 curves in the two types of accents is the main acoustic parameter that helps the listeners distinguish them from each other. In pre-nuclear accented words, the f0 peak is at the right edge of the metrically strong syllable, and the curve has a rising slope at this point. In these syllables, the peak may even occur on the initial syllable of the following word. However, in the syllables associated with nuclear accents, the f0 peak is located inside the syllable, and the curve has a falling slope at the right edge of the syllable.
If the f0 at the right edge of a nuclear accented syllable is manipulated and raised so that the f0 peak is moved to the right edge, the native listeners will perceive the word containing this syllable as a pre-nuclear accented word. This study also shows that duration alone cannot cue the difference between the two types of accents. However, when accompanied by f0 changes, it can help the listeners distinguish the two accents more easily and more efficiently.
Downloadable at: http://roa.rutgers.edu/content/article/files/1314_hosseini_1.pdf "
Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences, 2018
The present article introduces and evaluates the textbook “Japanese through Newspaper Articles” w... more The present article introduces and evaluates the textbook “Japanese through Newspaper Articles” written by Osamu and Nobuko Mizutani which is commonly tought in “journalistic Japanese” classes both in and outside Japan. This article reviwes the book from two different points of view: first, the linguistic and pedagical functions of the book are evaluated and its achievements as a language textbook are criticized. Second, the cultural aspects of the book are evaluated and the image it tries to portray from Japanese society is analyzed. In order to achieve these goals, 60 real journal articles are randomely selected from Japanese press and their content is compared to that of the news articles in the book by using polarity tags.
Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences, 2016
The present article attempts to introduce and review Modern Persian-Japanese and Japanese-Persian... more The present article attempts to introduce and review Modern Persian-Japanese and Japanese-Persian Bilingual Dictionary by Tsuneo Kuroyanagi, and to evaluate it according to modern lexicographical criteria. This dictionary is a compact version of author’s previous bilingual dictionaries, and is widely used among students, researchers and translators in both Iran and Japan in the absence of any notable alternative. As the author states in the preface, the learners of Persian language in Japan are supposed to be the main users of this dictionary. Consequently the book is designed to meet the needs of this particular group, and its users in Iran face some difficulties when referring to it. However, in the introduction of Japanese-Persian part, the author expresses his expectation that his book will also be used by Japanese learners in Iran. In this review paper, we will mainly concentrate on the needs of Iranian students of Japanese language, and evaluate both form and content of this dictionary from their point of view.
English Linguistics: Journal of the English Linguistic Society of Japan, Dec 2014
Review of Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Elisabeth Selkirk
Ed. by Toni Borowsky, Shigeto Ka... more Review of Prosody Matters: Essays in Honor of Elisabeth Selkirk
Ed. by Toni Borowsky, Shigeto Kawahara, Takahito Shinya and Mariko Sugahara, Equinox Publishing Ltd., 2012, xvi+528pp.
Ayat Hosseini
University of Tehran
Paper Presented at 46th Annual International Conference on Language Teaching and Learning & Educational Materials Exhibition, November 2020, 2020
The study explores universal (language independent) factors that
shape inter-language along with ... more The study explores universal (language independent) factors that shape inter-language along with the role of the L1 and input. We do so by examining the question - how learners of Japanese use case particle ‘wo’, which marks the object of transitive verbs, through two surveys - one targeting Hindi L1 speakers (pilot) and a second targeting Persian L1 speakers.
زبان فارسی دارای دو واکه افتاده، یکی پسین (/ɒ/) و دیگری پیشین (/a/) است، در حالی که زبان ژاپنی تن... more زبان فارسی دارای دو واکه افتاده، یکی پسین (/ɒ/) و دیگری پیشین (/a/) است، در حالی که زبان ژاپنی تنها یک واکه افتاده دارد که به لحاظ واجی پسین و به لحاظ آوایی مرکزی محسوب میشود. پرسش پژوهش حاضر آن است که آیا زبانآموزان زبان فارسی که زبان اول آنها ژاپنی است، قادر به تولید دو واکه افتاده پیشین و پسین زبان فارسی به صورت متمایز و مجزا از یکدیگر هستند یا خیر. به این منظور، در آزمایشی از زبانآموزان ژاپنیزبان خواسته شد تا واکه افتاده زبان مادری خود و همچنین واکههای افتاده فارسی را در کلمات مثال تولید کنند و پس از ضبط این دادهها، بسامد سازه اول (F1) و سازه دوم (F2) این واکهها اندازهگیری شد و با بسامد سازههای واکههای تولید شده توسط گویشوران بومی زبان فارسی مقایسه و تحلیل آماری شد. نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که زبانآموزان ژاپنی دو واکه افتاده فارسی را بسیار مشابه یکدیگر و تقریباً مانند واکه افتاده ژاپنی تولید میکنند.
National Conference on Bilingual Lexicography, 2019
با این که چند دهه از آغاز رابطه فرهنگی بین ایران و ژاپن میگذرد، تا کنون تعداد بسیار معدودی فرهنگ... more با این که چند دهه از آغاز رابطه فرهنگی بین ایران و ژاپن میگذرد، تا کنون تعداد بسیار معدودی فرهنگ دوزبانه ژاپنی-فارسی تألیف شدهاند که اغلب آنها حجم اندکی دارند و در حقیقت، بیشتر، فهرست واژههای ضروری هستند، در تألیف هیچیک از آنها از روشهای نوین فرهنگنگاری استفادهای نشده است و تقریباً همه آنها برای کاربران ژاپنیزبان تألیف شدهاند. همچنین پژوهشهای چندانی نیز درباره فرهنگنگاری ژاپنی-فارسی در ایران یا ژاپن انجام نگرفته است. به همین دلیل، نگارندگان از سال 1394 دستاندرکار تألیف یک فرهنگ دوزبانه ژاپنی-فارسی بر اساس اصول نوین فرهنگنگاری برای استفاده زبانآموزان ایرانی هستند. از میان فرهنگهای ژاپنی-فارسی موجود، تنها فرهنگ لغت قابل اعتنایی که شکل و محتوایی پذیرفتنی دارد و در غیاب فرهنگهای جایگزین در ایران نیز استفاده میشود «فرهنگ دوزبانه ژاپنـي بـه فارسـي معاصر» تألیف تسونهئو کورویاناگی است. این فرهنگ با 25000 سرواژه، علاوه بر توضیحات معنایی، شامل آوانگاشت، اطلاعات ریشهشناختی، طبقه دستوری و اطلاعات سبکی نیز هست. اما مشکل اساسی این فرهنگ آن است که برای استفاده فارسیآموزان ژاپنی طراحی شده است و استفاده از آن برای کاربران فارسیزبان دشواریهای بسیاری دارد. بهعلاوه، این فرهنگ با روشهای سنتی تألیف شده و در کلانساختار و خردساختار آن ناهماهنگی و عدمانسجام زیادی وجود دارد [حسینی، 1395]. جستار حاضر به معرفی و طبقهبندی عمدهترین مشکلات و چالشهای فرهنگنگاری ژاپنی-فارسی و ارائه راهکارهایی برای رویارویی با آنها اختصاص دارد. اساساً چالشهای پیش روی فرهنگنگاری ژاپنی-فارسی را میتوان به دو دسته چالشهای عمومی و چالشهای اختصاصی تقسیمبندی کرد. چالشهای عمومی مشکلاتی هستند که کموبیش در تهیه هر فرهنگ دوزبانهای وجود دارند. اما چالشهای اختصاصی دشواریهایی هستند که به طور خاص به دلیل تفاوتهای زبانی، فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقلیمی بین ایران و ژاپن پیش میآیند. پژوهش حاضر به دسته دوم یعنی چالشهای اختصاصی فرهنگنگاری ژاپنی-فارسی میپردازد. چالشهای اختصاصی را نیز میتوان به دو دسته غیرزبانی و زبانی تقسیم کرد. چالشهای غیرزبانی آن دسته از دشواریها هستند که زاییده تفاوتهای عمیق فرهنگی، اجتماعی و اقلیمی بین دو جامعه زبانیاند. جامعه سلسلهمراتبی ژاپن که حاصل قرنها حکومت فئودالها و نظامیان است، ترکیب شینتوئیسم و باورهای کهن ژاپنی با قرائت خاص این مردم از بودیسم، اقلیم و جغرافیای خاص ژاپن و پوشش گیاهی و جانوری منحصر به فرد آن همگی موجب میشوند ارائه توضیحات معنایی برای برخی واژههای پیشپاافتاده زبان ژاپنی که بسامد بالایی در این زبان دارند بسیار دشوار باشد و فرهنگنگار ناگزیر از آوردن توضیحات مفصل دانشنامهای گردد. برای مثال واژه /hotoke/ علاوه بر اشاره به شخص بودا و تمثالها و مجسمههای او، برای اشاره به کسانی که به بیداری و روشنی عرفانی رسیدهاند، قدیسان و راهبان اعظم، افراد نیکنفس و صالح، پیروان دین بودا و همچنین برای اشاره احترامآمیز به درگذشتگان و ارواح آنها نیز استفاده میشود و معنای ضمنی «آرامش» و «استغنا» نیز دارد. ارائه توضیحات قانعکننده درباره همه این معناها و کاربردها و روابط بین آنها نیازمند آشنایی مخاطب با گفتمان دینی فرهنگ مقصد است. همچنین جغرافیا و آب و هوای متفاوت دو کشور موجب شده است که برخی حیوانات و گیاهان در یکی از دو کشور، مشابهی در کشور دیگر نداشته باشند. به همین دلیل، مثلاً ارائه معادل برای نام بسیاری از گیاهان و جانوران دریایی ژاپن در زبان فارسی بسیار دشوار است و فرهنگنگار ناگزیر از ارائه توضیحات مفصل دانشنامهای خواهد بود. چالش دیگر مواردی هستند که یک گونه گیاهی یا جانوری در یک کشور، به ظاهر معادلی در زبان کشور دیگر دارد، در حالی که مصداقهای دو واژه ژاپنی و فارسی در جهان خارج دقیقاً یکسان نیستند. به دیگر سخن، جانوران و گیاهانی در دو کشور وجود دارند که به دلیل برخی شباهتها، فرهنگهای دوزبانه آنها را یکسان در نظر میگیرند، اما در حقیقت تفاوتهای زیستشناختی یا کاربردی اساسی بین آنها وجود دارد. مثلاً برخی فرهنگهای دوزبانه ذیل سرواژه /uri/ معادل «خربزه» را درج میکند. یا فرهنگ کورویاناگی سه معادل «خیار»، «خربزه» و «طالبی» را آورده است، در حالی که /uri/ ژاپنی که یکی از صیفیجات خاص این کشور است و از دوران باستان میوه مطلوب تابستان بوده و در ادبیات نیز نقش پرررنگی دارد، در حقیقت با «خیار»، «خربزه» و «طالبی» تفاوت اساسی دارد. به طور کلی کم بودن اشتراکات فرهنگی و تفاوت عمیق بین اقلیم دو کشور ارائه معادل برای بسیاری از واژهها را به یکی از چالشهای اساسی فرهنگنگاری بدل میکند. نوع دوم چالشهای اختصاصی این حوزه دشواریهای ناشی از مسائل زبانی است. پژوهش [Hosseini and Jahedzadeh 2018] پیشتر به مشکلات مربوط به آوردن اسمهای مشتق از فعل در فرهنگهای دوزبانه ژاپنی پرداخته است؛ اسمهایی مانند /hatarak-i/ به معنای «کار» که از فعل /hatarak-u/ به معنی «کار کردن» مشتق شده است. همچنین، [Hosseini and Jahedzadeh 2019] به مشکل تعیین میزان اطلاعات دستوری لازم در مدخلهای فرهنگهای دوزبانه ژاپنی اشاره کرده است. علاوه بر چالشهای یادشده، زبان فارسی و زبان ژاپنی به لحاظ تکوینی و ردهشناختی به گروههای متفاوتی تعلق دارند که موجب میشود سازوکارهای معنایی، نحوی و ساختواژی متفاوتی داشته باشند. برای مثال، نظام طبقهبندی واژهها به طبقات واژگانی مختلف در دو زبان بسیار متفاوت است. بسیاری از مفاهیمی که در زبان ژاپنی با یک طبقه واژگانی خاص (اسم، صفت، فعل...) بیان میشود، یا در زبان فارسی هیچ معادلی در آن طبقه ندارد یا معادل دقیقتر و پرکاربردتر آن متعلق به طبقه واژگانی دیگری است که این میتواند برای کاربری که معمولاً به دنبال معادلی از همان طبقه واژگانی است گیجکننده و سوالبرانگیز باشد. مثلاً مفاهیم «گرسنه» و «تشنه» که در زبان فارسی با صفت بیان میشوند معمولاً در زبان ژاپنی به ترتیب با گروههای فعلی /onaka-ga suku/ (خالی شدن شکم) و /nodo-ga kawaku/ و (خشک شدن گلو) بیان میشوند. البته میتوان صفتها یا اسمهایی با این معنا در زبان ژاپنی نیز یافت، اما این واژهها کاربردهای محدود و بسامد وقوع پایینی دارند. چالش دیگر مرتبط با این موضوع آن است که هم در زبان فارسی و هم در زبان ژاپنی واژههای بسیاری وجود دارند که به بیش از یک طبقه واژگانی تعلق دارند [Jahedzadeh 2019] و همین مسأله دقت مضاعف فرهنگنگار را در کار طلب میکند. مشکل عمده دیگر آن است که در زبان فارسی تمایزی اساسی بین زبان گفتاری و زبان نوشتاری وجود دارد، اما در زبان ژاپنی، با اینکه تمایز مشابهی وجود ندارد، گونههای زبانی اجتماعی مختلفی نظیر گفتار فروتنانه ، مؤدبانه ، محترمانه و دوستانه وجود دارند که این ناهمخوانیِ تمایز بین زبان گفتاری با نوشتاری در فارسی با تمایزهای یاد شده در ژاپنی ارائه توضیحات معنایی و معادلهای دقیق به لحاظ سبکی و کاربردی را با چالش مواجه می کند. یکی دیگر از چالشهای اساسی این حوزه رواج بسیار گسترده نمادپردازی آوایی در زبان ژاپنی است که شامل نامآواها و نمادآواها میگردد. نامآواها تقلید صداهای واقعی جهان خارج در زبان هستند و نمادآواها که برگرفته از نامآواها یا واژههای دیگراند، برای توصیف حالت یا وضعیت خاصی به کار میروند. مثلاً نمادآوای /piripiri/ میتواند به صورت قید در معنای «انجام کاری با اضطراب و تنش» به کار رود. زبان فارسی با این که نامآوا دارد، بر خلاف ژاپنی فاقد نظام گسترده نمادآواها است. اغلب نمادآواهای ژاپنی واژهای معادل در زبان فارسی ندارند و همین مساله ارائه توضیحات معنایی برای آنها را دشوار میسازد.
16th International Conference on Minority Languages & 34th Summer School of Applied Language Studies, Aug 2017
Accommodating speakers of languages and dialects from different language families, Iran has alway... more Accommodating speakers of languages and dialects from different language families, Iran has always been a multilingual community. Inhabitants of Iranian plateau have gradually and naturally chosen Persian language as a lingua-franca to communicate with each other. This did not change even during times that Iran was ruled by non-Persian-speaking tribes, and the result has been an enormous and fruitful literature in Persian shared by different ethnic and linguistic minorities. In modern era, however, having one language for each nation-state globally became the instrument and the symbol of the modern nation. As a consequence, in 1930’s Iranian government adopted a language assimilation policy to strengthen the status of Persian as the single official language of the country to consolidate the power of the nation-state. This policy, however, led to a failure and had serious undesirable effects such as social and cultural conflicts among speakers of different languages, the impact of which continued even after the victory of the Islamic Revolution in 1979 which led to more language rights for the ethnic groups. Today local TV and radio channels broadcast programs in minority languages, several newspapers and magazines are published in various languages all over the country, and in recent years, two main minority languages namely Kurdish and Azerbaijani are being taught in schools and universities. In spite of all these achievements, still dissatisfaction and discontent can be observed among minority rights activists which manifests itself on social networking media and occasional gatherings. Part of this discontent is a consequence of globalization. In the globalized world, probably in opposition to economic, financial and cultural globalization, the minority language communities will do their utmost to exert pressure to promote their own survival and re-discover their lost or faded identity. Considering the costly consequences of the imposed modernization in the country, the present study suggests a pluralistic approach to language planning in Iran assuming that as a component of comprehensive and equal development, pluralistic paradigm is the most functional approach for convergence and integration of the nation and revaluation and protection of minority languages in Iran. This study argues that since certain countries have been able to democratically conjugate linguistic and cultural diversity and political unity, it seems possible for a country like Iran to learn from these experiences and adopt a unique language policy appropriate to its linguistic, cultural and geographic circumstances.
The Practical Side of Language Teaching: Current Trends, Issues, and Solutions, 2016
Japanese words based on their lexical accent are divided into four major groups namely, unaccente... more Japanese words based on their lexical accent are divided into four major groups namely, unaccented, initial-accented, mid-accented and final-accented, each of which has its particular prosodic behavior. Although there are numerous minimal pairs differing in terms of accent, most currently adopted materials for teaching Japanese as a foreign language do not consider perception or production of lexical accent. However, recent research provides clear evidence that accuracy in production and perception of L2 accent will lead to a more natural and intelligible conversation for language learners. The present study aims at identifying and analyzing errors made by Iranian learners when producing Japanese lexical accent, and based on this analysis it attempts to propose a detailed method for teaching Japanese accent to Persian speakers. For this purpose, in an experiment, Iranian students of Japanese language were asked to produce Japanese words of different accent types embedded in carrier sentences. The recorded data was analyzed using the phonetics software Praat, to identify the error patterns made by the subjects. The results showed that the subjects failed to produce the correct accent patterns in most cases, some of which can be attributed to L1 interference in L2. However, the most common error was failing to produce unaccented words, a pattern not present in the L1 of the subjects. Based on the findings of this experiment and previous research on teaching L2 prosody, this study suggests a method for teaching Japanese accent to Persian speakers which include activities such as phonological listening, identification/discrimination tasks, tracing tasks and computer-assisted visualization.
It has been known that in Languages like English, when there are multiple accents in an utterance... more It has been known that in Languages like English, when there are multiple accents in an utterance, the final accent is perceived more prominently than the non-final ones. Bolinger (1986:58) argues the intuition that the final accent is the most prominent one is nothing but an illusion. Ladd (1996: 267) also maintains that there is no clear phonetic justification for treating the last accent in a sentence as the most prominent one. These perspectives regard the final accents to be perceived more prominently, only because they are not followed by any audible prominence in the utterance. On the other hand, Silverman and Pierrehumbert (1990) report that in English, non-final peaks often occur after the syllable with which they are intuitively associated.
This study investigates the phonetic differences between non-final (pre-nuclear) and final (nuclear) accents in Persian, by conducting production and perception experiments. Production experiments measure and compare the acoustic parameters such as f0, duration, overall intensity, spectral balance and vowel quality in nuclear accented and pre-nuclear accented words, by analyzing non-words uttered by native speakers. In perception experiments, manipulated stimuli are used to examine how much manipulation of which acoustic parameters can render a nuclear accented word to be perceived as a pre-nuclear accented one by native listeners.
The production experiments revealed that the f0 peak on the syllables which are associated with a nuclear accent tends to occur at the middle of the syllable, while the f0 peak on the syllables associated with a pre-nuclear accent tends to occur at the right edge of the syllable. This difference between the shapes of the pitch curves can be regarded as a consequence of f0 peak delays in pre-nuclear accents. Production experiments also showed that syllables associated with a nuclear accent are significantly longer than the syllables associated with a pre-nuclear one.
The results of the Perception experiments revealed that Persian listeners can distinguish the two types of accent, without having access to the portion of the utterance that occurs after the accented word. This proves that there are phonetic differences between the two types of accents that can help the listeners distinguish them from each other. It also became clear that raising the f0 at the right edge of a nuclear accented word will make the listeners perceive it as a pre-nuclear accent. Manipulating duration alone had no effect of the perception, however when accompanied by manipulations of pitch, decreasing the duration of a syllable associated with a nuclear accent, can render the word to be perceived as a pre-nuclear accented word more efficiently.
مجموعه ضربالمثلهای ژاپنی آینه تمامنمای فرهنگ و باورهای عامیانه ملت ژاپن است. با مطالعه این مثل... more مجموعه ضربالمثلهای ژاپنی آینه تمامنمای فرهنگ و باورهای عامیانه ملت ژاپن است. با مطالعه این مثلها میتوان عقاید دینی، آداب و رسوم، خوراک، پوشاک، قواعد اجتماعی، دغدغهها، آرزوها و باورهای خرافی مردم ژاپن را شناخت و با شرایط آب و هوایی سرزمین ژاپن نیز آشنا شد. کتاب حاضر شامل حدود سه هزار مثل و اصطلاح کنایی ژاپنی است که به زبان فارسی ترجمه شدهاند و معانی و کاربردهای هر مثل به همراه توضیحات دیگری نظیر ملاحظات فرهنگی یا ریشهها و زمینههای تاریخی برخی مثلها نیز در آن ذکر شدهاند. به مطالعه و بررسی امثال و حکم ساکنان یک سرزمین میتوان به مثابه یک دوره ارزشمند مردمشناسی نگریست که ما را با زندگی و افکار مردمان و فولکلور و اقلیم آن سرزمین آشنا میسازد. افزون بر آن، بسیاری از مثلهای این کتاب مخاطب ایرانی را با باریکبینی و ظرافت اندیشه و شوخطبعی مردم ژاپن آشنا میکنند و علاوه بر انتقال نکات جامعهشناختی و مردمشناختی، خواندن آنها لذتبخش و سرگرمکننده است.
این کتاب متن سخنرانی ناتسومه سوسهکی از بزرگترین نویسندگان و اندیشمندان ژاپنی است که در سال 1911... more این کتاب متن سخنرانی ناتسومه سوسهکی از بزرگترین نویسندگان و اندیشمندان ژاپنی است که در سال 1911 درباره پدیده تجدد و نوگرایی ژاپن ایراد شده است. این اثر ما را به کوران دگرگونیهای سیاسی و اجتماعی اواخر «دوران مِیجی» میبرد و با دغدغهها و نگرانیهای نویسندهای آشنا میسازد که تاریخ ژاپن و اوضاع آن روز جهان را خوب میشناخته است. ناتسومه با بیانی شیرین، با بهرهگیری از کنایه و استعاره و با شوخطبعی فروتنانهای مفهوم «تجدد» را از دیدگاه خود تعریف میکند، سپس با آوردن دلایلی، در مقایسه با فرایند توسعه در غرب، تجدد ژاپن را شتابزده، تقلیدی و عاریتی ارزیابی میکند و دربارهی پیامدهای روانی و اجتماعی چنین تجددی هشدار میدهد. با شدت گرفتن فرایند تجدد در دوران مِیجی که با تقلید از غرب در تمام شئون نیز همراه بود، بسیاری از نویسندگان و متفکران احساس خطر کردند و به نقد این تجدد وارداتی و شتابزده دست زدند که این گونه نقدها در ژاپن با نام «نقد تمدن» شناخته میشوند. سخنرانی حاضر یکی از شاخصترین و ماندگارترین آثار در حوزهی نقد تمدن در ژاپن است.
وابی و سابی کلیدهایی برای فهم هنر و ادبیات ژاپن, 2018
بر اساس مشاهدات نگارنده، بسیاری از افراد غیرژاپنی در برخورد با آثار هنری ژاپنی اذعان میکنند که «... more بر اساس مشاهدات نگارنده، بسیاری از افراد غیرژاپنی در برخورد با آثار هنری ژاپنی اذعان میکنند که «معنای» این آثار را درک نمیکنند یا متوجه زیبایی آن نمیشوند. این افراد مثلاً ممکن است برخی از انواع نقاشیهای ژاپنی را «بسیار ساده» و «غیرهنری»، موسیقی سنتی ژاپنی را «خستهکننده» و «ناشیانه»، نمایش سنتی ژاپنی را «فاقد جذابیت» و «کسالتبار»، پیالههای سفالی ژاپنی را «کج و معوج»، «زشت» و «زمخت»، معماری سنتی ژاپنی را «بیشکوه» و «نامتقارن» و باغهای معابد ژاپنی را «نامنظم» و «عجیب و غریب» توصیف کنند. یکی از هنرهایی که همیشه در این میان، نامش آورده میشود، اشعار کوتاه ژاپنی موسوم به «هایکو» است؛ برای مثال، بسیاری با خواندن ترجمه این هایکو از «ماتسوئو باشو» (1644-1694)، شاعر ژاپنی که «بر شاخهای خشک / کلاغی بیتوته کرده / غروب پاییز» آن را «فاقد زیبایی»، «ملالآور» یا حتی «بیمعنی» توصیف میکنند. شاید دلیل اینکه امروز بسیاری از ما زیباییهای آثار هنری اقوام دیگر، نظیر آثار هنری سنتی ژاپن را درک نمیکنیم آن باشد که به میزان زیادی تحت تأثیر نگاه غربی به زیبایی هستیم؛ نگاه پذیرفته شدهای که همهروزه از رسانههای جهان عرضه میشود. «وابی» و «سابی» کلیدواژههایی هستند که آشنا شدن با آنها میتواند به درک دقیقتر و عمیقتر از هنر و ادبیات ژاپن بسیار کمک کند. «وابی» به معنی «ستایش و زیبا دیدن اندوه و فقر و سادگی»، و «سابی» به معنای «ستایش و زیبا دیدن پیری و کهنگی و تنهایی و دلتنگی» است. این دو اصطلاح اغلب در کنار یکدیگر و بهصورت یک واژه (وابیسابی) به کار میروند و برای توصیف زیبایی آثاری استفاده میشوند که تمایل به طبیعی بودن و سادگی و بیپیرایگی دارند و از تفاخر و خودنمایی گریزاناند. وابیسابی زیبایی پنهان در اشیاء و پدیدههای ناکامل، ناقص، ناتمام و ناپایدار است. زیبایی آثار و اشیائی که بیجهت تظاهر به شکوه و جلال نمیکنند و متواضع و فروتناند؛ مثل زیباییای که میتوان در یک ظرف سفالی شکسته یا در مشتی برگ خشک خزانزده دید. وابیسابی زیباییِ کشف کردن و حس کردنِ ژرفا و غنا در چیزهای ساده و لذت بردن از زندگی در انزوا و تنهایی و سکوت است. وابیسابی حساسیتی زیباشناختی است که داشتن آن موجب میشود انسان زیباییِ اندوهناکی در ناپایدار بودن همه چیز احساس کند. این نگاه در علاقه به چیزهای مستعمل و قدیمی و فرسوده، علاقه به چیزهای کوچک و ساده و گذرا، علاقه به چیزهای ناکامل و کمالنیافته و علاقه به آثار ناقص و ناتمام و حتی خراب شده تجلی مییابد. وابیسابی در هر عرصه هنری، با توجه به امکانات و زبان و بیان آن عرصه، بروز و تبلوری متفاوت دارد. در سفالگری به ساخت ظروف ساده و بیظرافت با سطوح ناصاف و رنگها و طرحهای گریزان از خودنمایی میانجامد، در موسیقی به نواهای حزن انگیز و بیانسجام منجر میشود، در معماری به شکل فضاهای نامتقارن و کمنور تجلی مییابد و در شعر، در قالب اشعار کوتاه هایکو ظاهر میشود که پیوسته دلتنگیهای جهان فانی را یادآوری میکند. کتاب حاضر میکوشد ضمن معرفی و تحلیل ریشههای اقلیمی، فرهنگی و دینی «وابیسابی» به نمودهای عینی این تفکر در هنرهای گوناگون از جمله سفالگری، موسیقی و شعر ژاپنی بپردازد. این کتاب از شش فصل تشکیل شده است: فصل نخست ضمن بررسی ریشه لغوی «وابی» و «سابی»، و ذکر تعاریف متعدد برای آن، تأثیر وابیسابی بر هنرهای تجسمی را بررسی میکند و آن را با معیارهای زیباشناختی هنر غربی مقایسه میکند. فصل دوم به خاستگاههای دینی و غیردینی تفکر وابیسابی اختصاص دارد. فصل سوم کتاب به مراسم چای و ارتباط آن با وابیسابی میپردازد. فصل چهارم به تأثیر وابیسابی در معماری، سرامیکسازی، باغآرایی، گلآرایی، ساخت اشیاء زینتی و موسیقی ژاپنی اختصاص دارد. فصل پنجم کتاب درباره اشعار کوتاه «هایکو» است. در این فصل، حدود شصت هایکو به همراه ترجمه این آثار به زبان فارسی آورده شدهاند و اثرات تفکر وابیسابی بر این اشعار بررسی شده است. فصل ششم کتاب نیز به وضعیت تفکر وابیسابی در جامعه امروز ژاپن و ذکر آراء گوناگون در این باره میپردازد.
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This dissertation also deals with the longstanding problem of Ezafe constructions and by reviewing previous proposals on the prosodic structure of these constructions, based on phonological evidence and phonetic observations suggests that each lexical word in an Ezafe construction maps onto a Phonological Phrase, and the Ezafe morpheme phrases with its preceding material to satisfy the phonological well-formedness constraint ONSET. The prosodic structure of XP-external clitics such as the Ezafe morpheme is explained by adopting a syntax-prosody interface constraint namely MAP-XP, that bans two sister XPs inside a single Phonological Phrase. This study proposes a ranking of OT constraints by which the prosodic structure of Ezafe constructions and other syntactic phrases such as DPs and VPs can be predicted and explained uniformly. It also proposes that the interaction between morphosyntax-phonology interface constraints and prosodic markedness constraints determine prosodic constituents of all levels and their heads, and other constraints require the heads of phonological phrases to be associated with audible accents. The rightmost Phonological Phrase in an Intonational Phrase is the head. This head associates with an accent which is perceived more prominently than the other accents. One further issue explored here is the fact that in lexicalized Ezafe constructions and also in the ones containing given/old information, some words may appear without audible accent.
The phonetic difference between final and non-final accents is the subject of the second half of this dissertation. Previous research on Persian has shown that the main acoustic correlate of prosodic prominence is f0. This study reports production and perception experiment results conducted in order to answer the question whether final (nuclear) accents are perceived more prominently than the other ones only because they are not followed by any other accent, or because they are phonetically different from the non-final (pre-nuclear) accents. The results of production experiments reveal that nuclear accented syllables have a lower f0 range, but a longer duration in comparison with pre-nuclear accented ones. Other parameters such as overall intensity, spectral tilt and vowel quality do not differ significantly in the two types of accents. Perception experiments reveal that native listeners can indeed distinguish the two types of accents without having access to the portion of the utterance that follows the final accent. This proves that the two types of accents are phonetically different. Perception tests also show that the difference between the shapes of f0 curves in the two types of accents is the main acoustic parameter that helps the listeners distinguish them from each other. In pre-nuclear accented words, the f0 peak is at the right edge of the metrically strong syllable, and the curve has a rising slope at this point. In these syllables, the peak may even occur on the initial syllable of the following word. However, in the syllables associated with nuclear accents, the f0 peak is located inside the syllable, and the curve has a falling slope at the right edge of the syllable.
If the f0 at the right edge of a nuclear accented syllable is manipulated and raised so that the f0 peak is moved to the right edge, the native listeners will perceive the word containing this syllable as a pre-nuclear accented word. This study also shows that duration alone cannot cue the difference between the two types of accents. However, when accompanied by f0 changes, it can help the listeners distinguish the two accents more easily and more efficiently.
Downloadable at: http://roa.rutgers.edu/content/article/files/1314_hosseini_1.pdf
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Ed. by Toni Borowsky, Shigeto Kawahara, Takahito Shinya and Mariko Sugahara, Equinox Publishing Ltd., 2012, xvi+528pp.
Ayat Hosseini
University of Tehran
shape inter-language along with the role of the L1 and input. We
do so by examining the question - how learners of Japanese
use case particle ‘wo’, which marks the object of transitive verbs,
through two surveys - one targeting Hindi L1 speakers (pilot) and
a second targeting Persian L1 speakers.
日本語母語話者はペルシア語学習の初期段階で基本的な形容詞を学ぶが、実際に使える場面で誤用を犯したり、十分に使いこなせなかったりする傾向がある。例えば、「おいしい」を *xošmaze (xošmaze ast) と発し、述語を脱落させる現象を筆者らがしばしば観察している。また、日本語を習得するペルシア語母語話者の間で「*おいしいだ」のようなコピュラの過剰使用も同様に観察している。
このような誤用が生じる原因として様々な要因が考えられるが、本研究でペルシア語と日本語における形容詞の統語的機能を対照比較し、母語転移による誤用の可能性を探る。
This study investigates the phonetic differences between non-final (pre-nuclear) and final (nuclear) accents in Persian, by conducting production and perception experiments. Production experiments measure and compare the acoustic parameters such as f0, duration, overall intensity, spectral balance and vowel quality in nuclear accented and pre-nuclear accented words, by analyzing non-words uttered by native speakers. In perception experiments, manipulated stimuli are used to examine how much manipulation of which acoustic parameters can render a nuclear accented word to be perceived as a pre-nuclear accented one by native listeners.
The production experiments revealed that the f0 peak on the syllables which are associated with a nuclear accent tends to occur at the middle of the syllable, while the f0 peak on the syllables associated with a pre-nuclear accent tends to occur at the right edge of the syllable. This difference between the shapes of the pitch curves can be regarded as a consequence of f0 peak delays in pre-nuclear accents. Production experiments also showed that syllables associated with a nuclear accent are significantly longer than the syllables associated with a pre-nuclear one.
The results of the Perception experiments revealed that Persian listeners can distinguish the two types of accent, without having access to the portion of the utterance that occurs after the accented word. This proves that there are phonetic differences between the two types of accents that can help the listeners distinguish them from each other. It also became clear that raising the f0 at the right edge of a nuclear accented word will make the listeners perceive it as a pre-nuclear accent. Manipulating duration alone had no effect of the perception, however when accompanied by manipulations of pitch, decreasing the duration of a syllable associated with a nuclear accent, can render the word to be perceived as a pre-nuclear accented word more efficiently.
شاید دلیل اینکه امروز بسیاری از ما زیباییهای آثار هنری اقوام دیگر، نظیر آثار هنری سنتی ژاپن را درک نمیکنیم آن باشد که به میزان زیادی تحت تأثیر نگاه غربی به زیبایی هستیم؛ نگاه پذیرفته شدهای که همهروزه از رسانههای جهان عرضه میشود. «وابی» و «سابی» کلیدواژههایی هستند که آشنا شدن با آنها میتواند به درک دقیقتر و عمیقتر از هنر و ادبیات ژاپن بسیار کمک کند. «وابی» به معنی «ستایش و زیبا دیدن اندوه و فقر و سادگی»، و «سابی» به معنای «ستایش و زیبا دیدن پیری و کهنگی و تنهایی و دلتنگی» است. این دو اصطلاح اغلب در کنار یکدیگر و بهصورت یک واژه (وابیسابی) به کار میروند و برای توصیف زیبایی آثاری استفاده میشوند که تمایل به طبیعی بودن و سادگی و بیپیرایگی دارند و از تفاخر و خودنمایی گریزاناند.
وابیسابی زیبایی پنهان در اشیاء و پدیدههای ناکامل، ناقص، ناتمام و ناپایدار است. زیبایی آثار و اشیائی که بیجهت تظاهر به شکوه و جلال نمیکنند و متواضع و فروتناند؛ مثل زیباییای که میتوان در یک ظرف سفالی شکسته یا در مشتی برگ خشک خزانزده دید. وابیسابی زیباییِ کشف کردن و حس کردنِ ژرفا و غنا در چیزهای ساده و لذت بردن از زندگی در انزوا و تنهایی و سکوت است. وابیسابی حساسیتی زیباشناختی است که داشتن آن موجب میشود انسان زیباییِ اندوهناکی در ناپایدار بودن همه چیز احساس کند. این نگاه در علاقه به چیزهای مستعمل و قدیمی و فرسوده، علاقه به چیزهای کوچک و ساده و گذرا، علاقه به چیزهای ناکامل و کمالنیافته و علاقه به آثار ناقص و ناتمام و حتی خراب شده تجلی مییابد.
وابیسابی در هر عرصه هنری، با توجه به امکانات و زبان و بیان آن عرصه، بروز و تبلوری متفاوت دارد. در سفالگری به ساخت ظروف ساده و بیظرافت با سطوح ناصاف و رنگها و طرحهای گریزان از خودنمایی میانجامد، در موسیقی به نواهای حزن انگیز و بیانسجام منجر میشود، در معماری به شکل فضاهای نامتقارن و کمنور تجلی مییابد و در شعر، در قالب اشعار کوتاه هایکو ظاهر میشود که پیوسته دلتنگیهای جهان فانی را یادآوری میکند.
کتاب حاضر میکوشد ضمن معرفی و تحلیل ریشههای اقلیمی، فرهنگی و دینی «وابیسابی» به نمودهای عینی این تفکر در هنرهای گوناگون از جمله سفالگری، موسیقی و شعر ژاپنی بپردازد. این کتاب از شش فصل تشکیل شده است: فصل نخست ضمن بررسی ریشه لغوی «وابی» و «سابی»، و ذکر تعاریف متعدد برای آن، تأثیر وابیسابی بر هنرهای تجسمی را بررسی میکند و آن را با معیارهای زیباشناختی هنر غربی مقایسه میکند. فصل دوم به خاستگاههای دینی و غیردینی تفکر وابیسابی اختصاص دارد. فصل سوم کتاب به مراسم چای و ارتباط آن با وابیسابی میپردازد. فصل چهارم به تأثیر وابیسابی در معماری، سرامیکسازی، باغآرایی، گلآرایی، ساخت اشیاء زینتی و موسیقی ژاپنی اختصاص دارد. فصل پنجم کتاب درباره اشعار کوتاه «هایکو» است. در این فصل، حدود شصت هایکو به همراه ترجمه این آثار به زبان فارسی آورده شدهاند و اثرات تفکر وابیسابی بر این اشعار بررسی شده است. فصل ششم کتاب نیز به وضعیت تفکر وابیسابی در جامعه امروز ژاپن و ذکر آراء گوناگون در این باره میپردازد.