Anton Kotov

The article deals with the usage of the term “Regiment” in the documentation of the Teutonic Order and the estates of Prussia 14th — 15th centuries. The emergence of the concept in the sources reflects some changes in the social and political life of the Order’s Prussia. The term simultaneously means both the Landesordnung and the governing of the Prussian lands of the Grandmasters of the Order. Narrative sources show that the concept expresses the difference between the governing of the Grand Master within the Order brethren and in the lands of the Order. The analysis of the content of Landesordnung shows a gradual expansion and specification of the Order’s governing, as well as the order’s presence in the daily life of the bürgers. The frequent application of the Regiment to Landesordnung and further identification with it with the specification indicate a transition from private to public governing practices, and the object of the Grand Master’s governing expresses with the legalization process.

The article deals with the usage of the term “Regiment” in the documentation of the Teutonic Order and the estates of Prussia 14th — 15th centuries. The emergence of the concept in the sources reflects some changes in the social and political life of the Order’s Prussia. The term simultaneously means both the Landesordnung and the governing of the Prussian lands of the Grandmasters of the Order. Narrative sources show that the concept expresses the difference between the governing of the Grand Master within the Order brethren and in the lands of the Order. The analysis of the content of Landesordnung shows a gradual expansion and specification of the Order’s governing, as well as the order’s presence in the daily life of the bürgers. The frequent application of the Regiment to Landesordnung and further identification with it with the specification indicate a transition from private to public governing practices, and the object of the Grand Master’s governing expresses with the legalization process.

В статье рассматривается практика применения термина Regiment в документации Немецкого ордена и сословий Пруссии XIV—XV вв. Поставлен вопрос о появлении понятия в источниках как отражение изменений в социально-политической жизни орденской Пруссии. Термин одновременно означает как земское уложение, так и управление прусскими землями верховных магистров Немецкого ордена. На основе нарративных источников показано, что понятие выражало различие управления верховным магистром внутри ордена и в орденских землях. Анализ содержания земских уложений демонстрирует постепенно расширение и детализацию сферы управления ордена, а также упорядочивание присутствия ордена в повседневности горожан. Частое применение Regiment к земским уложениям, отождествление с ним вместе с расширением уложений указывает на переход от частноправовых практик управления к публичным, а объектом управления верховным магистра оказывается процесс юридификации. (The article deals with the usage of the term “Regiment” in the documentation of the Teutonic Order and the estates of Prussia 14th — 15th centuries. The emergence of the concept in the sources reflects some changes in the social and political life of the Order’s Prussia. The term simultaneously means both the Landesordnung and the governing of the Prussian lands of the Grandmasters of the Order. Narrative sources show that the concept expresses the difference between the governing of the Grand Master within the Order brethren and in the lands of the Order. The analysis of the content of Landesordnung shows a gradual expansion and specification of the Order’s governing, as well as the order’s presence in the daily life of the bürgers. The frequent application of the Regiment to Landesordnung and further identification with it with the specification indicate a transition from private to public governing practices, and the object of the Grand Master’s governing expresses with the legalization process.)

Some gender aspects of psychosocial identity of the Teutonic Order brethren in Prussia are analyzed. The evolution of the Courtly Love cult under sexuality ban in Order’s brethren on the case of St. Barbara cult is considered. Interpretation of St. Barbara devotion because of her functions is disputed. Emergence of the cult is supposed to be representation of a formed positive identity (in terms of E. Ericsson) of the brethren, caused by successful military activity in Prussia. A hypothesis on connection between patroness’ pattern and secular behavior towards women pattern is advanced.

Based on extant materials of a case of treason of the Teutonic knights (1441) the article is devoted to the analysis of style of celibacy evasion. Basal physical need shaped to concubinage. It became possible with a positive identity forming (in terms of E. Ericsson), caused meanwhile by the burghers' value system. The casus marked the early XV as a time of celibacy evasion for the Order's brethren.

The historiography of the Teutonic Order is considered in the context of changed research paradigm. The author investigates the influence of the anthropological turn on the historiography of the Teutonic Order and describes the contribution of the German historiography into the research
of the Orderђs history and presents the concepts of Spiritualität (i. e. spirituality, piety and religious and moral behavior codes adopted by the Order) and Selbstverständnis (selfperception and identity). The article demonstrates methodological difficulties that arise when applying these notions and shows new study methods of the Orderђs historiography.
Though seemingly the German historiography was conservative in choosing the research methods of Teutonic Orderђs history the anthropological turn influenced the change of object of study and approaches to it. The introduction of the concepts of Spiritualität and Selbstverständnis allowed to widen the research scope via the application of various types of sources. Interestingly the influence of the anthropological turn on the Orderђs historiography resulted in practically losing the connection with the initial
notion, i. e. of mentality; besides the above-mentioned concepts were applied outside the context of developing the history of mentalities. The German historiography also had its peculiarities „ methodological and theoretical searches were no longer made in the stated field. The new generation
of historians (among them А. Mentzel-Reuters, М. Necke) applies methods of hermeneutics.