The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given th... more The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given that it can help to minimize negative impact of mining activities on the environment and to ensure environmental sustainability. This research was carried out primarily to examine the factors influencing green supply chain management in the mining industry of Ghana. Data was collected using focus group discussion with the experts from the mining companies. Analysis of the data showed that the goods purchased by mining companies have negative effects on the environment. It was also concluded that procurement practices could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the companies’ operation on the environment since the procurement departments of the companies have specific policies geared towards environmentally preferable purchases. The study further established that green procurement influence supplier selection through environmental regulations by Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana,...
The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assem... more The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assemblies in Ghana and also help create the consciousness of implementing and enforcing green procurement in the public sector effectively. The research was carried out in Eighteen (18) District Assemblies in the Western Region of Ghana using non-standard interview as the main data collection technique. The findings of the research revealed that, there are key legislations, standards and regulations regulating the assemblies’ activities on the environment and the society which affect green procurement, though there is no specific law/policy titled green procurement. These key legislations, standards and regulations have contributed to increased awareness of green procurement at the District Assemblies in Western Region tied with the recent introduction of sustainable procurement which has been included in the Public Procurement Amendment Act 2016 (Act 914). However, the study identified that...
The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assem... more The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assemblies in Ghana and also help create the consciousness of implementing and enforcing green procurement in the public sector effectively. The research was carried out in Eighteen (18) District Assemblies in the Western Region of Ghana using non-standard interview as the main data collection technique. The findings of the research revealed that, there are key legislations, standards and regulations regulating the assemblies' activities on the environment and the society which affect green procurement, though there is no specific law/policy titled green procurement. These key legislations, standards and regulations have contributed to increased awareness of green procurement at the District Assemblies in Western Region tied with the recent introduction of sustainable procurement which has been included in the Public Procurement Amendment Act 2016 (Act 914). However, the study identified that the significant impact of public procurement as a policy instrument on environment appeared not to be clear to the assemblies. It is recommended that the procurement policy and the Act 663/914 should be reformed to reflect green procurement to help the districts in their quest in creating sustainable environment. The district assemblies and EPA should organise joint seminars and workshops to sensitize and create awareness among the assembly's staff on the benefits of green procurement and the need to adopt it.
The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impac... more The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impact on the procurement policy and the economy of Ghana in general. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative. The instrument of study was based on non standard interview with the officers that are experts on the topic at the district assemblies where 11 districts assemblies were covered out of 22. The study revealed the following causes; procurement practitioners find it difficult to understand the Procurement Act 663, practitioners lack capacity both academically and professionally in the management and operationalisation of the procurement process, the Procurement Act 663 is excessively legalistic and technical, the Act 663 is at anomalous with market trends or practices. The study also found out that there are lapses in monitoring for compliance of the Procurement Act 663, no examples of known procurement practitioners punished for non compliance, lack of commitment on the part of officialdom, organisational culture at the district level a major cause of maverick buying and most of the procurement activities are unplanned. On the impact, the study established that MB defeats the superseding objectives of the Public Procurement Act 663 of 2003, it is also insidious to the aptitude to negotiate favourable terms for price of goods, services and works due to the crumbling of spend, MB had the ability to deny the assemblies the knack to collect data on the assemblies' sequence of purchasing or spending thereby causing the assemblies to lose visibility over its outlay, it also increases purchasing cost where it affects equally the actual purchasing price and process cost, it was also disclosed that fraud and corruption can ensue from MB. The study recommends that PPA and the ministry of education should link up to train procurement practitioners as stipulated in Procurement Act 663 section 3(k) to improve the awareness and knowledge of procurement processes at the district assemblies and the nation in general. Monitoring compliance trends should also be a key part of the Public Procurement Authority-PPA. As a matter of fact the institution responsible for sanction should be incorporated into the enforcement unit for swift punishment to act as deterrence to others. PPA and the districts should link up on how eProcurement systems can be implemented to ensure compliance since the most commonly declare solution for maverick buying is the implementation of electronic procurement.
There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the... more There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the economic and societal challenges that public sectors face. Public procurement of innovation has not materialised on a large scale particularly in the developing nations and one of the factors is lack of awareness among the key stakeholders. This call for the rationalization to increase the attention of potential of public procurement as an innovation policy to policy makers, procurement practitioners and academicians. The goal is to investigate the level of awareness of public procurement as an innovation policy tool among the key stakeholders. The study adopted both exploratory and cross-sectional survey designs in investigating the level of awareness. The sample size was 249 and the sample technique used was purposive. The study disclosed that public procurement is recognised as an innovation policy tool by the professionals. This demonstrates that majority of the stakeholders are aware that there is a lot to enjoy when procurement activities are tailored towards promoting innovation. However, it became apparent that the Act used in conducting
The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given th... more The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given that it can help to minimize negative impact of mining activities on the environment and to ensure environmental sustainability. This research was carried out primarily to examine the factors influencing green supply chain management in the mining industry of Ghana. Data was collected using focus group discussion with the experts from the mining companies. Analysis of the data showed that the goods purchased by mining companies have negative effects on the environment. It was also concluded that procurement practices could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the companies' operation on the environment since the procurement departments of the companies have specific policies geared towards environmentally preferable purchases. The study further established that green procurement influence supplier selection through environmental regulations by Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana, suppliers' environmental emission among others. The study revealed that the most notable factors influencing green supply chain in the mining companies in Ghana include lack of knowledge and expertise involving green supply chain, lack of awareness of the potential economic benefits of green supply chain, lack of political commitment, lack of the learning capacity to evaluate green supply chain; high cost of environmental programs, ineffective sanction regime for environmental offenders among others. The study recommends that mining companies and its allies should organise joint seminars and workshops to sensitize the staff and suppliers on the benefits of green purchasing and the need to embrace it. The mining industry and EPA should also link up to train their supply/logistics/procurement practitioners on the issues of green procurement /supply chain.
The rationale of this study is examining the implication for freight and logistics companies in t... more The rationale of this study is examining the implication for freight and logistics companies in the operationalisation of the ECOWAS Protocol on free movement of goods and persons and creates awareness and interest in the provisions of ECOWAS Protocol to freight and logistics companies. The research design is quantitative and both primary and secondary data were used in achieving the objectives of the study. Questionnaire (both close and open ended questions) was the main tool for data gathering. The study revealed that the workers of Western Freight and Logistics have better understanding of the ECOWAS protocol on free movement of people and products especially as it relates to community citizens' right to enter, reside and establish in the territory of member states. It was also established that the company takes advantage of the provisions in the ECOWAS protocol through undertaking sub-regional operations as and when necessary and as a result they are benefiting from the ECOWAS Protocol. It was as well discovered that the erection of several border checks and toll booth, the existence of different official languages at border posts, poor infrastructure in some countries in the sub-region among others are challenges the company faces in operationalising the ECOWAS protocol in the sub-region. The researchers recommend that Western Freight and Logistics Company should liaise with transport companies in other countries in the sub-region where its operations are needed to reduce its transportation cost and should modify its employment policy modalities to give opportunities to those who are bilingual or multilingual to neutralise the effect of the language barriers. For the sub-regional leaders ECOWAS needs to enforce the usage of the ECOWAS travellers' cheques to harmonise the sub-region's monetary policy. ECOWAS should also implement the proposed coastal rail route that links Accra, Lome, Cotonou and Lagos and the Sahelian rail route that links Lagos to Niamey and Ouagadougou to facilitate the movement of goods and people.
The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impac... more The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impact on the procurement policy and the economy of Ghana in general. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative. The instrument of study was based on non standard interview with the officers that are experts on the topic at the district assemblies where 11 districts assemblies were covered out of 22. The study revealed the following causes; procurement practitioners find it difficult to understand the Procurement Act 663, practitioners lack capacity both academically and professionally in the management and operationalisation of the procurement process, the Procurement Act 663 is excessively legalistic and technical, the Act 663 is at anomalous with market trends or practices. The study also found out that there are lapses in monitoring for compliance of the Procurement Act 663, no examples of known procurement practitioners punished for non compliance, lack of commitment on the part of officialdom, organisational culture at the district level a major cause of maverick buying and most of the procurement activities are unplanned. On the impact, the study established that MB defeats the superseding objectives of the Public Procurement Act 663 of 2003, it is also insidious to the aptitude to negotiate favourable terms for price of goods, services and works due to the crumbling of spend, MB had the ability to deny the assemblies the knack to collect data on the assemblies' sequence of purchasing or spending thereby causing the assemblies to lose visibility over its outlay, it also increases purchasing cost where it affects equally the actual purchasing price and process cost, it was also disclosed that fraud and corruption can ensue from MB. The study recommends that PPA and the ministry of education should link up to train procurement practitioners as stipulated in Procurement Act 663 section 3(k) to improve the awareness and knowledge of procurement processes at the district assemblies and the nation in general. Monitoring compliance trends should also be a key part of the Public Procurement Authority-PPA. As a matter of fact the institution responsible for sanction should be incorporated into the enforcement unit for swift punishment to act as deterrence to others. PPA and the districts should link up on how eProcurement systems can be implemented to ensure compliance since the most commonly declare solution for maverick buying is the implementation of electronic procurement.
There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the... more There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the economic and societal challenges that public sectors face. Public procurement of innovation has not materialised on a large scale particularly in the developing nations and one of the factors is lack of awareness among the key stakeholders. This call for the rationalization to increase the attention of potential of public procurement as an innovation policy to policy makers, procurement practitioners and academicians. The goal is to investigate the level of awareness of public procurement as an innovation policy tool among the key stakeholders. The study adopted both exploratory and cross-sectional survey designs in investigating the level of awareness. The sample size was 249 and the sample technique used was purposive. The study disclosed that public procurement is recognised as an innovation policy tool by the professionals. This demonstrates that majority of the stakeholders are aware that there is a lot to enjoy when procurement activities are tailored towards promoting innovation. However, it became apparent that the Act used in conducting
his study aimed at examining the competitiveness of SMEs when they are being assisted particularl... more his study aimed at examining the competitiveness of SMEs when they are being assisted particularly having an access to public procurement contract. Descriptive and exploratory designs were used. Convenience sampling technique was applied to select 91 respondents. The findings of the study revealed that on the competitiveness of SMEs in Ghanaian economy with access to public contract, SMEs have the ability to be flexible in their operations and their adaptability to changes either accidental or unexpected. It was also revealed that SMEs serve as a force for economic diversification and can act as the main engines for growth and development. The study also revealed that SMEs have the advantages in the form of innovation, employment, spatial benefits and the potential for decentralized supply opportunities. On issue of preferential treatments accorded SMEs in Ghana based on the Public Procurement Act 663, the study revealed that procurement officers/entities are not required to give SMEs concerns an equitable opportunity to compete for contracts and it does not provide any specific laws or articles relating to SMEs. The margins of preference found in the Public Procurement Act 663 is designed to give preference to local suppliers and contractors (irrespective of the nationality of the proprietor) competing with foreign suppliers and contractors not specifically for SMEs in Ghana. It was clear that there are no small business set-aside programs provided for SMEs in the Public Procurement Act 663 and its does not have any exemption from bid and performance security. It is recommended that the procurement policy and the Act 663 should be reformed to reflect preferential treatment for all the SMEs in Ghana to enhance their competitiveness in the economy.
An Evaluation of Inventory Management Practices in Soap Manufacturing Firms in Ghana: the Case of... more An Evaluation of Inventory Management Practices in Soap Manufacturing Firms in Ghana: the Case of Appiah - Menka Complex Ltd, Kumasi. DSpace/Manakin Repository. ...
The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given th... more The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given that it can help to minimize negative impact of mining activities on the environment and to ensure environmental sustainability. This research was carried out primarily to examine the factors influencing green supply chain management in the mining industry of Ghana. Data was collected using focus group discussion with the experts from the mining companies. Analysis of the data showed that the goods purchased by mining companies have negative effects on the environment. It was also concluded that procurement practices could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the companies’ operation on the environment since the procurement departments of the companies have specific policies geared towards environmentally preferable purchases. The study further established that green procurement influence supplier selection through environmental regulations by Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana,...
The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assem... more The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assemblies in Ghana and also help create the consciousness of implementing and enforcing green procurement in the public sector effectively. The research was carried out in Eighteen (18) District Assemblies in the Western Region of Ghana using non-standard interview as the main data collection technique. The findings of the research revealed that, there are key legislations, standards and regulations regulating the assemblies’ activities on the environment and the society which affect green procurement, though there is no specific law/policy titled green procurement. These key legislations, standards and regulations have contributed to increased awareness of green procurement at the District Assemblies in Western Region tied with the recent introduction of sustainable procurement which has been included in the Public Procurement Amendment Act 2016 (Act 914). However, the study identified that...
The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assem... more The present study seeks to examine the awareness level of green procurement at the district assemblies in Ghana and also help create the consciousness of implementing and enforcing green procurement in the public sector effectively. The research was carried out in Eighteen (18) District Assemblies in the Western Region of Ghana using non-standard interview as the main data collection technique. The findings of the research revealed that, there are key legislations, standards and regulations regulating the assemblies' activities on the environment and the society which affect green procurement, though there is no specific law/policy titled green procurement. These key legislations, standards and regulations have contributed to increased awareness of green procurement at the District Assemblies in Western Region tied with the recent introduction of sustainable procurement which has been included in the Public Procurement Amendment Act 2016 (Act 914). However, the study identified that the significant impact of public procurement as a policy instrument on environment appeared not to be clear to the assemblies. It is recommended that the procurement policy and the Act 663/914 should be reformed to reflect green procurement to help the districts in their quest in creating sustainable environment. The district assemblies and EPA should organise joint seminars and workshops to sensitize and create awareness among the assembly's staff on the benefits of green procurement and the need to adopt it.
The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impac... more The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impact on the procurement policy and the economy of Ghana in general. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative. The instrument of study was based on non standard interview with the officers that are experts on the topic at the district assemblies where 11 districts assemblies were covered out of 22. The study revealed the following causes; procurement practitioners find it difficult to understand the Procurement Act 663, practitioners lack capacity both academically and professionally in the management and operationalisation of the procurement process, the Procurement Act 663 is excessively legalistic and technical, the Act 663 is at anomalous with market trends or practices. The study also found out that there are lapses in monitoring for compliance of the Procurement Act 663, no examples of known procurement practitioners punished for non compliance, lack of commitment on the part of officialdom, organisational culture at the district level a major cause of maverick buying and most of the procurement activities are unplanned. On the impact, the study established that MB defeats the superseding objectives of the Public Procurement Act 663 of 2003, it is also insidious to the aptitude to negotiate favourable terms for price of goods, services and works due to the crumbling of spend, MB had the ability to deny the assemblies the knack to collect data on the assemblies' sequence of purchasing or spending thereby causing the assemblies to lose visibility over its outlay, it also increases purchasing cost where it affects equally the actual purchasing price and process cost, it was also disclosed that fraud and corruption can ensue from MB. The study recommends that PPA and the ministry of education should link up to train procurement practitioners as stipulated in Procurement Act 663 section 3(k) to improve the awareness and knowledge of procurement processes at the district assemblies and the nation in general. Monitoring compliance trends should also be a key part of the Public Procurement Authority-PPA. As a matter of fact the institution responsible for sanction should be incorporated into the enforcement unit for swift punishment to act as deterrence to others. PPA and the districts should link up on how eProcurement systems can be implemented to ensure compliance since the most commonly declare solution for maverick buying is the implementation of electronic procurement.
There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the... more There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the economic and societal challenges that public sectors face. Public procurement of innovation has not materialised on a large scale particularly in the developing nations and one of the factors is lack of awareness among the key stakeholders. This call for the rationalization to increase the attention of potential of public procurement as an innovation policy to policy makers, procurement practitioners and academicians. The goal is to investigate the level of awareness of public procurement as an innovation policy tool among the key stakeholders. The study adopted both exploratory and cross-sectional survey designs in investigating the level of awareness. The sample size was 249 and the sample technique used was purposive. The study disclosed that public procurement is recognised as an innovation policy tool by the professionals. This demonstrates that majority of the stakeholders are aware that there is a lot to enjoy when procurement activities are tailored towards promoting innovation. However, it became apparent that the Act used in conducting
The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given th... more The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is attaining high level significance given that it can help to minimize negative impact of mining activities on the environment and to ensure environmental sustainability. This research was carried out primarily to examine the factors influencing green supply chain management in the mining industry of Ghana. Data was collected using focus group discussion with the experts from the mining companies. Analysis of the data showed that the goods purchased by mining companies have negative effects on the environment. It was also concluded that procurement practices could be used to reduce the negative impacts of the companies' operation on the environment since the procurement departments of the companies have specific policies geared towards environmentally preferable purchases. The study further established that green procurement influence supplier selection through environmental regulations by Environmental Protection Agency of Ghana, suppliers' environmental emission among others. The study revealed that the most notable factors influencing green supply chain in the mining companies in Ghana include lack of knowledge and expertise involving green supply chain, lack of awareness of the potential economic benefits of green supply chain, lack of political commitment, lack of the learning capacity to evaluate green supply chain; high cost of environmental programs, ineffective sanction regime for environmental offenders among others. The study recommends that mining companies and its allies should organise joint seminars and workshops to sensitize the staff and suppliers on the benefits of green purchasing and the need to embrace it. The mining industry and EPA should also link up to train their supply/logistics/procurement practitioners on the issues of green procurement /supply chain.
The rationale of this study is examining the implication for freight and logistics companies in t... more The rationale of this study is examining the implication for freight and logistics companies in the operationalisation of the ECOWAS Protocol on free movement of goods and persons and creates awareness and interest in the provisions of ECOWAS Protocol to freight and logistics companies. The research design is quantitative and both primary and secondary data were used in achieving the objectives of the study. Questionnaire (both close and open ended questions) was the main tool for data gathering. The study revealed that the workers of Western Freight and Logistics have better understanding of the ECOWAS protocol on free movement of people and products especially as it relates to community citizens' right to enter, reside and establish in the territory of member states. It was also established that the company takes advantage of the provisions in the ECOWAS protocol through undertaking sub-regional operations as and when necessary and as a result they are benefiting from the ECOWAS Protocol. It was as well discovered that the erection of several border checks and toll booth, the existence of different official languages at border posts, poor infrastructure in some countries in the sub-region among others are challenges the company faces in operationalising the ECOWAS protocol in the sub-region. The researchers recommend that Western Freight and Logistics Company should liaise with transport companies in other countries in the sub-region where its operations are needed to reduce its transportation cost and should modify its employment policy modalities to give opportunities to those who are bilingual or multilingual to neutralise the effect of the language barriers. For the sub-regional leaders ECOWAS needs to enforce the usage of the ECOWAS travellers' cheques to harmonise the sub-region's monetary policy. ECOWAS should also implement the proposed coastal rail route that links Accra, Lome, Cotonou and Lagos and the Sahelian rail route that links Lagos to Niamey and Ouagadougou to facilitate the movement of goods and people.
The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impac... more The study seeks to contribute to the discussion on the causes of maverick buying-MB and its impact on the procurement policy and the economy of Ghana in general. The research methodology used in this study is qualitative. The instrument of study was based on non standard interview with the officers that are experts on the topic at the district assemblies where 11 districts assemblies were covered out of 22. The study revealed the following causes; procurement practitioners find it difficult to understand the Procurement Act 663, practitioners lack capacity both academically and professionally in the management and operationalisation of the procurement process, the Procurement Act 663 is excessively legalistic and technical, the Act 663 is at anomalous with market trends or practices. The study also found out that there are lapses in monitoring for compliance of the Procurement Act 663, no examples of known procurement practitioners punished for non compliance, lack of commitment on the part of officialdom, organisational culture at the district level a major cause of maverick buying and most of the procurement activities are unplanned. On the impact, the study established that MB defeats the superseding objectives of the Public Procurement Act 663 of 2003, it is also insidious to the aptitude to negotiate favourable terms for price of goods, services and works due to the crumbling of spend, MB had the ability to deny the assemblies the knack to collect data on the assemblies' sequence of purchasing or spending thereby causing the assemblies to lose visibility over its outlay, it also increases purchasing cost where it affects equally the actual purchasing price and process cost, it was also disclosed that fraud and corruption can ensue from MB. The study recommends that PPA and the ministry of education should link up to train procurement practitioners as stipulated in Procurement Act 663 section 3(k) to improve the awareness and knowledge of procurement processes at the district assemblies and the nation in general. Monitoring compliance trends should also be a key part of the Public Procurement Authority-PPA. As a matter of fact the institution responsible for sanction should be incorporated into the enforcement unit for swift punishment to act as deterrence to others. PPA and the districts should link up on how eProcurement systems can be implemented to ensure compliance since the most commonly declare solution for maverick buying is the implementation of electronic procurement.
There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the... more There is recognition that more systematic efforts to promote innovation are needed to address the economic and societal challenges that public sectors face. Public procurement of innovation has not materialised on a large scale particularly in the developing nations and one of the factors is lack of awareness among the key stakeholders. This call for the rationalization to increase the attention of potential of public procurement as an innovation policy to policy makers, procurement practitioners and academicians. The goal is to investigate the level of awareness of public procurement as an innovation policy tool among the key stakeholders. The study adopted both exploratory and cross-sectional survey designs in investigating the level of awareness. The sample size was 249 and the sample technique used was purposive. The study disclosed that public procurement is recognised as an innovation policy tool by the professionals. This demonstrates that majority of the stakeholders are aware that there is a lot to enjoy when procurement activities are tailored towards promoting innovation. However, it became apparent that the Act used in conducting
his study aimed at examining the competitiveness of SMEs when they are being assisted particularl... more his study aimed at examining the competitiveness of SMEs when they are being assisted particularly having an access to public procurement contract. Descriptive and exploratory designs were used. Convenience sampling technique was applied to select 91 respondents. The findings of the study revealed that on the competitiveness of SMEs in Ghanaian economy with access to public contract, SMEs have the ability to be flexible in their operations and their adaptability to changes either accidental or unexpected. It was also revealed that SMEs serve as a force for economic diversification and can act as the main engines for growth and development. The study also revealed that SMEs have the advantages in the form of innovation, employment, spatial benefits and the potential for decentralized supply opportunities. On issue of preferential treatments accorded SMEs in Ghana based on the Public Procurement Act 663, the study revealed that procurement officers/entities are not required to give SMEs concerns an equitable opportunity to compete for contracts and it does not provide any specific laws or articles relating to SMEs. The margins of preference found in the Public Procurement Act 663 is designed to give preference to local suppliers and contractors (irrespective of the nationality of the proprietor) competing with foreign suppliers and contractors not specifically for SMEs in Ghana. It was clear that there are no small business set-aside programs provided for SMEs in the Public Procurement Act 663 and its does not have any exemption from bid and performance security. It is recommended that the procurement policy and the Act 663 should be reformed to reflect preferential treatment for all the SMEs in Ghana to enhance their competitiveness in the economy.
An Evaluation of Inventory Management Practices in Soap Manufacturing Firms in Ghana: the Case of... more An Evaluation of Inventory Management Practices in Soap Manufacturing Firms in Ghana: the Case of Appiah - Menka Complex Ltd, Kumasi. DSpace/Manakin Repository. ...
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