Building on experience with the Willem Alexander IGCC plant at Buggenum in the Netherlands, Nuon ... more Building on experience with the Willem Alexander IGCC plant at Buggenum in the Netherlands, Nuon is planning a 1200 MWe multi-fuel IGCC at Eemshaven, in the north of the country.
In an Olympic year, it is a great pleasure to welcome you to the 13 th International Conference o... more In an Olympic year, it is a great pleasure to welcome you to the 13 th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT), which is hosted in the "Olympic Capital of the World", Lausanne, Switzerland. The two yearly GHGT conferences are now a well-established event in the international research community's calendar. It has become the international event to present and hear about new research, new technical developments and demonstration project updates in the field of CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS). Since the conference series first commenced in 1992 the field of greenhouse gas mitigation has come a very long way. We are now looking back on 20 years of operational experience on the first CCS demonstration project, Sleipner in Norway. Projects like the Carbon Capture Project, a consortium of major energy companies working together to advance the deployment of industrial-scale CO 2 capture and storage in the oil and gas sector have been in existence for 16 years. We ourselves, the IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme, the owners of the GHGT conference series are in our 25 th year of operation. The IPCC Special Report issued in 2005 was a major milestone taking CCS from the research area to be accepted as a main stream mitigation technology. In 2015 the knowledge base in the IPCC SRCCS was updated with 10 more years of experience in a Special Issue of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. In 2014 we saw the deployment of CCS in the power sector in Saskatchewan, Canada. The conference series has therefore charted the considerable progress of CCS through it conferences and the research papers published in its proceedings. Late last year we had the Paris Agreement that aspires to cut the temperature target to well below 2 degrees centigrade. The UNFCCC's 5th Assessment Report showed that getting to 2 degrees centigrade required CCS. There is growing recognition that to go below that target can only mean a greater need for the deployment of CCS on fossil fuels and increasing need for negative emissions technologies such as BIOCCS. We hope the 13 th conference will once again provide policy makers and governments alike with further confidence that CCS is a commercial technology that is ready for deployment and that CO 2 storage is both safe and secure. On behalf of the GHGT-13 Steering Committee, we look forward to welcoming you to Lausanne, Switzerland! WELCOME John Gale (IEAGHG), Gunter Siddiqi (SFOE) & Lyesse Laloui (EPFL) Steering Committee Co-Chairs www.ghgt.info 4 GHGT-13 www.ghgt.info 5 GHGT-13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 03 Welcome 04 Steering Committee 05 Meet the Organisers 06 Technical Program Committee & Expert Review Panel
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Jan 14, 2019
A high pressure semicontinuous batch electrolyzer is used to convert CO 2 to formic acid/formate ... more A high pressure semicontinuous batch electrolyzer is used to convert CO 2 to formic acid/formate on a tinbased cathode using bipolar membranes (BPMs) and cation exchange membranes (CEMs). The effects of CO 2 pressure up to 50 bar, electrolyte concentration, flow rate, cell potential, and the two types of membranes on the current density (CD) and Faraday efficiency (FE) for formic acid/ formate are investigated. Increasing the CO 2 pressure yields a high FE up to 90% at a cell potential of 3.5 V and a CD of ∼30 mA/cm 2. The FE decreases significantly at higher cell potentials and current densities, and lower pressures. Up to 2 wt % formate was produced at a cell potential of 4 V, a CD of ∼100 mA/cm 2 , and a FE of 65%. The advantages and disadvantages of using BPMs and CEMs in electrochemical cells for CO 2 conversion to formic acid/formate are discussed.
We use a high-pressure semicontinuous batch electrochemical reactor with a tin-based cathode to d... more We use a high-pressure semicontinuous batch electrochemical reactor with a tin-based cathode to demonstrate that it is possible to efficiently convert CO 2 to formic acid (FA) in low-pH (i.e., pH < pK a) electrolyte solutions. The effects of CO 2 pressure (up to 50 bar), bipolar membranes, and electrolyte (K 2 SO 4) concentration on the current density (CD) and the Faraday efficiency (FE) of formic acid were investigated. The highest FE (∼80%) of FA was achieved at a pressure of around 50 bar at a cell potential of 3.5 V and a CD of ∼30 mA/cm 2. To suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in aqueous media is typically performed at alkaline conditions. The consequence of this is that products like formic acid, which has a pK a of 3.75, will almost completely dissociate into the formate form. The pH of the electrolyte solution has a strong influence not only on the electrochemical reduction process of CO 2 but also on the downstream separation of (dilute) acid products like formic acid. The selection of separation processes depends on the dissociation state of the acids. A review of separation technologies for formic acid/formate removal from aqueous dilute streams is provided. By applying common separation heuristics, we have selected liquid−liquid extraction and electrodialysis for formic acid and formate separation, respectively. An economic evaluation of both separation processes shows that the formic acid route is more attractive than the formate one. These results urge for a better design of (1) CO 2 electrocatalysts that can operate at low pH without affecting the selectivity of the desired products and (2) technologies for efficient separation of dilute products from (photo)electrochemical reactors.
The capture of CO 2 from power plant flue gases provides an opportunity to mitigate emissions tha... more The capture of CO 2 from power plant flue gases provides an opportunity to mitigate emissions that are harmful to the global climate. While the process of CO 2 capture using an aqueous amine solution is well-known from experience in other technical sectors (e.g., acid gas removal in the gas processing industry), its operation combined with a power plant still needs investigation because in this case, the interaction with power plants that are increasingly operated dynamically poses control challenges. This article presents the dynamic modeling of CO 2 capture plants followed by a detailed validation using transient measurements recorded from the pilot plant operated at the Maasvlakte power station in the Netherlands. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data related to the transient changes of the main process variables such as flow rate, CO 2 concentrations, temperatures, and solvent loading. The validated model was used to study the effects of fast pow...
ABSTRACT A clear understanding of the dynamic behavior of the whole chain of conventional power g... more ABSTRACT A clear understanding of the dynamic behavior of the whole chain of conventional power generation to CO2 storage is necessary. The rapidly increasing share of renewable energy makes the energy delivered to the grid more fluctuating leading to an impact on the CCS chain as well. A 250 MW scale carbon capture plant with CO2 compression has been modelled with Dymola (dynamic) and with Aspen Plus (steady-state). It is evident that large perturbations in flue gas flow rate will make it difficult to control the water balance. Moreover, parallel compression trains may be necessary to prevent compressors to run in spill back mode.
Building on experience with the Willem Alexander IGCC plant at Buggenum in the Netherlands, Nuon ... more Building on experience with the Willem Alexander IGCC plant at Buggenum in the Netherlands, Nuon is planning a 1200 MWe multi-fuel IGCC at Eemshaven, in the north of the country.
In an Olympic year, it is a great pleasure to welcome you to the 13 th International Conference o... more In an Olympic year, it is a great pleasure to welcome you to the 13 th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies (GHGT), which is hosted in the "Olympic Capital of the World", Lausanne, Switzerland. The two yearly GHGT conferences are now a well-established event in the international research community's calendar. It has become the international event to present and hear about new research, new technical developments and demonstration project updates in the field of CO 2 Capture and Storage (CCS). Since the conference series first commenced in 1992 the field of greenhouse gas mitigation has come a very long way. We are now looking back on 20 years of operational experience on the first CCS demonstration project, Sleipner in Norway. Projects like the Carbon Capture Project, a consortium of major energy companies working together to advance the deployment of industrial-scale CO 2 capture and storage in the oil and gas sector have been in existence for 16 years. We ourselves, the IEA Greenhouse Gas Programme, the owners of the GHGT conference series are in our 25 th year of operation. The IPCC Special Report issued in 2005 was a major milestone taking CCS from the research area to be accepted as a main stream mitigation technology. In 2015 the knowledge base in the IPCC SRCCS was updated with 10 more years of experience in a Special Issue of the International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. In 2014 we saw the deployment of CCS in the power sector in Saskatchewan, Canada. The conference series has therefore charted the considerable progress of CCS through it conferences and the research papers published in its proceedings. Late last year we had the Paris Agreement that aspires to cut the temperature target to well below 2 degrees centigrade. The UNFCCC's 5th Assessment Report showed that getting to 2 degrees centigrade required CCS. There is growing recognition that to go below that target can only mean a greater need for the deployment of CCS on fossil fuels and increasing need for negative emissions technologies such as BIOCCS. We hope the 13 th conference will once again provide policy makers and governments alike with further confidence that CCS is a commercial technology that is ready for deployment and that CO 2 storage is both safe and secure. On behalf of the GHGT-13 Steering Committee, we look forward to welcoming you to Lausanne, Switzerland! WELCOME John Gale (IEAGHG), Gunter Siddiqi (SFOE) & Lyesse Laloui (EPFL) Steering Committee Co-Chairs www.ghgt.info 4 GHGT-13 www.ghgt.info 5 GHGT-13 TABLE OF CONTENTS 03 Welcome 04 Steering Committee 05 Meet the Organisers 06 Technical Program Committee & Expert Review Panel
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Jan 14, 2019
A high pressure semicontinuous batch electrolyzer is used to convert CO 2 to formic acid/formate ... more A high pressure semicontinuous batch electrolyzer is used to convert CO 2 to formic acid/formate on a tinbased cathode using bipolar membranes (BPMs) and cation exchange membranes (CEMs). The effects of CO 2 pressure up to 50 bar, electrolyte concentration, flow rate, cell potential, and the two types of membranes on the current density (CD) and Faraday efficiency (FE) for formic acid/ formate are investigated. Increasing the CO 2 pressure yields a high FE up to 90% at a cell potential of 3.5 V and a CD of ∼30 mA/cm 2. The FE decreases significantly at higher cell potentials and current densities, and lower pressures. Up to 2 wt % formate was produced at a cell potential of 4 V, a CD of ∼100 mA/cm 2 , and a FE of 65%. The advantages and disadvantages of using BPMs and CEMs in electrochemical cells for CO 2 conversion to formic acid/formate are discussed.
We use a high-pressure semicontinuous batch electrochemical reactor with a tin-based cathode to d... more We use a high-pressure semicontinuous batch electrochemical reactor with a tin-based cathode to demonstrate that it is possible to efficiently convert CO 2 to formic acid (FA) in low-pH (i.e., pH < pK a) electrolyte solutions. The effects of CO 2 pressure (up to 50 bar), bipolar membranes, and electrolyte (K 2 SO 4) concentration on the current density (CD) and the Faraday efficiency (FE) of formic acid were investigated. The highest FE (∼80%) of FA was achieved at a pressure of around 50 bar at a cell potential of 3.5 V and a CD of ∼30 mA/cm 2. To suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 in aqueous media is typically performed at alkaline conditions. The consequence of this is that products like formic acid, which has a pK a of 3.75, will almost completely dissociate into the formate form. The pH of the electrolyte solution has a strong influence not only on the electrochemical reduction process of CO 2 but also on the downstream separation of (dilute) acid products like formic acid. The selection of separation processes depends on the dissociation state of the acids. A review of separation technologies for formic acid/formate removal from aqueous dilute streams is provided. By applying common separation heuristics, we have selected liquid−liquid extraction and electrodialysis for formic acid and formate separation, respectively. An economic evaluation of both separation processes shows that the formic acid route is more attractive than the formate one. These results urge for a better design of (1) CO 2 electrocatalysts that can operate at low pH without affecting the selectivity of the desired products and (2) technologies for efficient separation of dilute products from (photo)electrochemical reactors.
The capture of CO 2 from power plant flue gases provides an opportunity to mitigate emissions tha... more The capture of CO 2 from power plant flue gases provides an opportunity to mitigate emissions that are harmful to the global climate. While the process of CO 2 capture using an aqueous amine solution is well-known from experience in other technical sectors (e.g., acid gas removal in the gas processing industry), its operation combined with a power plant still needs investigation because in this case, the interaction with power plants that are increasingly operated dynamically poses control challenges. This article presents the dynamic modeling of CO 2 capture plants followed by a detailed validation using transient measurements recorded from the pilot plant operated at the Maasvlakte power station in the Netherlands. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data related to the transient changes of the main process variables such as flow rate, CO 2 concentrations, temperatures, and solvent loading. The validated model was used to study the effects of fast pow...
ABSTRACT A clear understanding of the dynamic behavior of the whole chain of conventional power g... more ABSTRACT A clear understanding of the dynamic behavior of the whole chain of conventional power generation to CO2 storage is necessary. The rapidly increasing share of renewable energy makes the energy delivered to the grid more fluctuating leading to an impact on the CCS chain as well. A 250 MW scale carbon capture plant with CO2 compression has been modelled with Dymola (dynamic) and with Aspen Plus (steady-state). It is evident that large perturbations in flue gas flow rate will make it difficult to control the water balance. Moreover, parallel compression trains may be necessary to prevent compressors to run in spill back mode.
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Papers by Robert Kler