Libya

**Boma la Libya**
*(State of Libya)*
Boma la Libya ; (State of Libya); دولة ليبيا (Arabic); Dawlat Lībiyā;
Mbendela	Chidindo cha Boma
	Nyimbo: ليبيا ليبيا ليبيا; "Libya, Libya, Libya"
	Location of Libya (dark green) in northern Africa Location of Libya (dark green) in northern Africa
Msumba Waboma; kweneso Msumba Usani	Tripoli ; 32°52′N 13°11′E / 32.867°N 13.183°E
Chiyowoyelo chaboma	Arabic
Local vernacular	Libyan Arabic
Mitundu ya Ŵanthu (2017)	92% Arabs; 5% Berbers; 3% Others;
Vipembezo	99.7% Islam (official); 0.3% Others
Mwenecharu	Libyan
Mtundu wa Boma	Unitary provisional unity government
Independence from Italy
Ukulu wa Malo
Chiŵelengelo cha ŵanthu
GDP (PPP)	2023 estimate
GDP (nominal)	2023 estimate
HDI (2021)	0.718; high ·104th
Ndalama	Libyan dinar (LYD)
Mtundu Wanyengo	EET (UTC+2)
Woko la galimoto	right
Intaneti yacharu	.ly; ليبيا.
a.	^ United Nations note concerning official name: "Following the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 66/1, the Permanent Mission of Libya to the United Nations formally notified the United Nations of a Declaration by the National Transitional Council of 3 August changing the official name of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to "Libya" and changing Libya's national flag."
b.	^ The official language is simply identified as "Arabic" (Constitutional Declaration, article 1).
c.	^ The UK and France held a joint condominium over Libya through the United Nations Trusteeship Council.

Libya (/ˈlɪbiə/ (pulikizgani machemelo); Arabic: ليبيا, romanized: Lībiyā, pronounced [liː.bi.jæː]), mwalamulo Boma la Libya (Arabic: دولة ليبيا, romanized: Dawlat Lībiyā),^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]ni chalo icho chili mu chigaŵa cha Maghreb ku Northern Africa. Charu ichi chili na mphaka na Nyanja ya Meditereniyani kumpoto, Eguputo kumafumiro gha dazi, Sudan kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi, Chad kumwera, Niger kumwera kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi, Algeria kumanjiliro gha dazi, na Tunisia kumpoto kwa kumanjiliro gha dazi. Libiya lili na vigaŵa vitatu: Tripolitania, Fezzan, na Cyrenaica. Charu ichi chili na malo ghakukwana 1.8 million km2 (700,000 sq mi), ndipo ni charu chachinayi pa vyaru vikuruvikuru mu Africa na vyaru vya Arabia.^[10] Libiya ndilo lili na mafuta ghanandi comene kuluska vyaru vinyake pa caru cose.^[11] Msumba ukuru comene wa Tripoli uli kumpoto ca kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya, ndipo uli na ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 1 miliyoni pa ŵanthu 7 miliyoni awo ŵakukhala mu caru ici.^[12]

Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ndiwo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Libya kwambira mu nyengo ya Bronze.^[13]Mu nyengo yakale, Ŵafoinike ŵakakhazikiska misumba na malo ghakuguliskirako vinthu kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya, apo Ŵagiriki ŵakakhazikiska misumba yinandi kumafumiro gha dazi. Vigaŵa vinyake vya ku Libya vikaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵanthu ŵa ku Carthage, Peresiya, na Girisi pambere chigaŵa chose ichi chindaŵe pasi pa Ufumu wa Roma. Ku Libya ndiko Ŵakhristu ŵakambira. Ufumu wa Ŵaroma ukati wawa, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ndiwo ŵakamba kuwukira charu ichi. Kufuma pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vya ku Maghreb ŵakamba kusamira ku vyaru vinyake. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1500 C.E., ufumu wa Spain na gulu la ŵasilikari ŵa St. John ŵakamba kulamulira Tripoli m'paka mu 1551, apo ufumu wa Ottoman ukamba kulamulira. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1700 na 1800, ku Libya kukacitika Nkhondo za ku Barbary. Boma la Ottoman likalutilira mpaka apo nkhondo ya ku Italy na Turkey yikambira, ndipo ku Italy kukaŵa vyaru viŵiri, Tripolitania na Cyrenaica (1911-1934), ivyo pamanyuma vikaŵa vyaru viŵiri.

Mu nyengo ya Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose, ku Libya kukaŵa nkhondo ya ku North Africa. Kufuma apo, ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakamba kuchepa. Mu 1951, charu cha Libya chikajiyimira paŵekha. Mu 1969, gulu la ŵasilikari ilo likalongozgekanga na Muammar Gaddafi likawuskapo fumu Idris I na kupanga charu chiphya.^[14]Kanandi ŵanthu ŵakususka ŵakamuzunuranga kuti ni muwusi wankhongono, ndipo wakaŵa yumoza wa ŵalongozgi awo ŵakateŵetera kwa nyengo yitali comene pa caru cose, ndipo wakawusa kwa vilimika 42.^[15] Wakalongozga mpaka apo wakathereskeka na kukomeka mu Nkhondo ya ku Libya mu 2011 mu nyengo ya Arab Spring, na mazaza ghakusamukira ku National Transitional Council kufuma apo ku General National Congress. Mu 2014, maboma ghaŵiri ghakati ghakukhumba kuwusa Libya, ndipo ivi vikapangiska kuti paŵe nkhondo yaciŵiri, ndipo vigaŵa vinyake vya Libya vikagaŵikana pakati pa maboma gha ku Tobruk na Tripoli, kweniso magulu ghakupambanapambana gha mafuko na gha chisopa ca Islam. Vyaru viŵiri ivi vikalembeska phangano la kuleka nkhondo mu 2020, ndipo boma la umoza likamba kunozga vyakusankha vya demokilase. Kweni chifukwa cha kulimbana kwa ndyali, ivi vikulutilira kunangika.

Libiya lili mu wupu wa United Nations, Movement of Non-Aligned, African Union, Arab League, OIC na OPEC. Chisopa cha boma ni Chisilamu, ndipo 96.6% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya mba Chisilamu. Chiarabu ndicho ni chiyowoyero cha boma ku Libya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Libya.^[16]

Zina

Zina lakuti "Libya" likamba kulembeka mu malemba gha Ramesses II. Zina ili likufuma ku chigaŵa icho chikaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa vya Cyrenaica na Marmarica. Ŵasilikari 40,000 na mafuko ghanyake ghakumanyikwa kuti "Ŵalongozgi Ŵakuru ŵa Libu" ŵakalongozgekanga na Themba Meryey ilo likarwa nkhondo na Farawo Merneptah mu chaka cha 5 (1208 B.C.E.). Nkhondo iyi yikayowoyeka mu Baibolo la Great Karnak Inscription mu chigaŵa cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa nyanja mu vyaka vya 5 na 6 vya muwuso wake. Kuyana na ivyo vili kulembeka pa malibwe gha Karnak, ŵasilikari aŵa ŵakaŵa Ŵameshwesh, Ŵaluka, na "Ŵanthu ŵa mu Nyanja" awo ŵakumanyikwa na mazina ghakuti Ekwesh, Teresh, Shekelesh, na Sherden.

Pa cimanyikwiro ici pakalembeka kuti:

"... nyengo yacitatu, kuti: 'Mulongozgi wambura kwenelera wa ku Libya, Meryey, mwana wa Ded, wawira pa caru ca Tehenu pamoza na ŵasilikari ŵake ŵa muvi Sherden, Shekelesh, Ekwesh, Lukka, Teresh. Wakatoranga viwemi comene ku nkhondo zose izo ŵakacitanga. Wali kwiza na muwoli wake na ŵana ŵake, ŵalongozgi ŵa msasa, ndipo wafika ku mphaka ya kumanjiliro gha dazi mu minda ya Perire".

Zina la mazuŵa ghano lakuti "Libya" lili kufuma ku lizgu lakuti "Libu" panji "Libúē" (kufuma ku lizgu Lachigiriki lakuti Λιβύη, Libyē), ilo likung'anamura ŵanthu ŵa ku Cyrenaica na Marmarica. Zina lakuti "Libúē" panji "libu" likwenera kuti likamba kugwiliskirika ntchito mu nyengo yakale kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu chigaŵa cha kumpoto kwa Africa ŵamanyikwe. Mu 1934, zina la Italy lakuti Libya likang'anamulika kufuma ku lizgu Lachigiriki lakuti Λιβύη (Libúē). Chilato chake chikaŵa chakuti chiŵe chigaŵa cha mphepete mwa nyanja cha ku Libya, icho chikaŵa pasi pa Ufumu wa Ottoman kufuma mu 1551 m'paka 1911. Zina lakuti "Libya" likambaso kuzunulika mu 1903 na Federico Minutilli.^[17]

Libiya likapokera wanangwa wake mu 1951 nga ni United Libyan Kingdom (المملكة الليبية المتحدة al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah al-Muttaḥidah), ndipo likasintha zina lake kuŵa Kingdom of Libya (المملكة الليبية al-Mamlakah al-Lībiyyah), kung'anamura "Libyan Kingdom", mu 1963. Mu 1969, Muammar Gaddafi wakawuskapo boma, ndipo zina la charu ichi likasintha kuŵa Libyan Arab Republic. (الجمهورية العربية الليبية al-Jumhūriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah). The official name was "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya" from 1977 to 1986 (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية), na "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"^[18] (الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية العظمى,^[19] al-Jamāhīriyyah al-'Arabiyyah al-Lībiyyah ash-Sha'biyyah al-Ishtirākiyyah al-'Udmá listen (help·info)) kufuma mu 1986 mpaka 2011.

Bungwe la National Transitional Council, ilo likakhazikiskika mu 2011, likati boma ili ni "Libya". Wupu wa United Nations ukazomera kuti charu ichi ni "Libya" mu Seputembala 2011 pakulondezga pempho la wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu ku Libya. Mu Novembala 2011, ISO 3166-1 yikasinthika kuti yilongosore zina liphya la charu "Libya" mu Chingelezi, "Libye (la) " mu Chifurenchi.

Mu Disembala 2017 nthumwi ya Libya ku United Nations yikaphalira United Nations kuti zina lakuzomerezgeka la chalo ichi ni "State of Libya"; "Libya" likalutilira kuŵa chifupi, ndipo chalo chikalutilira kulembeka pasi pa "L" mu mazina gha alufabeti..^[20]

Mbili

Nkhani ikulu: History of Libya

Libya wa chiyamwaka

Nkhani ikulu: Ancient Libya and Libu

Mu chigaŵa cha mumphepete mwa nyanja ku Libya mukaŵa ŵanthu ŵa mu nyengo ya Neolithic kwamba waka mu 8000 B.C.E. Ŵanthu ŵakugomezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu cha Afroasiatic ŵakamba kukhala mu chigaŵa ichi mu nyengo ya Bronze. Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira awo ŵakamanyikwanga na zina ili ŵakaŵa ŵa Garamantes, awo ŵakakhalanga ku Germa. Ŵafoinike ndiwo ŵakaŵa ŵakwamba kukhazikiska misika ya malonda mu Libya. Kuzakafika mu vyaka vya m'ma 500 B.C.E., Carthage ndiyo yikaŵa yikuru chomene pa vyaru ivyo vikaŵa pasi pa Ŵafoinike.

Mu 630 B.C.E., Ŵagiriki ŵakakhazikika mu malo ghakuzingilizga Barca mu kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya na kuzenga msumba wa Cyrene. Pakati pajumpha vyaka 200, misumba yinyake yinayi yikuru ya ku Greece yikapangika mu chigaŵa icho chikachemekanga Cyrenaica. Mu cigaŵa ici ndimo mukaŵa sukulu yakumanyikwa ya Cirenaics. Mu 525 B.C.E., ŵasilikari ŵa Ŵaperesiya ŵa Cambyses II ŵakathereska Cyrenaica, ndipo kwa vyaka viŵiri vikati vyajumphapo, msumba uwu ukaŵa pasi pa Ŵaperesiya panji Ŵaeguputo. Alexander Mukuru wakamazga muwuso wa Ŵaperesiya mu 331 B.C.E. ndipo wakapokera msonkho kufuma ku Cyrenaica. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya kukaweleraso ku Ŵagiriki, ndipo pa nyengo iyi kukaŵa ku ufumu wa Ptolemy.

Ŵaroma ŵakati ŵathereska msumba wa Carthage, ŵakathereska Tripolitania (chigaŵa icho chikazingilizga Tripoli) yayi, kweni ŵakachileka pasi pa mathemba gha Numidia. Ptolemy Apion, muwusi waumaliro wa Ŵagiriki, wakapeleka Cyrenaica ku Romu, uyo wakawunjika chigaŵa ichi mu 74 B.C.E. ndipo wakachiŵika ku Krete kuŵa chigaŵa cha Ŵaroma. Pakuŵa cigaŵa ca cigaŵa ca Africa Nova, Tripolitania yikaŵa na vinthu vinandi, ndipo yikafika pa nyengo yiwemi comene mu vilimika vya m'ma 200 na 300 C.E., apo msumba wa Leptis Magna, uko kukaŵa ufumu wa Severan, ukaŵa paheni comene.^[21]

Ku chigaŵa cha kumafumiro gha dazi, Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira ŵakakhazikika mu Cyrenaica mu nyengo ya Fumu Claudius. Msumba uwu ukaparanyika comene pa Nkhondo ya Kitos ndipo Ŵagiriki na Ŵayuda wose ŵakakhalapo yayi. Nangauli Trajan wakawuskapo ŵasilikari ŵanandi mu msumba uwu, kweni pamasinda ukamba kunangika. Mu nyengo ya Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira, ku Libya ndiko kukaŵa Ŵapapa Victor I. Kweni ku Libya nako kukaŵa Ŵakhristu ŵakwambilira ŵanandi awo ŵakaŵa ŵa chisopa cha Arian na Donat.

Chisilamu ku Libya

Nkhani ikulu: Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica

Mu muwuso wa Amr ibn al-As, ŵasilikari ŵa Rashidun ŵakathereska Cyrenaica. Mu 647, ŵasilikari awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abdullah ibn Saad ŵakatora msumba wa Tripoli. Mu 663 C.E., Uqba ibn Nafi wakathereska msumba wa Fezzan. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Berber awo ŵakakhalanga mu chigaŵa ichi ŵakazomera cisopa ca Ciisilamu, kweni ŵakakana kuwusika na Ŵaarabu.^[22]

Kwa vyaka vinandi, charu cha Libya chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Umayyad Caliph wa ku Damaseko m'paka apo Ŵababayidi ŵakathereskera Ŵaumayyad mu 750, ndipo charu cha Libya chikaŵa pasi pa muwuso wa Baghdad. Apo Khalifa Harun al-Rashid wakasora Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab kuŵa kazembe wa Ifriqiya mu 800, Libya wakaŵa na mazaza ghakuru chomene. Mu vyaka vya m'ma 900 C.E., Ŵasilamu ŵa ku Libya ŵakamba kulamulira chigaŵa chose mu 972 ndipo ŵakimika Bologhine ibn Ziri kuŵa kazembe.

Mu muwuso wa Ibn Ziri, muwuso wa Berber Zirid ukapatuka ku muwuso wa Shiite Fatimids, ndipo ukazomera kuti Sunni Abbasids wa ku Baghdad ndiwo ŵakaŵa Caliphs. Pakuwezgera, Ŵafatemidi ŵakafumiska ŵanthu ŵanandi mu mafuko ghaŵiri gha Qaisi, Banu Sulaym na Banu Hilal mu North Africa. Cinthu ici cikasintha comene malo gha ku Libya, ndipo cikakhozga mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici.^[21]

Mu 1001 Ŵaberi ŵa ku Banu Khazrun ŵakafumako ku Tripolitania. Ŵakaŵa na mazaza pa Tripolitania m'paka mu 1146, apo Ŵanormani ŵa ku Sicily ŵakapoka chigaŵa ichi. Mu vilimika 50 vyakulondezgapo, Tripolitania yikaŵa malo agho kukacitika nkhondo zinandi pakati pa Ayubids, ŵalongozgi ŵa Almohad na ŵakugaluka ŵa Banu Ghaniya. Pamanyuma, mulara wa Almohad, Muhammad ibn Abu Hafs, wakawusa Libya kufuma mu 1207 m'paka mu 1221 pambere ŵa Hafsid ŵandambe kulamulira mu Tunisia. Ŵa Hafsid ŵakalongozga Tripolitania kwa vilimika pafupifupi 300. Kuzakafika m'ma 1500 C.E., Hafsids ŵakamba kulimbana na Spain na Ufumu wa Ottoman.

Ŵabasilamu ŵakati ŵamara kuwusa, charu cha Cyrenaica chikaŵa pasi pa Ŵaeguputo nga ni Tulunids, Ikhshidids, Ayyubids, na Mamluks pambere Ŵaotomu ŵandachithereske mu 1517. Paumaliro Fezzan wakafwatuka mu muwuso wa Awlad Muhammad. Ŵa Ottoman ŵakathereska Fezzan pakati pa 1556 na 1577.

Ottoman Tripolitania

Nkhani ikulu: Ottoman Tripolitania

Mu 1510, ŵanthu ŵa ku Spain awo ŵakaŵa ŵa ufumu wa Habsburg ŵakati ŵanjira mu msumba wa Tripoli na kuwupeleka ku ŵasilikari ŵa St. John, uyo wakaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari ŵa Ottoman, Sinan Pasha, wakathereska Libya mu 1551. Muhaliri wake Turgut Reis wakacemeka Bey wa ku Tripoli ndipo pamasinda Pasha wa ku Tripoli mu 1556. Kuzakafika mu 1565, boma la Tripoli likapeleka mazaza kwa pasha uyo wakasankhika na themba la ku Constantinople. Mu 1580s, ŵalongozgi ŵa Fezzan ŵakapeleka kugomezgeka kwawo kwa sultan, ndipo nangauli boma la Ottoman likaŵavya mu Cyrenaica, bey wakimikika ku Benghazi kuumaliro wa vyaka vya m'ma 1500 kuti waŵe wakili wa boma mu Tripoli. Mu tawuni ya Tripoli mukaŵaso ŵazga ŵa ku Europe na ŵazga ŵanandi ŵa ku Africa awo ŵakatoleka ku Sudan. Mu 1551, Turgut Reis wakatuma ŵazga pafupifupi 5,000 ku Libya.

Nyengo yikati yajumphapo, ŵasilikari ŵa Janissary awo ŵakaŵa ku chigaŵa cha Pasha ndiwo ŵakaŵa na mazaza. Mu 1611 Dey wakawukira Pasha, ndipo Dey Sulayman Safar ndiyo wakaŵa mutu wa boma. Mu vilimika 100 vyakulondezgapo, mafumu ghanandi ghakawusa Tripolitania. Ŵanalume ŵaŵiri ŵakuzirwa chomene ŵakaŵa Mehmed Saqizli (wakalamulira mu 1631-49) na Osman Saqizli (wakalamulira mu 1649-72), wose ŵakaŵa Pasha, uyo wakalamuliranga chigaŵa ichi. Ŵaasiriya ŵakathereska na Cyrenaica wuwo.^[23]

The USS *Enterprise* of the Mediterranean Squadron capturing a Tripolitan Corsair during the First Barbary War, 1801

Pakuti boma la Ottoman likaŵavya ulongozgi, msumba wa Tripoli ukaŵa mu nyengo ya viwawa. Yumoza mwa ŵanthu aŵa wakaŵa mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey, zina lake Ahmed Karamanli. Mbumba ya Karamanlis yikathereska ŵanthu ŵa mu Tripolitania kufuma mu 1711 m'paka mu 1835. Ŵalondezgi ŵa Ahmed ŵakalongora kuti ŵakaŵa na maluso ghakuluska ghake, kweni chifukwa cha nkhongono izo ŵakaŵa nazo mu chigaŵa ichi, Karamanli wakaŵako. Nkhondo ya ku Tripolitania yikacitika mu 1793-95. Mu 1793, mulara wa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Turkey, Ali Pasha, wakawuskapo Hamet Karamanli na kuwezgerapo Tripolitania ku muwuso wa Ottoman. Mubali wa Hameti, zina lake Yusuf (wakafwa mu 1795 mu 1832) ndiyo wakawuskapo wanangwa wa Tripolitania.

Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1800, pakati pa United States na Tripolitania pakawuka nkhondo. Kuzakafika mu 1819, mapangano ghakupambanapambana gha Nkhondo za Napoleon ghakacicizga vyaru vya Barbary kuti vileke kucita vinthu vya ucigeŵenga. Yosefe wakati wavuka, ŵana ŵake ŵatatu ŵakagaŵikana. Pakati pajumpha nyengo yicoko waka, pakawuka nkhondo.^[24]

Sultan wa Ottoman Mahmud II wakatuma ŵasilikari ŵake kuti ŵambeso kulamulira, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ufumu wa Karamanli na Tripolitania vimare. Chikaŵa chipusu yayi kuwezgerapo bata, ndipo ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Abd-El-Gelil na Gûma ben Khalifa ŵakalutilira kuwukira mpaka apo Khalifa wakafwira mu 1858. Mu nyengo yachiŵiri ya muwuso wa Ottoman, vinthu vikasintha chomene mu vigaŵa vitatu vya Libya. Ufumu wa Ottoman ukambaso kulamulira Fezzan pakati pa 1850 na 1875 chifukwa cha ndalama izo ukasanganga ku malonda gha ku Sahara.

Kuwusa kwa Italy na Ŵalwani

Nkhani ikulu: Italian Tripolitania, Italian Cyrenaica, and Italian Libya

Pamanyuma pa Nkhondo ya ku Italy na Turkey (1911-1912), caru ca Italy cikazgora vigaŵa vitatu ivi kuŵa vyaru vyawo. Kufuma mu 1912 m'paka 1927, chigaŵa cha Libya chikachemekanga Italy North Africa. Kwambira mu 1927 m'paka 1934, caru ici cikagaŵikana mu vigaŵa viŵiri, Italy Cyrenaica na Italy Tripolitania, ivyo vikawusikanga na ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Italy. Ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy pafupifupi 150,000 ŵakakhazikika mu Libya, awo ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 20% ya ŵanthu wose ŵa mu charu ichi.

Omar Mukhtar wakazgoka mulongozgi wa ŵanthu ŵakususkana na boma la Italy ndipo wakazgoka munthu wakuzirwa comene nangauli ŵakamukora na kumukoma pa 16 Seputembala 1931. Chisko chake sono chili pa ndalama za ku Libya zakukwana madinari 10 pakukumbuka na kuzomera kutemwa caru. Mulongozgi munyake wakuzirwa, Idris al-Mahdi as-Senussi (uyo pamasinda wakazgoka Themba Idris I), Emir wa ku Cyrenaica, wakalutilira kulongozga gulu la ku Libya m'paka apo Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose yikambira.

Ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Italy ŵakatenge ni "kukhwimiska Libya" vikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Cyrenaica ŵakomeke. Ilan Pappé wakati pakati pa 1928 na 1932, ŵasilikari ŵa ku Italy "ŵakakoma hafu ya Ŵabedouin (mwakudunjika panji kwizira mu matenda na njara mu misasa yakuyuzgirako ŵanthu ku Libya)".^[25]

Mu 1934, Italy yikasazgapo vyaru vya Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, na Fezzan ndipo yikamba kuchema charu ichi kuti "Libya" (uko Ŵagiriki ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pakuyowoya vya kumpoto kwa Africa, kupaturako Eguputo). Ŵaitaliya ŵakaŵika mtima comene pa kunozga vinthu vya mu caru na milimo ya boma. Mwaciyerezgero, ŵakasazgirako comene misewu ya njanji na misewu ya ku Libya kwambira mu 1934 mpaka 1940, ŵakazenga misewu yiphya na misewu ya njanji ya makilomita ghanandi, ndipo ŵakakhozga kuzenga mafakitale ghaphya na vikaya vinandi.

Mu Juni 1940, Italy wakanjira mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru Cose. Ku Libya ndiko kukacitika nkhondo yikuru ya ku North Africa iyo yikamalira pa kutondeka kwa Italy na Germany mu 1943.

Kwambira mu 1943 m'paka 1951, ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa vyaru vinyake ŵakamba kuwukira charu cha Libya. Ŵasilikari ŵa Britain ndiwo ŵakalongozganga vigaŵa viŵiri vya Tripolitana na Cyrenaïca, apo ŵa France ndiwo ŵakalongozganga chigaŵa cha Fezzan. Mu 1944, Idris wakawelera ku Cairo, kweni wakakana kukhala ku Cyrenaica m'paka apo boma likamazgira kulamulira vyaru vinyake mu 1947. Kuyana na phangano la mtende ilo likaŵa pakati pa Italy na ŵasilikari ŵa ŵasilikari ŵa ku Europe mu 1947, caru ici cikapeleka malango ghose agho ghakakhwaskanga Libya.^[26]

Kujiyimira, Ufumu na Libya pasi pa Gaddafi

Nkhani ikulu: Kingdom of Libya and History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi

Pa Disembala 24, 1951, charu cha Libya chikapharazga wanangwa wake nga ni United Kingdom of Libya. Cifukwa cakuti mu 1959 ŵakasanga mafuta ghanandi, na ndalama izo ŵakasanganga cifukwa ca kuguliska mafuta agha, caru ico nchinyake mwa vyaru vikavu comene pa caru cikaŵa cakukondwa comene. Nangauli mafuta ghakawovwira kuti boma la Libya liŵe na ndalama zinandi, kweni ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵakamba kukwiya cifukwa cakuti usambazi wa caru ukaŵa mu mawoko gha fumu Idris.^[27]

Pa 1 Seputembala, 1969, gulu la ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Muammar Gaddafi, ŵakagalukira fumu Idris. Gaddafi wakacemekanga kuti "Mudangiliri wa Ŵabali na Mulongozgi wa Nkhondo" mu mauthenga gha boma ndiposo mu manyuzipepara gha ku Libya. Mu Okutobala 1970, vinthu vyose vya ku Italy vikaŵa vyakukanizgika ndipo ŵanthu 12,000 ŵa ku Italy ŵakachimbizgika mu Libya pamoza na Ŵayuda ŵa ku Libya. Zuŵa ili likamba kuchemeka kuti "Zuŵa la Kuwezgera". Vinthu vikamba kwenda makora mu charu cha Libya, ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamba kukanizgika kuyowoya vya ndyali. Makomiti gha Gaddafi ghakaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga ŵanthu.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Gaddafi wakakhumba kulimbana na masuzgo agho boma lakwamba likakanizganga ŵanakazi. Mu 1970, dango likapelekeka lakuti ŵanalume na ŵanakazi ŵaŵe ŵakuyana waka ndipo malipiro ghaŵirenge ghakuyana. Mu 1971, Gaddafi wakawovwira kuti paŵe wupu wakucemeka Libyan General Women's Federation. Mu 1972, dango likapelekeka ilo likati nthengwa za ŵanakazi wose awo ŵandakwaniske vyaka 16 ni zakwananga.^[32]

Pa Okutobala 25, 1975, ŵasilikari pafupifupi 20 awo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa mu msumba wa Misrata, ŵakayezga kutimbanizga boma. Ici cikapangiska kuti awo ŵakakhumbanga kuwukira boma ŵakakike na kukomeka. Pa 2 March 1977, Libya yikazgoka "Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya". Mubali Gaddafi wakapeleka mazaza ku makomiti gha ŵanthu ndipo kufuma pa nyengo iyi wakamba kujilongora kuti ni munthu wakuwoneka waka. Boma liphya la jamahiriya (ilo mu Chiarabu likung'anamura "republic") ilo wakambiska likacemekanga "democracy direct".

Mu 1975, Gaddafi wakafumiska buku lakuti The Green Book. Mu buku lake ili, wakalongosora umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakachitiranga vinthu mwakukolerana na umo ŵanthu ŵa mu vyaru vinyake ŵakachitiranga.

Mu Febuluwale 1977, Libya yikamba kupeleka vinthu vya nkhondo kwa Goukouni Oueddei na ŵasilikari ŵa Chad. Nkhondo ya Chadian-Libyan yikamba apo ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakamba kulimbana na ŵasilikari ŵakugaluka ŵa ku Chad. Mu chaka chenechicho, charu cha Libya na Eguputo vikarwa nkhondo ya mazuŵa ghanayi iyo yikamanyikwa kuti nkhondo ya ku Egypt na Libya. Vyaru vyose viŵiri vikakolerana kuti paŵe mtende pakati pawo, ndipo pulezidenti wa ku Algeria, Houari Boumédiène ndiyo wakawovwira. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kukhozgera boma la Idi Amin ku Uganda. Mubali Gaddafi wakawovwirapo magulu ghanyake, kwambira pa ŵanthu awo ŵakususka vyaru vya nyukiliya m'paka ku mawupu gha ŵantchito ku Australia.^[32]

Pa Novembala 19, 1977, charu cha Libya chikapeleka ndembera yake yambura kufipirwa. Pambere chaka cha 2011 chindafike, ndembera iyi yikaŵa yimoza pera pa charu chose.

Kwambira mu 1977, ndalama izo munthu waliyose wakasanganga zikakwera kufika pa madola ghakujumpha 11,000 gha ku America, ndipo zikaŵa zakukwana madola ghankhondi mu Africa. Ivi vikacitika kwambura kutora ngongoli ku vyaru vinyake, ndipo vikawovwira kuti Libya lileke kuŵa na ngongoli. Mlonga ukuru uwu ukazengekaso kuti ŵanthu ŵasangenge maji ghawemi mu vigaŵa vinandi vya charu ichi. Kweniso ŵakaŵapa ndalama zakovwilira ŵanthu kuti ŵasambire pa yunivesite na kusanga nchito.

Ndalama zinandi izo Libiya likasanganga kufuma ku mafuta, izo zikakwera comene mu ma 1970, zikagwiliskirika nchito pa kugura vilwero na kovwira magulu gha nkhondo na vigeŵenga pa caru cose. Mu 1986, ŵasilikari ŵa boma la America ŵakatondeka kukoma Gaddafi. Paumaliro, wupu wa United Nations ukaŵika vyeruzgo pa Libya pamanyuma pa kuphulika kwa bomba pa ndege ya Lockerbie mu 1988 uko kukakoma ŵanthu 270. Mu 2003, Mubali Gaddafi wakapharazga kuti vilwero vyose vyakwambukira vya boma lake vyamara, ndipo kuti Libya wasintha nkhongono yake kuti yiŵe ya nyukiliya.

Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Libya

Nkhani ikulu: First Libyan Civil War and 2011 military intervention in Libya

Nkhondo yakwamba yikacitika mu nyengo ya Cigaŵa ca Arab Spring ico cikapangiska kuti ŵawusi ŵa Tunisia na Eguputo ŵathereskeke. Pa 15 February 2011, ŵanthu ŵakamba kususka muwuso wa Gaddafi. Boma la Libya ilo likulongozgeka na Muammar Gaddafi likalimbana comene kuluska maboma gha ku Egypt na Tunisia. Nangauli kuwuskapo maboma gha ku Egypt na Tunisia kukacitika mwaluŵiro, kweni kampeni ya Gaddafi yikatimbanizga comene kuwukira ku Libya. Chipharazgo chakwamba cha boma la mpikisano chikawoneka pa intaneti ndipo chikati wupu wa Interim Transitional National Council ni boma linyake. Yumoza wa ŵapharazgi ŵa Gaddafi wakazgora na kutuma tweet, umo wakaleka nchito, na kuphalira Gaddafi kuti wacimbire. Pa Febuluwale 20, vivulupi vikafika mu Tripoli. Pa February 27, 2011, wupu wa National Transitional Council ukapangika kuti wendeskenge vigaŵa vya Libya ivyo vikulongozgeka na ŵakugaluka. Pa Malichi 10, 2011, United States na vyaru vinyake vinandi vikazomera kuti wupu uwo ukulongozgeka na Mahmoud Jibril ndiwo ni nduna yikuru yakuchitapo kanthu na mwimiliri wa ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya.

Ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerana na Muwukirano Gaddafi ŵakathereska ŵakugaluka ku Western Libya ndipo ŵakamba kugalukira msumba wa Benghazi. Msumba wa Zawiya, uwo uli pa mtunda wa makilomita 48 kufuma ku Tripoli, ukabombwa na ndege za ŵasilikari na matangi gha ŵasilikari ndipo ŵasilikari ŵa Jamahiriya ŵakawuwukira.^[33]

Wupu wa United Nations, kusazgapo Secretary General wa United Nations Ban Ki-moon na United Nations Human Rights Council, ŵakasuska ivyo vikachitika.

Pa Malichi 17, 2011, wupu wa UN Security Council ukazomerezga fundo ya 1973 na mavoti 10 na mavoti 10 ndipo ŵanthu 5 ŵakajipatura, kusazgapo Russia, China, India, Brazil na Germany. Fundo iyi yikati ŵanthu wose mu Libya ŵakwenera kuvikilirika. Pa 19 March, ŵabwezi ŵa NATO ŵakamba kuparanya malo gha ku Libya apo ndege za ŵasilikari ŵa ku France zikanjira mu malo gha ku Libya.

Mu masabata ghakulondezgapo, ŵasilikari ŵa United States ŵakaŵa panthazi pa nkhondo ya NATO ku Libya. Ŵasilikari ŵakujumpha 8,000 ŵa boma la United States ŵakaŵa mu malo agha. Pa maulendo 14,202 agho ghakacitika, pakakhwaskika vinthu pafupifupi 3,000, ndipo 716 ghakaŵa mu Tripoli ndipo 492 mu Brega. Nkhondo iyi yikaŵa na ndege za B-2 Stealth, ndipo ndege yiliyose yikaŵa na mabomba ghakukwana makilogiramu 2,000. Nkhondo iyi yikenda makora cifukwa ca wovwiri wa ŵasilikari ŵa NATO.

Pa Ogasiti 22, 2011, ŵakugaluka ŵakanjira mu Tripoli na kupoka Green Square, iyo ŵakayithya Martyrs' Square pakukumbuka awo ŵakakomeka kwambira pa Febuluwale 17, 2011. Pa 20 Okutobala 2011, nkhondo yaumaliro ya kuwukira yikamara mu msumba wa Sirte. Nkhondo ya Sirte yikaŵa nkhondo yaumaliro na yaumaliro mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya ku Libya apo Gaddafi wakakoleka na kukomeka na ŵasilikari ŵa NATO pa 20 Okutobala 2011. Sirte ndiyo yikaŵa malo ghaumaliro agho ŵalondezgi ŵa Gaddafi ŵakakhalanga. Pa 23 Okutobala 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakondwelera kuti ŵasilikari ŵa Sirte ŵathereskeka.

Ŵanthu 30,000 ŵa ku Libya ŵakafwa pa nkhondo iyi. Kweniso wupu wa National Transitional Council ukati ŵanthu 50,000 ŵakapwetekeka.^[34]

Nyengo ya pakati pa nkhondo na Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Libya

Nkhani ikulu: Aftermath of the First Libyan Civil War and Second Libyan Civil War

Pamanyuma pakuti ŵasilikari ŵakugomezgeka ŵathereskeka, charu cha Libya chikagaŵikana pakati pa magulu ghakupambanapambana gha ŵasilikari, agho ghakaŵa na vigaŵa, misumba na mafuko, apo boma likaŵa lakunozgeka yayi. Ŵasilikari ŵakususkana ŵakasuskananga pa nkhani za ndyali pakati pa ŵandyali ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu na ŵalwani ŵawo. Pa Julayi 7, 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakachita mavoti ghakwamba kufuma apo boma lakale likamalira. Pa 8 Ogasiti, National Transitional Council yikapeleka mazaza ku General National Congress, iyo yikasoleka na ŵanthu wose.

Pa Ogasiti 25, 2012, ŵanthu ŵambura kuzunulika ŵakagadabura nyumba ya visopa ya Sufi iyo yikaŵa na madindi. Aka kakaŵa kaŵiri kuti malo gha Sufi ghathereskeke mu mazuŵa ghaŵiri. Ŵasilikari ŵa chisopa cha Cisilamu ndiwo ŵakachitiska vigeŵenga na kunanga vinthu vinandi, kusazgapo kuwuskapo chikozgo cha Gazelle Naked na kunanga na kunanga malaro gha Britain gha Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya pa Charu Chose kufupi na Benghazi. Ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakachitanga vinthu vyambura kuzomerezgeka ŵakachitanga ivi na gulu la vigeŵenga ivyo vikakolerananga na chisopa cha Chislamu.

Pa Seputembala 11, 2012, ŵasilikari ŵa chisopa cha Islamu ŵakakhumba kuwukira ofesi ya boma la United States ku Benghazi, ndipo ŵakakoma J. Christopher Stevens, na ŵanyake ŵatatu. Ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku United States na ku Libya ŵakhuŵare comene. Pa Okutobala 7, 2012, Prime Minister wa ku Libya, Mustafa A.G. Abushagur wakathereskeka cifukwa ca kutondeka kuwina kaŵiri kuti wimikike na boma. Pa 14 Okutobala 2012, General National Congress wakasora Ali Zeidan uyo wakaŵa mubali wa GNC kweniso loya wakuvikilira wanangwa wa ŵanthu kuŵa nduna yikuru. Zeidan wakapika nchito iyi pamanyuma pakuti GNC yazomerezga nduna zake. Pa 11 March 2014, Prime Minister Zeidan wakafumapo, ndipo wakasintha na Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani.

Nkhondo yachiwiri yapachiŵeniŵeni yikayamba mu Meyi 2014 pamanyuma pa nkhondo pakati pa maparamende agho ghakwimikana na magulu gha mafuko na magulu gha jihadist agho ghakagwiliskira nchito makora mazaza agho ghakaŵapo. Ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Islamic State ŵakawukira msumba wa Derna mu 2014 na Sirte mu 2015. Mu Febuluwale 2015, charu cha Egypt chikamba kuwukira boma la Tobruk.^[35]^[36]^[37]

Mu Juni 2014, ŵakachita mavoti gha Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga, wupu uphya uwo ukaŵa na mazaza ghakulongozga. Pa mavoti agha pakaŵa vivulupi kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakizako yayi ku mavoti. Ŵasekuru na ŵanangwa ŵakachita makora pa viphikiro ivi, ndipo ichi chikakwiyiska chomene ŵamazaza ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu mu GNC, awo ŵakakumanaso na kuphalira GNC kuti ŵalutilire kuwusa, ndipo ŵakakana kuzomera Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Awo ŵakakolerana na General National Congress ŵakanjira mu msumba wa Tripoli, ndipo ŵakapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu nyumba ya malango ŵacimbilire ku Tobruk.^[38]^[39]

Mu Janyuwale 2015, maungano ghakacitika kuti paŵe mtende. Maungano agho ghakucemeka Geneva-Ghadames ghakeneranga kuwezgerapo GNC na boma la Tobruk pa thebulu limoza kuti ŵamanye umo ŵangamazgira suzgo. Ndipouli, GNC yikapokako yayi, ico cikulongora kuti kugaŵikana kwa mukati kukakhwaska "Tobruk Camp" pera yayi, kweniso "Tripoli Camp". Nyengo yeneyiyo, uchigeŵenga mukati mwa Libya ukakuranga, ndipo ukakhwaskaso vyaru vyapafupi. Kuukira kwa zigawenga ku Bardo Museum ku Tunisia pa 18 March 2015 kukapelekeka na ŵasilikari ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Libya.

Mu 2015, wupu wa United Nations ukawovwira pa maungano ghanandi gha vyaru vinyake na kuyowoyeskana vya mtende. Wupu wa United Nations ukutovwira kuti tilutilire kukolerana na Wupu wa United Nations ku Libya (UNSMIL).^[40]

Mu Julayi 2015, SRSG Leon wakaphalira wupu wa UN Security Council umo vyalozgekera, uwo pa nyengo iyi ukaŵa kuti wafika waka pa phangano la ndyali pa Julayi 11 ilo likulongosora "ndondomeko yikuru... iyo yikusazgapo fundo zakulongozga... maofesi na nthowa zakupangira vyeruzgo kuti viwovwire pakusintha m'paka paŵe dango lakwamba". Cakulinga ca ndondomeko iyi cikaŵa cakuti "...cilato cake nchakuti paŵe boma la mazuŵa ghano, la demokilase ilo likukolerana na fundo ya kuŵikapo ŵanthu wose, dango, kugaŵikana kwa mazaza, na kucindika wanangwa wa ŵanthu". SRSG wakawonga awo ŵakanjira mu ungano uwu cifukwa ca kufiska phangano ili, wakati "Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵayowoya mwakupulikikwa makora kuti ŵakukhumba mtende". Kufuma apo, SRSG wakaphalira Wupu wa Wovwiri kuti "Libya yili mu nyengo yakusuzga" ndipo wakaciska "ŵanthu wose mu Libya kuti ŵalutilire kucitako vinthu vyakukhozga mu ndondomeko ya kudumbiskana", ndipo wakati "nkhwa kudumbiskana na kufiska phangano la ndyali pera kuti mtende ufike. Kusintha kwa mtende kuzamucitika mu Libya kwizira waka mu kuyezgayezga kukuru na kwakukolerana pakovwira boma la munthazi la kukolerana". Paumaliro wa Seputembala, ŵakaluta ku Skhirat ku Morocco.

Kweniso mu 2015, pakuŵa chigaŵa cha wovwiri wa wupu wa UN, wupu wa UN Human Rights Council ukapempha lipoti lakukhwaskana na umo vinthu viliri ku Libya ndipo Mubali Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein, mulara wa wupu wa UN wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu, wakambiska wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ŵanthu (OIOL) kuti ulembe lipoti lakukhwaskana na wanangwa wa ŵanthu na kunozga ndondomeko ya urunji ku Libya. Ku Libya uko kukaŵa vivulupi, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakhumbanga kuluta ku Europe. Pakati pa 2013 na 2018, ŵanthu pafupifupi 700,000 ŵakafika ku Italy pa boti, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakafuma ku Libya.

Mu Meyi 2018, ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Libya ŵakakolerana kuti pa ungano uwo ukachitikira ku Paris, ŵachitenge maungano gha pa nyumba ya malango na gha pulezidenti. Mu Epulero 2019, Khalifa Haftar wakambiska Operation Flood of Dignity, mu nkhondo ya Libyan National Army iyo yikakhumbanga kupoka vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa boma la National Accord (GNA). Mu Juni 2019, ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerana na boma la Libya ilo likumanyikwa na wupu wa UN, ŵakakora Gharyan, tawuni iyo mukaŵa mulongozgi wa ŵasilikari Khalifa Haftar na ŵasilikari ŵake. Kuyana na muyowoyeri wa mawoko gha GNA, Mustafa al-Mejii, ŵasilikari ŵanandi ŵa LNA awo ŵakalongozgekanga na Haftar ŵakakomeka, ndipo 18 ŵakakoleka.

Mu Malichi 2020, boma la Fayez Al-Sarraj ilo likukhozgeka na UN likamba ntchito ya Peace Storm. Boma likayambiska ntchito iyi pakuzgora ku nkondo za LNA za Haftar. Sarraj wakati: "Tili boma lakuzomerezgeka na dango ilo likuchindika ivyo likuchita ku ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose, kweni likujipeleka comene ku ŵanthu ŵake ndipo likuvikilira ŵanthu ŵake". Pa 28 Ogasiti 2020, BBC Africa Eye na BBC Arabic Documentaries zikavumbura kuti ndege ya drone iyo yikagwiliskirika nchito na United Arab Emirates (UAE) yikakoma ŵana ŵa sukulu 26 pa sukulu ya ŵasilikari ku Tripoli, pa 4 January. Ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵawukirano ndipo ŵakaŵavya vilwero. Ndege ya Wing Loong II ya ku China yikaponya mfuti ya Blue Arrow 7, iyo yikagwiranga nchito kufuma ku msasa wa Al-Khadim ku Libya. Mu Febuluwale, ndege izi izo zikaŵa ku Libya zikasamukira ku msasa wa nkhondo kufupi na Siwa, kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Eguputo. The Guardian yikafufuza na kusanga kuti UAE na Turkey ŵakuswa dango la UN pa October 7, 2020. Kuyana na lipoti ili, vyaru vyose viŵiri ivi vikatuma ndege zinandi za nkhondo ku Libya kuti vikhozge ŵanyawo.

Pa Okutobala 23, 2020, ŵakalembeska phangano lakuti ŵaleke kwambiska nkhondo.^[41]

Vyaka vya pamanyuma pa nkhondo

Mu Disembala 2021, chisankho chakwamba cha purezidenti wa charu ichi chikanozgeka, kweni chikachedweskeka kufika mu Juni 2022 ndipo pamasinda chikachedweskeka.

Fathi Bashagha wakasankhika kuŵa nduna yikuru na pharalamende mu Febuluwale 2022 kuti walongozge boma la nyengo yachilendo, kweni nduna yikuru Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh wakakana kupeleka mazaza mu Epulero 2022. Pakususka boma la Dbeibah, ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko kufuma ku tawuni ya mu mapopa ya Ubari ŵakajara malo gha mafuta gha El Sharara, malo ghakuru chomene gha mafuta gha ku Libya, pa 18 Epulero 2022. Kujara kwa kampani iyi kukapangiska kuti mafuta ghaleke kukwana mu Libya, kweniso kukanizga kampani ya boma yakuchemeka National Oil Corp. kugwiliskira nchito mtengo wapachanya wa mafuta pa msika wa vyaru vyakupambanapambana cifukwa ca nkhondo ya Russia ku Ukraine mu 2022. Pa Julayi 2, Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga yikawotcheka na ŵanthu ŵakususka.^[42]

Makhalilo gha charu

Nkhani ikulu: Geography of Libya

Chigaŵa cha Libya chili na malo ghakujumpha 1,759,540 sq km, ndipo ni charu cha 16 pa vyaru vyose pa charu chapasi. Ku mpoto kwa Libya kuli Nyanja ya Meditereniyani, kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Tunisia na Algeria, kumwera kumanjiliro gha dazi kuli Niger, kumwera kuli Chad, kumwera kwa kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Sudan, ndipo kumafumiro gha dazi kuli Eguputo. Libiya lili pakati pa latitude 19° na 34° N, na longitude 9° na 26° E.

Maliri gha Libya ghali na utali wa makilomita 1,770 (1100 mi). Malo agho ghali kumpoto kwa Libya ghakuchemeka Nyanja ya Libya. Nyengo yake njakomira comene ndipo yikuyana waka na mapopa. Ndipouli, ku vigaŵa vya kumpoto kwa caru ici kuli nyengo yakuzizima ya ku Mediterranean.

Mu vigaŵa vya Libya muli vigaŵa vinkhondi na cimoza: Sahara halophytics, Mediterranean dry forests and steppe, Mediterranean forests and forests, North Sahara steppe and forests, Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric forests, and West Sahara montane xeric forests.

Vinthu vyakutenthera vikuwoneka nga ni fuvu ilo likufuma mu viŵiya vya siroko. Ici ni mphepo ya kumwera iyo yikuputa kwa zuŵa limoza panji ghanayi mu cihanya na mu cihanya. Paliso vivula vya fuvu na vya mchenga. Mu Libya mose muli malo ghakuchemeka oases. Libiya ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo kuli dazi linandi kweniso vyakumara chomene pa charu chose chifukwa cha mapopa.

Libiya likaŵa lumoza mwa vyaru vya kumpoto kwa Africa ivyo vikaŵa pakwamba kuvikilira vyamoyo ivi. Muwuso wa Muammar Gaddafi ukati waleka kuwusa, ŵanthu ŵakamba kutolera vigeŵenga. Kweni kwambira mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakuŵacitira nkhaza na vilwero vya nkhondo na magalimoto ghaphya. Mu magalimoto agha, munthu wangasanga mitu ya mphumphi yakujumpha 200 iyo yikukomeka na ŵasilikari. Kweniso tikuwona kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuŵawukira, kweni ŵakukolerana yayi na mafuko agho ghakulondezga mitheto yawo. Ŵakukoma cilicose ico ŵawona, nanga ni mu nyengo ya kubaba. Caka cilicose, viyuni vyakujumpha 500,000 vikukomeka mu nthowa iyi para ŵalongozgi ŵa mafuko ŵatora malo ghakuponerako. Vinyama vyose ivyo vikakhalanga mu malo agha vili kumara, ndipo vikulengeskeka para ni vyakurya panji kufwatulika para ni vyakurya yayi".^[43]

Mapopa gha ku Libya

Mapopa gha ku Libya, agho ghakukora chigaŵa chikuru cha charu ichi, ni malo ghakomira comene pa caru. Ku malo ghanyake, para kwajumpha vyaka vinandi, vula yikuŵavya, ndipo nanga ni mu vigaŵa vya mapiri vikuŵa viŵi yayi kuti vula yilokwe. Ku Uweinat, mu 2006 kukaŵa vula izo zikaŵako mu Seputembala 1998.^[44]

Kweniso mu mapopa gha ku Libya, nyengo yikusuzga chomene. Pa Seputembala 13, 1922, mu tawuni ya Aziziya, kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa msumba wa Tripoli, ŵakalembapo kuti mphepo yikazizima chomene.^[45]^[46]^[47] Ndipouli, mu Seputembala 2012, Wupu wa vya Munthazi pa Charu Chose ukati chilengo icho chikaŵa pa charu chose pa nyengo iyi chikaŵa 58 °C.^[46]^[47]^[48]

Ku malo agha kuli malo ghacoko waka ghambura ŵanthu, agho kanandi ghakukolerana na malo ghakurughakuru. Kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa charu ichi kuli vigaŵa vinandi vya ku Kufra. Padera pa mapiri gha mapiri, malo agha ghali na mapiri ghanandi agho ghali pafupi na mapopa gha ku Libya.

Kumwera kwake kuli mapiri gha Arkenu, Uweinat, na Kissu. Mapiri agha ghakaŵako kale comene pambere malibwe gha mchenga ghandapangike. Arkenu na Western Uweinat ni mapiri ghakupambanapambana agho ghali nga ni mapiri gha Aïr. Kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Uweinat (malo ghapacanya comene mu mapopa gha Libya) ni malo gha mchenga agho ghali pafupi na malo gha granite agho ghali kumanjiliro gha dazi.

Mu chipalamba icho chili kumpoto kwa Uweinat muli mapiri ghanandi. Mu ma 1950, ŵakati ŵasanga mafuta, ŵakasangaso maji ghanandi pasi pa Libya. Maji agho ghali mu malo ghakuchemeka Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System ghakaŵako pambere nyengo ya kuzizima ya mu nyengo ya glaciation yindambe kweniso pambere mapopa gha Sahara ghandambe. Kweniso mu malo agha muli malo gha Arkenu, agho kale ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti ni malo ghaŵiri ghakupwetekeka.^[49]

Ndale

Nkhani ikulu: Politics of Libya

Ndale za ku Libya zakhala zikukangana kuyambira pomwe Arab Spring idayamba ndipo kulowererapo kwa NATO kudakhudzana ndi vuto la Libya mu 2011; vutoli lidatsogolera kugwa kwa Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ndikupha Muammar Gaddafi, pakati pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapachiweniweni ndi kulowererapo kwa asitikali akunja.^[50]^[51]^[52]

Nkhondo iyi yikasazgikira cifukwa ca nkhaza izo zikacitika pamanyuma pa Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru na Caru, izo zikapangiska kuti paŵe Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya Caru na Caru mu 2014. Kulamulira kwa dziko lino kwagawikana pakati pa Nyumba ya Oimira (HoR) ku Tobruk ndi Boma la Mgwirizano wa Dziko (GNU) ku Tripoli ndi othandizira awo, komanso magulu osiyanasiyana a jihadist ndi zigawo za mafuko omwe akulamulira madera ena a dzikoli.

Pa nyengo iyi, wupu wakulongozga ukaŵa wupu wa General National Congress, uwo ukaŵa na vithuzithuzi 200. Bungwe la General National Congress (2014), ilo likukolerana na boma la Tripoli, likuyowoya kuti ni boma la GNC.

Pa Julayi 7, 2012, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakavota pa maungano gha pa caru cose. Ŵanakazi pafupifupi 30 ndiwo ŵakasankhika kuŵa ŵa mu nyumba ya malango. Pa mavoti ghakwambilira, chipani cha National Forces Alliance, icho chikulongozgeka na nduna yikuru ya nyengo yeneyiyo Mahmoud Jibril, ndicho chikaŵa pakwamba. Chipani cha Justice and Construction, icho chili ku chigaŵa cha Muslim Brotherhood, chili na masuzgo ghanandi kuluska vipani vinyake mu Egypt na Tunisia. Likapokera vithuzithuzi 17 pa vithuzithuzi 80 ivyo vikaŵa mu vyaru vinyake.

Mu Janyuwale 2013, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakamba kuchichizga ŵamazaza kuti ŵaŵike wupu wakunozga dango liphya. Pa nyengo iyi, boma likaŵa kuti lindasankhepo munthu wakuti waŵe mu wupu uwu.

Pa Malichi 30, 2014, wupu wa General National Congress ukazomerezga kuti paŵe Nyumba ya Wupu Wakulongozga. Wupu uphya uwu ukupeleka mipando 30 ku ŵanakazi, uzamuŵa na mipando 200 (ŵanthu awo ŵangaŵa ŵa chipani) ndipo ukuzomerezga kuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya awo mbacilendo ŵaŵe na maudindo.

Pambuyo pa chisankho cha 2012, bungwe la Freedom House likasintha chiŵerengero cha dziko la Libya kufuma pa Not Free kufika pa Partly Free, ndipo tsopano likuwona kuti dzikoli ndi demokalase.

Mu 1973, Gaddafi wakasazga makhoti gha boma na gha Sharia. Sono makhoti gha boma ghakugwiliskira nchito ŵeruzgi ŵa Sharia awo ŵakukhala mu makhoti ghakurughakuru gha apilu. Malango ghakukhwaskana na umo munthu waliri ghakafuma mu Dango la Chisilamu.

Pa ungano wa Komiti ya vya Vyaru vya ku Mpoto pa 2 Disembala 2014, mwimiliri wapadera wa UN Bernardino León wakati Libya ni boma yayi.

Boma la nyengo yichoko likamanyikwa pa 5 February 2021, pamanyuma pakuti mamembala ghake ghasoleka na Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF). Ŵabali 74 ŵa LPDF ŵakavota pa mavoti gha ŵanthu ŵanayi awo ŵakeneranga kuŵa nduna yikuru na mulongozgi wa Komiti ya Pulezidenti. Ŵakati ŵafika pa 60 peresenti, magulu ghaŵiri agho ghakaŵa panthazi ghakaŵa pa chigaŵa chinyake. Mohamed al-Menfi, uyo wakaŵa kazembe wa Greece, ndiyo wakaŵa mutu wa wupu wa pulezidenti.^[53] Nyengo yeneyiyo, LPDF yikati Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, wamalonda, ndiyo waŵenge nduna yikuru. Ŵalendo wose awo ŵakaŵapo pa viphikiro ivi, kusazgapo awo ŵakatonda, ŵakalayizga kuti ŵimikenge ŵanakazi pa maudindo 30 pa 100 gha mu boma. Ŵapolitiki awo ŵakasoleka kuti ŵalongozge boma la kanyengo ŵakazomera kuti ŵaleke kwimilira pa mavoti agho ghalembeka pa 24 Disembala 2021. Kweni mu Novembala 2021, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh wakapharazga kuti wakukhumba kuŵa pulezidenti. Khoti la Apilu ku Tripoli likakana apilu ya kufumiska Dbeibeh pa udindo wake, ndipo likamuzomerezga kuti wawelere pa lisiti pamoza na ŵanthu ŵanyake awo ŵakakanizgika. Kweniso khoti likakhazikiskaso Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, mwana wa Muwusi uyu, kuŵa mulongozgi wa charu. Pa 22 Disembala 2021, Komiti Yakusankhira ku Libya yikati mavoti ghayimike mpaka pa 24 January 2022. Kumanyuma uku, komiti ya pa nyumba ya malango yikati "nkhukwaniska yayi" kuti mavoti ghachitike pa 24 Disembala 2021. Wupu wa United Nations ukachiska ŵalongozgi ŵa nyengo yichoko waka ŵa ku Libya kuti "ŵawovwire mwaluŵiro pa masuzgo ghose agho ghakuŵapo pa nkhani ya malango na ndyali, kusazgapo kuŵika pa malo ghaumaliro mazina gha awo ŵakukhumba kuŵa ŵalongozgi". Ndipouli, pa nyengo yaumaliro, mavoti ghakaŵa kuti ghalekeskeka ndipo caru cose cikakolerana kuti cilutilire kovwira na kuzomerezga boma la nyengo yicoko lakuwusika na Dbeibeh.

Kuyana na malango gha mavoti ghaphya, nduna yikuru yiphya yili na mazuŵa 21 kuti yipange kabini iyo yikwenera kukhozgeka na maboma ghakupambanapambana mu Libya. Boma ili likati lazomerezgeka, boma la umoza lizamuwuskapo maboma ghose gha ku Libya, kusazgapo boma la National Accord mu Tripoli na boma la General Haftar.^[53]

Ubale na vyaru vinyake

Nkhani ikulu: Foreign relations of Libya

Ndondomeko ya vyaru vinyake ya Libya yikusintha kufuma mu 1951. Nga ni ufumu, Libya wakalutilira kuŵa na nkharo yakukolerana na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi. Boma ili likaŵa laubwezi na vyaru vya ku Western nga ni United Kingdom, United States, France, Italy, Greece, ndipo likakhazikiska vyaru vya Soviet Union mu 1955.^[54]

Nangauli boma likawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Arab, kusazgapo ŵanthu ŵa ku Morocco na Algeria awo ŵakakhumbanga kuti charu cha Algeria chiŵe na wanangwa wakujiyimira pawekha, kweni likachitako yayi ndyali za ku Arab-Israel panji ndyali za ku Arab mu vyaka vya m'ma 1950 na 1960. Ufumu uwu ukaŵa wakumanyikwa cifukwa ca kukolerana comene na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, uku uku ukucita vinthu mwamahara mu caru cawo.^[55]

Mu 1969, Muammar Gaddafi wakajara misasa ya ŵasilikari ŵa ku America na Britain na kubenekelerapo mafuta na malonda gha vyaru vinyake mu Libya.

Muwuso wa Gaddafi ukamanyikwanga na wovwiri wake ku ŵalongozgi ŵanandi awo ŵakawonekanga nga mbanthu ŵambura kuzomerezgeka na ŵamazaza ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, kusazgapo pulezidenti wa ku Uganda Idi Amin, kazembe wa ku Central Africa Jean-Bédel Bokassa, munthu wankhongono wa ku Ethiopia Haile Mariam Mengistu, pulezidenti wa ku Liberia Charles Taylor, na pulezidenti wa ku Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević.

Ubwezi na vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ukaŵa wakusuzga cifukwa ca vinthu vinandi ivyo vikacitika mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Gaddafi, kusazgapo kukoma Yvonne Fletcher, wapolisi wa ku London, kuphulika kwa bomba ku West Berlin, na kuphulika kwa ndege ya Pan Am Flight 103.

Muwuso wa Gaddafi ukati waleka kupenja vilwero vyakukomera ŵanthu ŵanandi pamanyuma pa nkhondo ya ku Iraq, Saddam Hussein wakathereskeka na kweruzgika. Mu Okutobala 2010, Gaddafi wakaphepiska ku ŵalongozgi ŵa ku Africa mu zina la vyaru vya Ŵaarabu cifukwa ca kunjilirapo pa malonda gha ŵazga.

Libiya lili mu ndondomeko ya European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) ya European Union, iyo yikukhumba kusendelera ku EU na vyaru vyapafupi. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma la Libya ŵakakana ivyo wupu wa European Union ukakhumbanga kuchita kuti ŵanthu ŵaleke kuluta ku vyaru vinyake. Mu 2017, charu cha Libya chikasaina phangano la UN lakukanizga vilwero vya nyukiliya.^[56]

Ŵankhondo

Nkhani ikulu: Libyan Armed Forces

Gulu la ŵasilikari la ku Libya likathereskeka mu Nkhondo ya ku Libya ndipo likamara. Nyumba ya ŵalamuliri ya ku Tobruk iyo yikuyowoya kuti ndiyo ni boma lakuzomerezgeka la Libya, yikayezga kuwezgerapo ŵasilikari awo ŵakumanyikwa kuti Libyan National Army. Ŵakulongozgeka na Khalifa Haftar, ŵakulongozga chigaŵa chikuru cha kumafumiro gha dazi kwa Libya. Mu Meyi 2012, ŵanthu pafupifupi 35,000 ŵakanjira usilikari. Boma la National Accord ilo likumanyikwa pa caru cose ilo likakhazikiskika mu 2015 lili na ŵasilikari ŵake awo ŵakanjira mu malo mwa LNA, kweni comenecomene ni magulu gha ŵasilikari ŵambura kulongozgeka ndiposo ŵambura kuwungana makora.

Kuzakafika mu Novembala 2012, ŵakawonanga kuti mwana uyu wachali mu nthumbo. Pulezidenti Mohammed el-Megarif wakalayizga kuti boma likukhumba comene kovwira ŵasilikari na ŵapolisi. Pulezidenti el-Megarif wakalanguraso kuti magulu ghose gha nkhondo gha mu caru agha ghaŵe pasi pa boma panji ghapasuke.

Ŵasilikari ŵakukana kunjira mu wupu wakuvikilira ŵanthu. Ŵanandi mwa ŵasilikari aŵa ŵali na cilango, kweni ŵankhongono comene ŵakuteŵetera mu misumba yakupambanapambana ya ku Libya. Magulu agha ghakucemeka Libyan Shield, gulu la ŵasilikari awo ŵakugwira nchito mwakuyana na ivyo ŵapharazgi ŵa boma ŵakuyowoya.^[57]

Kugawikana kwa boma

Nkhani ikulu: Subdivisions of Libya, Districts of Libya, and Baladiyat of Libya

Kale, charu cha Libya chikaŵa na vigaŵa vitatu, Tripolitania kumpoto cha kumanjiliro gha dazi, Barka (Cyrenaica) kumafumiro gha dazi, na Fezzan kumwera cha kumanjiliro gha dazi. Cikaŵa cifukwa cakuti caru ca Italy cikaŵathereska mu Nkhondo ya ku Italy na Turkey.

Kufuma mu 2007, Libya wali kugaŵika mu vigaŵa 22 (Shabiyat):

In 2022, 18 provinces were declared by the Libyan Government of National Unity (Observer): the eastern coast, Jabal Al-Akhdar, Al-Hizam, Benghazi, Al-Wahat, Al-Kufra, Al-Khaleej, Al-Margab, Tripoli, Al-Jafara, Al-Zawiya, West Coast, Gheryan, Zintan, Nalut, Sabha, Al-Wadi, and Murzuq Basin.

Wanangwa wa ŵanthu

Kuyana na lipoti lapachaka la Human Rights Watch la mu 2016, ŵapharazgi ŵachali kukomeka na magulu ghakwimikana na boma ku Libya. Wupu uwu ukayowoyaso kuti charu cha Libya chili pasi chomene pa vyaru vyose pa nkhani ya wanangwa wa vyalo mu 2015. Pa 2021 Press Freedom Index chiŵerengero chake chikakhira kufika pa 165 pa vyaru 180. Kugonana kwa ŵanalume panji ŵanakazi ŵekhaŵekha nkhwakukanizgika mu Libya.^[58]

Chuma

Nkhani ikulu: Economy of Libya

Chuma cha ku Libya chikuthemba comene pa ndalama izo zikufuma ku mafuta, agho ghakupanga hafu ya GDP na 97% ya vyakurya. Libiya lili na mafuta ghanandi comene mu Africa ndipo likovwira kuti pa caru cose paŵe mafuta ghapusu. Mu 2010, apo mafuta ghakaŵa pa mtengo wa madola 80 pa thumba limoza, mafuta ghakapanga 54 peresenti ya GDP. Padera pa mafuta gha pasi, vyakumera vinyake ni gasi na gypsum. Bungwe la International Monetary Fund likati GDP ya ku Libya yikakura na 122% mu 2012 na 16.7% mu 2013.^[59]

Banki ya Caru Cose yikulongosora kuti Libya ni caru ca "Vinthu Vyakovwira Ŵanthu Ŵacoko", pamoza na vyaru vinyake vinkhondi na viŵiri vya mu Africa. Ndalama zinandi izo ŵanthu ŵakusangirapo mu vyakupanga magesi, pamoza na ŵanthu ŵachoko, vikovwira kuti charu cha Libya chiŵe na GDP yikuru chomene pa munthu yumoza mu Africa. Ivi vikawovwira kuti boma la Libyan Arab Jamahiriya lipelekenge wovwiri wakukwana ku ŵanthu, comenecomene pa nkhani ya nyumba na masambiro.

Libiya likukumana na masuzgo ghanandi, kusazgapo kupeleŵera kwa maboma, kusuzgika kwa muwuso, na kusoŵa nchito. Vyaru vili na ndalama zinandi yayi ndipo vikuthemba chomene ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake. Kanandi ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakugwiliskira nchito nchito nchito zinandi mu boma kuti ŵasange nchito. Pakati pa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, boma likagwiranga nchito pafupifupi 70% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakagwiranga nchito.

Kuyana na unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakalembeka, unandi wa ŵambura nchito ukakwera kufuma pa 8% mu 2008 kufika pa 21% mu 2009. Kuyana na lipoti la wupu wa Arab League, ilo likukolerana na ivyo vikacitika mu 2010, ŵanakazi ŵalije nchito pa 18%, ndipo ŵanalume ŵalije nchito pa 21%. Libiya lili na ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵambura kuyana maghanoghano, ŵawukirano ŵanandi ŵambura nchito, kweniso vinthu vikwenda makora yayi mu vyaru vinyake. Mu 2000, ŵanthu pafupifupi 28% ŵakaŵa na maji ghakumwa yayi.^[60]

Libiya likuguliska vyakurya vyakukwana 90 peresenti, ndipo mu 2012/13 likaguliska tirigu wakukwana matani 1 miliyoni. Mu 2012, vyakurya ivyo ŵakapanga vikakwana matani 200,000. Boma likukhumba kuti mu 2020, vyakurya viŵire matani 800,000. Ndipouli, vinthu vyakuthupi na vyakuthupi vikukanizga vyakurya ivyo vyakurya ivi vikupanga. Pambere chaka cha 1958 chindafike, vyakurya ndivyo vikaŵa vyakukhumbikwa chomene mu charu ichi. Pakuti mafuta ghakasangika mu 1958, vyakurya vikamba kuchepa chomene, ndipo mu 2005 vikaŵa vyambura kukwana 5 peresenti ya GDP.

Charu ichi chikaŵa mu gulu la OPEC mu 1962. Libiya ni ciŵaro ca WTO yayi, kweni vyakuti liŵe mu wupu uwu vikamba mu 2004.

Kukwambilira kwa vyaka vya m'ma 1980, charu cha Libya chikaŵa chinyake mwa vyaru visambazi chomene pa charu chose.^[61]

Kuuyambiro wa vyaka vya m'ma 2000, ŵalara ŵa boma la Jamahiriya ŵakachitiska vyakusintha pa vya cuma kuti Libya waŵeso na ndalama pa caru cose. Mu Seputembala 2003, wupu wa UN ukawuskapo vyeruzgo pa charu ichi, ndipo mu Disembala 2003, charu cha Libya chikapharazga kuti chilekenge kupanga vilwero vya nkhondo. Vinthu vinyake ivyo ŵakacita ni ivi: Kupempha kuti ŵanjire mu wupu wa World Trade Organization, kucepeskako wovwiri wa boma, na kupharazga vyakuti boma lipange vinthu vinyake.^[63]

Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa boma ŵakajiyimira ŵekha makampani ghakujumpha 100 agho ghakaŵa gha boma kufuma mu 2003 mu vigaŵa nga nkhunozga mafuta, vyakusanguluska, na malo, ndipo 29 mwa makampani agha ghakaŵa gha vyaru vinyake. Makampani ghanandi gha mafuta ghakawelera mu caru ici, kusazgapo Shell na ExxonMobil. Pamanyuma pakuti vyeruzgo vyamara, maulendo gha ndege ghakalutilira kukura, ndipo mu 2005 pakaŵa ŵanthu 1.5 miliyoni awo ŵakendanga pa ndege. Kwa nyengo yitali, ŵanthu ŵa ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi ŵakasuzgikanga kuluta ku Libya cifukwa ca malango ghakudunjika ghakukhwaskana na visa.

Mu 2007, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, mwana waciŵiri mulara wa Muammar Gaddafi, wakacitako mulimo wa green development wakucemeka Green Mountain Sustainable Development Area, uwo ukacitanga kuti Cirene yiŵe malo ghakwendakwenda na kusungirako maubendezi gha Cigiriki mu cigaŵa ici.

Mu Ogasiti 2011, ŵanthu ŵakaghanaghananga kuti pakukhumbikwira vyaka 10 kuti vinthu viŵeso makora ku Libya. Nanga ni pambere nkhondo ya 2011 yindambe, vinthu vya ku Libya vikaŵa viheni comene cifukwa ca "kuzerezgeka" na boma la Gaddafi. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2012, chuma cha charu ichi chikawelerapo ku suzgo ilo likaŵapo mu 2011, ndipo mafuta ghakaŵaso ghanandi. Pambere nkhondo yindambe, ŵanthu ŵakapanganga mafuta ghakujumpha 1.6 miliyoni pa zuŵa. Kuzakafika mu Okutobala 2012, mafuta agho ghakapangika ghakajumpha 1.4 miliyoni pa zuŵa. Kuweleraso ku mulimo uwu kukacitika cifukwa cakuti makampani ghakurughakuru gha ku vyaru vya kumanjiliro gha dazi, nga ni TotalEnergies, Eni, Repsol, Wintershall na Occidental, ghakawelera mwaluŵiro. Mu 2016, kampani iyi yikapharazga kuti mu chaka chakulondezgapo yipelekenge mafuta ghakukwana 900,000 pa zuŵa. Mu vyaka vinayi vya nkhondo, mulimo wa kupanga mafuta wachepa kufuma pa 1,6 miliyoni kufika pa 900,000.

Mlonga uwu ndiwo ni msumba ukuru comene pa caru cose. Ntchito iyi yikugwiliskira nchito maji agho ghakufuma ku fuvu la ku Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System kufuma kumwera kwa Libya kuya ku misumba iyo yili ku mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, kusazgapo Tripoli na Benghazi. Maji agha ndigho ghakupanga maji ghakukwana 70% gha mu Libya. Mu nyengo ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya ku Libya, iyo yikamba mu 2014 m'paka mu 2020, maji ghakaŵa ghambura ntchito ndipo nyengo zinyake ghakaŵanga na suzgo.

Kufika mu 2017, ŵanthu 60 pa 100 ŵa ku Libya ŵakaŵa na njara. Kufuma waka pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu 1.3 miliyoni ŵakulindilira wovwiri wakovwira ŵanthu.^[64]

Ŵanthu

Nkhani ikulu: Demographics of Libya

Libiya ni caru cikuru ico cikukhala ŵanthu ŵacoko comene, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakukhala mumphepete mwa nyanja. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu chikukwana 50 pa square kilometre (130/sq mi) mu vigaŵa viŵiri vya kumpoto kwa Tripolitania na Cyrenaica, kweni chikukhilira pasi pa 1 pa square kilometre (2.6/sq mi) kunyake. Ŵanthu 90 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa vichoko waka, comenecomene mumphepete mwa nyanja.

Ŵanthu pafupifupi 88% ŵakukhala mu matawuni, ndipo ŵanandi ŵakukhala mu misumba yikuru yitatu, Tripoli, Benghazi na Misrata. Libiya lili na ŵanthu pafupifupi 6.7 miliyoni, ndipo 27.7% ŵali pasi pa vyaka 15. Mu 1984, ŵanthu ŵakukwana 3.6 miliyoni.^[65]

Ŵanandi awo ŵakukhala mu charu cha Libya mazuŵa ghano ŵakujiwona kuti Mbaarabu. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber ku Libya, awo ŵakuyowoya viyowoyero na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu uwu, ndiwo ni fuko laciŵiri likuru comene ndipo ŵakusangika comene mu mapiri gha Nafusa na Zuwarah. Kweniso kumwera kwa Libya, chomenechomene ku Sebha, Kufra, Ghat, Ghadamis na Murzuk, kuli mitundu yinyake yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya: Tuareg na Toubou. Libiya ni yimoza mwa vyaru ivyo vili na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. Mu Libya muli mafuko na mafuko pafupifupi 140.

Umoyo wa mbumba ngwakuzirwa comene ku mbumba za ku Libya, ndipo zinandi mwa mbumba izi zikukhala mu nyumba zakukwana nyumba zinandi ndiposo nyumba zinyake. Nangauli ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakakhalanga mu mahema, kweni sono ŵakukhala mu matawuni ghanandi.^[66]

Cifukwa ca ici, nthowa zawo zakale za umoyo zikuzgeŵa. Ŵanthu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Libya ŵachali kukhala mu mapopa nga ni umo mbumba zawo zaŵira kwa vyaka vinandi. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakugwira nchito mu mafakitale na mu maofesi gha munthavi.

Wupu wa UNHCR ukati mu Janyuwale 2013, ku Libya kukaŵa ŵanthu 8,000 awo ŵakalembeka kuŵa ŵalendo, 5,500 awo ŵakalembeka yayi kuŵa ŵalendo, kweniso ŵanthu 7,000 awo ŵakapemphanga malo ghakubisamamo. Kweniso, ŵanthu 47,000 ŵa ku Libya ŵakacimbira kwawo ndipo 46,570 ŵakawelera kwawo.^[67]

Umoyo

Nkhani ikulu: Health in Libya

Mu 2010, ndalama izo ŵanthu ŵakagwiliskiranga ntchito pa vya umoyo zikaŵa 3.88% ya GDP. Mu 2009, pa ŵanthu 10,000, pakaŵa ŵadokotala 18.71 na ŵantchito ŵa munesi 66.95. Mu 2011, ŵanthu ŵakakhazganga kuti ŵazamukhala vyaka 74.95, panji vyaka 72.44 kwa ŵanalume na vyaka 77.59 kwa ŵanakazi.^[68]

Masambilo

Nkhani ikulu: Education in Libya

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵali na ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵakujumpha 1.7 miliyoni. Ŵanthu wose mu Libya ŵakusambira kwambura kulipiliska, ndipo sukulu iyi njakukhumbikwa m'paka ku sekondare. Mu 2010, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu ŵakumanya kulemba na kulemba chikaŵa 89.2%.

Pamanyuma pakuti charu cha Libya chajiyimira pawekha mu 1951, yunivesite yakwamba yikamba ku Benghazi. Mu chaka cha masambiro cha 1975-76, chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa pa yunivesite chikaŵa 13,418. Mu 2004, chiŵelengero ichi chikakwera kufika pa ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 200,000, ndipo ŵanyake 70,000 ŵakalembeska masambiro ghapachanya gha luso na maluso. Chiŵelengero cha ŵana ŵa sukulu awo ŵakusambira masambiro ghapachanya chikukura chomene.

Kufuma mu 1975, unandi wa masukulu ghapachanya ukakura kufuma pa ghaŵiri kuya pa ghankhondi na ghaŵiri, ndipo pamanyuma pakuti masukulu agha ghaŵapo mu 1980, sono masukulu ghapachanya gha vya tekinoloje na maluso ghalipo 84 (na masukulu ghapachanya gha 12). Kwambira mu 2007, masukulu ghanyake ghapachanya nga ni Libyan International Medical University ghapangika. Nangauli pambere chaka cha 2011 chindafikepo, masukulu ghapachanya ghachoko waka ghakaŵa kuti ghazomerezgeka, kweni masukulu ghanandi gha ku Libya ghakaŵanga na ndalama za boma. Mu 1998, bajeti ya vyakusambizga yikawovwira 38.2% ya bajeti ya charu cha Libya.^[69]

Mtundu

Ŵanthu ŵakwambilira ŵa ku Libya ŵakaŵa ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana ya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Berber. Ndipouli, ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yinyake ŵakanjira mu charu ichi, chomenechomene Ŵaarabu. Kwamba mu ma 700 C.E., ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vya Maghreb. Ŵanthu ŵanyake ŵa ku Turkey ŵakakhazikika ku Libya mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Ottoman.

Mazuŵa ghano, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya Mbaarabu, ndipo ŵanandi ŵali kufuma ku mafuko gha Ŵabedouin nga ni Banu Sulaym na Banu Hilal. Ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Turkey ŵakucemeka "Kouloughlis" ndipo ŵakukhala mu mizi na matawuni. Kweniso ku Libya kuli ŵanthu ŵachoko waka awo ŵakukhala mu vigaŵa ivi, nga mba Tuareg ŵa ku Berber na Tebou ŵa ku Africa.

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi ŵakaluta ku Libya mu 1947. Ŵanandi ŵakawelera ku caru cawo mu 1970 Muammar Gaddafi wati wamba kuwusa, kweni ŵanyake ŵakawelera mu ma 2000.^[70]

Ŵalendo awo ŵakugwira nchito

Mu 2013, wupu wa UN ukati ŵanthu ŵakufuma ku vyaru vinyake ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi. Pambere nkhondo ya 2011 yindachitike, ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga ntchito mu vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa pakati pa 25% na 40% (pakati pa 1.5 na 2.4 miliyoni). Kwamba kale, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakufuma ku Eguputo awo ŵakasamira ku Libya ŵakasambirako vinandi.

Ntchakusuzga kupima unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵiza ku Libya cifukwa kanandi pali mphambano pakati pa ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵafika ku Libya, na ciŵerengero ca ŵanthu awo ŵafika ku Libya. Pa kalembera wa mu 2006, ŵanthu 359,540 ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵakakhalanga mu Libya. Pa ŵanthu aŵa, pafupifupi hafu ŵakaŵa Ŵaeguputo, ndipo ŵalondezgana na ŵanthu ŵa ku Sudan na Palestina. Mu 2011, ŵanthu 768,362 ŵakachimbira ku Libya nga umo IOM yikupimira, pafupifupi 13% ya ŵanthu wose awo ŵakakhalanga mu charu ichi.^[71]^[72]

Usange tikugwiliskira ntchito mabuku gha ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake pambere nkhondo yindambe, mbwenu ofesi ya ku Tripoli ku Egypt yikalemba kuti mu 2009, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 2 miliyoni ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake. Turkey yikalemba kuti ŵanthu 25,000 ŵakachimbira mu charu ichi mu 2011. Chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku Asia pambere nkhondo iyi yindachitike chikajumpha waka 100,000 (60,000 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Bangladesh, 20,000 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Philippines, 18,000 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku India, 10,000 ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Pakistan, kweniso Ŵachinayi, Ŵakoreni, Ŵaviyetinamu, Ŵachi Thai, na ŵantchito ŵanyake).^[73]^[74] Ivi vikulongora kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakasamukira ku vyaru vinyake ŵakaŵa pafupifupi 40 peresenti pambere ivi vindachitike.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi ŵakuchemeka kuti Ŵaarabu-Berbers kweniso ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yakupambanapambana awo ŵakusamukira ku vyaru vinyake.

Viyowoyelo

Nkhani ikulu: Languages of Libya

Kuyana na CIA, ciyowoyero ca boma ca ku Libya ni Ciarabu. Ŵanthu ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu cha ku Libya pamoza na Chiarabu cha mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵakayowoyanga viyowoyero vyakupambanapambana nga ni Tamasheq, Ghadamis, Nafusi, Suknah na Awjilah. Wupu wa Libiya wa Amazigh (LAHC) wapharazga kuti chiyowoyero cha Amazigh (Berber panji Tamazight) ntchakuzomerezgeka mu misumba na vigaŵa ivyo ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakukhala. Kweniso ŵanthu ŵanandi mu misumba yikuruyikuru ŵakuyowoya Chingelezi, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Italy ŵakuyowoya Chiitaliya.^[75]

Chisopo

Nkhani ikulu: Religion in Libya

Pafupifupi 97% ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya Mbasilamu, ndipo ŵanandi mwa iwo Mba Sunni. Ŵasilamu ŵachoko waka ŵa ku Ibadi ndiwo ŵakukhala mu charu ichi.^[76]^[77]

Pambere vyaka vya m'ma 1930 vindafike, gulu la Sunni Sufi la ku Senussi ndilo likaŵa lakwamba ku Libya. Ici cikaŵa ciwuka ca cisopa ico cikaŵa cakukolerana na umoyo wa mu mapopa. Malo agha ghakaŵa ku Tripolitania na Fezzan, kweni ku Cyrenaica ndiko ŵanthu ŵa ku Senussi ŵakakhalanga chomene. Pakuwombora cigaŵa ici ku vivulupi, gulu la Senussi likawovwira ŵanthu ŵa ku Cyrenaika kuti ŵaŵe ŵakukolerana na kusopa. Paumaliro, gulu la Cisilamu ili likaparanyika cifukwa ca kuwukira kwa Italy. Mubali Gaddafi wakayowoya kuti wakaŵa Musulumani wakutemwa kusopa, ndipo boma lake likawovwiranga mu vyaru vinyake vya Chisilamu.

Lipoti la 2004 la International Religious Freedom Report likati "ŵabishopu, ŵasembe, na masisiteri ŵakuvwara malaya gha cisopa mwakufwatuka pa wumba ndipo ŵakususkana yayi na boma". Lipoti ili likayowoyaso kuti ŵanthu ŵa visopa vichoko waka ŵakati "ŵakuyuzgika yayi na boma panji Ŵasilamu chifukwa cha ivyo ŵakusopa". Wupu wa International Christian Concern ukuzunura yayi Libya kuŵa caru ico "Ŵakristu ŵakutambuzgika panji kusankhika comene".

Kufuma waka apo Gaddafi wakathereskekera, visopa vinyake vya Cisilamu vyamba kuwusa. Derna ku Libya kumafumiro gha dazi, malo agho ghakaŵa na maghanoghano gha jihadist, ghakaŵa pasi pa mazaza gha ŵasilikari awo ŵakakolerana na Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant mu 2014. Ŵasilikari ŵa Jihadist ŵambukira ku Sirte na Benghazi, pamoza na vigaŵa vinyake, cifukwa ca Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya ku Libya.^[78]^[79]

Pambere charu cha Libya chindafume pa mazaza gha boma, chikaŵa na Ŵakhristu ŵakujumpha 140,000. Ŵakhristu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku Italy panji ku Malta ŵakati ŵafumako ku Italy. Mazuŵa ghano napo, Ŵakhristu ŵa ku vyaru vinyake ŵalipo. Ŵakhristu ŵa Coptic Orthodox, awo ndiwo ŵakulongozga mu Eguputo, ndiwo ni Ŵakhristu ŵanandi chomene mu Libya. Ku Libya kuli Ŵaeguputo ŵakucemeka Copts pafupifupi 60,000. Ku Libya kuli matchalitchi ghatatu gha Coptic, limoza mu Tripoli, limoza mu Benghazi, na limoza mu Misurata.

Mu vyaka vyasonosono apa, tchalitchi la Coptic lakura chomene mu Libya chifukwa cha ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Egypt awo ŵakuluta ku Libya. Ku Libya kuli Ŵakatolika pafupifupi 40,000 awo ŵakuteŵetereka na mabishopu ghaŵiri, limoza ku Tripoli (lakuteŵetera ŵa ku Italy) ndipo linyake ku Benghazi (lakuteŵetera ŵa ku Malta). Mu tawuni ya Tripoli muli mpingo wa Anglican, uwo ŵanthu ŵake ŵanandi mba ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵakakakika cifukwa ca kukayikira kuti mbapharazgi ŵa Cikhristu, cifukwa kupangiska ŵanthu kuti ŵasopenge ŵanyawo ni kwananga. Ŵakhristu nawo ŵakusuzgika na nkhaza za ŵasilikari ŵa chisopa cha Chisilamu mu vigaŵa vinyake vya charu ichi. Mu Febuluwale 2015, gulu la Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant likafumiska vidiyo iyo yikulongora ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakucheka mitu. Libiya lili pa malo ghachinayi pa Open Doors' 2022 World Watch List, malo ghapachaka gha vyaru 50 apo Ŵakhristu ŵakutambuzgika chomene.^[80]

Mu nyengo yakale, mu charu cha Libya mukaŵa Ŵayuda ŵanandi awo ŵakakhalanga ku malo agha. Mu 1942, boma la Italy likakhazikiska misasa yakusuzgirako Ŵayuda kumwera kwa Tripoli, kusazgapo Giado (Ŵayuda pafupifupi 3,000), Gharyan, Jeren, na Tigrinna. Ku Giado Ŵayuda pafupifupi 500 ŵakafwa cifukwa ca kupeleŵera nkhongono, njara, na matenda. Mu 1942, Ŵayuda awo ŵakaŵa mu misasa yakusuzgirako ŵanthu ŵakakanizgika kugwira nchito ndipo ŵanalume wose ŵa vyaka vyapakati pa 18 na 45 ŵakaŵatumanga ku nchito. Mu Ogasiti 1942, Ŵayuda ŵa ku Tripolitania ŵakaŵanjizga mu msasa wa Sidi Azaz. Mu vilimika vitatu kufuma mu Novembala 1945, Ŵayuda ŵakujumpha 140 ŵakakomeka, ndipo ŵanyake ŵanandi ŵakapwetekeka. Mu 1948, Ŵayuda pafupifupi 38,000 ŵakaŵa kuti ŵachali mu caru ici. Apo charu cha Libya chikamba kujiwusa chekha mu 1951, Ŵayuda ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku vyaru vinyake.^[81]

Misumba ikulu

v t e Misumba panji matauni ghakulu mu charu cha Libya [1][2][3]
	Mndandanda		District	Ŵanthu
Tripoli Benghazi	1	Tripoli	Tripoli	1,250,000	Misrata Beida
	2	Benghazi	Benghazi	700,000
	3	Misrata	Misurata	350,000
	4	Beida	Jebel el-Akhdar	250,000
	5	Khoms	Murqub	201,000
	6	Zawiya	Zawiya	200,000
	7	Ajdabiya	Al Wahat	134,000
	8	Sebha	Sebha	130,000
	9	Sirte	Sirte	128,000
	10	Tobruk	Butnan	120,000

Mwambo

Nkhani ikulu: Culture of Libya

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya awo ŵakuyowoya Chiarabu ŵakujiwona kuti mba mu gulu la ŵanthu ŵa ku Arabia. Ivi vikakhozga chomene apo gulu la ŵanthu ŵa mitundu yose ya Ciarabu likamba kuthandazgika mu vyaka vya m'ma 1900, ndipo ŵakamba kulamulira mu Libya. Mu nyengo ya muwuso wa Gaddafi, kusambizga panji nanga nkhuyowoya ciyowoyero ici kukaŵa kwakukanizgika.^[82] In kusazgapo kukanizga viyowoyero vinyake ivyo kale vikasambizgikanga mu masukulu, ndipo ivi vikupangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵaleke kupulikiska Chingelezi. Viyowoyero vyose viŵiri vya Chiarabic na Chiberber, vichali na mazgu ghakufuma ku Chiitaliya, agho ghakasangika pambere nyengo ya Libia Italiana yindambe.

Ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵali na mitheto ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Bedouin awo ŵakayowoyanga Chiarabic. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵakujiyaniska na zina la mbumba ilo lili kufuma ku fuko linyake.

Chifukwa chakuti ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakutemwa kupokelera ŵalendo, charu cha Libya chili pakati pa vyaru 20 ivyo vikutemwa kupokelera ŵalendo. Kuyana na CAF, mu mwezi umoza, pafupifupi vigaŵa vitatu pa vigaŵa vinayi (72%) vya ŵanthu wose ŵa ku Libya ŵakawovwira munthu uyo ŵakamumanyanga yayi.

Pali malo gha viwoneskero gha viwoneskero gha viwoneskero vichoko waka cifukwa ca nthambuzgo izo zikaŵako kwa vyaka vinandi mu muwuso wa Gaddafi ndiposo cifukwa ca kupeleŵera kwa vinthu vyakuthupi. Kwa vyaka vinandi, kukaŵavya mafilimu gha ŵanthu wose, ndipo ŵakaŵapo ŵachoko waka awo ŵakawoneleranga mafilimu gha caru cinyake. Maluso gha ŵanthu ghacali ghamoyo, ndipo magulu agha ghakucita sumu na kuvina pa viphikiro ivyo vikucitika kanandi waka mu Libya na vyaru vinyake.^[83]

Mapulogiramu ghanandi gha pa wayilesi ya ku Libya ghakulongosora vya ndyali, nkhani za Cisilamu, na vinthu vinyake vya cikaya. Mapulogiramu ghanandi gha pa TV ghakulongora sumu za ku Libya. Sumu na kuvina vya ŵanthu ŵa mtundu wa Tuareg vikumanyikwa chomene ku Ghadames na kumwera. Mapulogiramu gha pa wayilesi ya ku Libya ghakupharazgika comene mu Ciarabu, kweni kanandi ghakupharazga mu Cingelezi na Cifurenci. Kafukufuku uyo wakachitika mu 1996 na komiti yakuvikilira ŵapharazgi wakalongora kuti mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵasilikari ŵa boma la Libya, ŵapharazgi ŵa ku Libya ndiwo ŵakendeskekanga comene mu vyaru vya maarabu.^[84] Mu 2012, masiteshoni ghanandi gha TV ghakamba kwimba chifukwa cha kukanizgika kwa censorship na boma lakale na kwamba kwa "free media".

Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵa ku Libya ŵakwenda pafupipafupi pa maji gha mu charu ichi ndipo ŵakuluta ku malo agho ŵanthu ŵakufukura vinthu vyakale ŵakuwona, chomenechomene ku Leptis Magna, uko ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakuwona kuti ni malo gha Ŵaroma agho ghali kusungika makora chomene pa charu chose. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakwenda pa basi. Ku Libya kulije misewu ya njanji, kweni yikunozgeka kuzengeka sonosono apa.

Ku Tripoli, msumba ukuru wa Libya, kuli malo ghanandi ghakusungirako vinthu vyakale. Vinyake mwa vinthu ivi ni Layibulare ya Boma, Layibulare ya Ŵanthu, Layibulare ya Vyakubisika, Layibulare ya Charu Chose, Layibulare ya Vyakubisika, na Layibulare ya Chisilamu. Nyumba Yakusungiramo Vinthu Vyakutowa iyo yili mu msumba wa msumba uwu, kufupi na mumphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo yili pakati pa msumba uwu, yikazengeka na UNESCO.^[85]

Kuphika

Nkhani ikulu: Libyan cuisine

Vyakurya vya ku Libya ni vyakupambanapambana. Mu vigaŵa vya kumanjiliro gha dazi kwa Libya, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kurya makaroni, kweni kumafumiro gha dazi, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa chomene mpunga.

Vyakurya vya ku Libya vikusazgapo vyakurya vyakupambanapambana vya makaroni vyakunozgeka na msuzi wa tomato (vyakuyana waka na vyakurya vya ku Italy vya Sugo all'arrabbiata); mpunga, uwo kanandi ukupelekeka pamoza na nyama ya mberere panji nkhuku (kanandi wakuphika, wakuphika, wakuphika, panji wakuphika mu msuzi); na couscous, uyo wakuphika na nthukumusi uku wakuphika pa msuzi wa tomato na nyama (iyo nyengo zinyake yikusazgapo makuni ghacourgettes/zucchini na chickpeas), iyo kanandi yikupelekeka pamoza na vigaŵa vya nkhaka, saladi na maolive.^[86]

Bazeen, cakurya ico ŵakupanga na ufu wa balere ndipo ŵakupeleka na msuzi wa tomato, kanandi ŵakurya pamoza, ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakurya pamoza, kanandi na mawoko. Cakurya ici kanandi ŵakucipeleka pa ukwati panji pa viphikiro. Asida ni mtundu wa Bazeen wakunowa, wakupangika na ufu utuŵa ndipo wakupelekeka na uchi, ghee panji batala. Nthowa yinyake iyo ŵanthu ŵakutemwa kupelekera Asida ni maji gha olive. Usban ni viŵaro vya nyama ivyo vyavungika na kuŵikamo mpunga na vyakurya vyakunowa. Shurba ni supu yakufuma ku tomato, ndipo kanandi ŵakumwera na tchizi.^[86]

Chakurya icho ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakutemwa kurya ni khubs bi' tun, kung'anamura "chingwa na somba za tuna". Ŵanthu ŵanandi awo ŵakuguliska vyakurya vyakunowa ŵakuphika masangweji agha ndipo ghakusangika mu vyaru vyose vya ku Libya. Malo gha vyakurya gha ku Libya ghangaŵa na vyakurya vya mitundu yose, panji vyakurya vyambura kukhumba vinandi nga ni nyama ya mberere, nkhuku, mphangwe, mbatata, na makaroni. Chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa vinthu vyakukhumbikwa, malo ghanandi ghambura kukura na matawuni ghacoko ghalije vyakurya ndipo malo ghakusungiramo vyakurya ndigho ghangaŵa ghakwamba kusanga vyakurya. Mu caru cose ici, kumwa moŵa ni kwanangwa.^[86]

Mu vyakurya vya ku Libya muli vigaŵa vinayi: maolive (na mafuta gha maolive), vikondwelero, vyakurya vyamuminda na mkaka. Vipambi ivi ŵakuviphika, kuviphwanya, na kuvipima na kugwiliskira ntchito pakupanga chingwa, makeke, sopo na bazeen. Ŵakuvuna, ŵakumazga, ndipo ŵakurya nga umo ŵaliri, ŵakuŵapangira syrup, panji ŵakuphika pachoko na kurya pamoza na mkaka. Para ŵamara kurya, ŵanthu ŵa ku Libya ŵakumwa tiyi wakufipa. Kanandi ŵakuwerezgapo kaŵiri (para ŵakumwa tiyi laciŵiri), ndipo para ŵakumwa tiyi lacitatu, ŵakumwa na njere za mathipa panji amondi ghakotcha agho ghakucemeka shay bi'l-luz.^[86]

Maseŵera

Mpira wa pasi ni maseŵero ghakumanyikwa comene mu Libya. Mu 1982, charu ichi chikachitiska maseŵera gha African Cup of Nations, ndipo chikaŵa pafupi kufika pa chigaŵa cha FIFA World Cup mu 1986. Chikwata cha chalo ichi chikakhala pachoko chomene kuwina AFCON ya 1982 kweni chikataya ku Ghana pa penalty 7 ¢ 6. Mu 2014, charu cha Libya chikathereska Ghana pa mpikisano wa African Nations Championship. Nangauli timu ya charu ichi yindawinepo maseŵero ghakuru panji kuluta ku maseŵero gha pa caru cose, kweni ŵanthu ŵachali kutemwa comene maseŵero agha ndipo maseŵero agha ghakwenda makora comene.

Ku Libya, ŵanthu ŵakutemwa comene kuphalizgana pa kuphalizgana pa mahaci. Ni kaluso ako kakucitika pa viphikiro vinandi.^[87]

Wonaniso

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Vyakulemba

↑ Disputed by Osama Hamada^[2] of the Government of National Stability

Ukaboni

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↑ Blundy & Lycett 1987, p. 18.
↑ Eljahmi, Mohamed (2006). "Libya and the U.S.: Gaddafi Unrepentant". Middle East Quarterly. Archived from the original on 2 Malichi 2011.
↑ "Libya: History". /globaledge.msu.edu (via Michigan State University). Archived from the original on 14 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 14 Ogasiti 2011.
↑ "Comparative Criminology – Libya". Crime and Society. Archived from the original on 7 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 24 Julayi 2011.
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 Bearman, Jonathan (1986). Qadhafi's Libya. London: Zed Books
↑ The Independent, 9 March 2011 P.4
↑ Milne, Seumas (26 Okutobala 2011). "If the Libyan war was about saving lives, it was a catastrophic failure | Seumas Milne". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 Disembala 2017. Retrieved 24 Novembala 2017.
↑ Kirkpatrick, David (20 Febuluwale 2015). "Ties to Islamic State Cited by Group in Libya Attacks". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2015.
↑ Dean, Laura (20 Febuluwale 2015). "How strong is the Islamic State in Libya?". USA Today. Archived from the original on 22 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2015.
↑ Loveluck, Louisa (20 Febuluwale 2015). "Isil loyalists claim responsibility for car bombs in Libya, killing at least 40 people". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2015.
↑ "Libya's Islamist militias claim control of capital". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 24 Ogasiti 2014. Archived from the original on 25 Ogasiti 2014. Retrieved 26 Ogasiti 2014.
↑ Chris Stephen (9 Sekutembala 2014). "Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 Sekutembala 2014. Retrieved 24 Sekutembala 2014.
↑ "OHCHR in Libya". Ohchr.org. 17 Sekutembala 2012. Archived from the original on 24 Epulelo 2016. Retrieved 1 Epulelo 2016.
↑ Nebehay, Stephanie; McDowall, Angus (23 Okutobala 2020). Jones, Gareth; Maclean, William (eds.). "Warring Libya rivals sign truce but tough political talks ahead". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 21 Epulelo 2021.
↑ "Libya protesters storm parliament building in Tobruk". BBC News (in British English). 2 Julayi 2022. Retrieved 4 Julayi 2022.
↑ "Le Maghreb prend conscience du déclin de sa biodiversité". 4 Ogasiti 2020. Archived from the original on 15 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 13 Okutobala 2020.
↑ András Zboray. "Flora and Fauna of the Libyan Desert". Fliegel Jezerniczky Expeditions. Archived from the original on 8 Disembala 2012. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ "How Hot is Hot?". Extreme Science. Archived from the original on 2 Febuluwale 2013. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 "World: Highest Temperature". World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 Janyuwale 2013. Retrieved 15 Janyuwale 2013.
↑ ^47.0 ^47.1 El Fadli, KI; et al. (Sekutembala 2012). "World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58 °C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (2): 199. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94..199E. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1.
↑ Westcott, Tom (15 Sekutembala 2012). "Libya loses 'world's hottest place' record". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 20 Ogasiti 2013.
↑ Cigolini, C, C Laiolo, and M Rossetti (2012) Endogenous and nonimpact origin of the Arkenu circular structures (al-Kufrah basin-SE Libya) Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 47(11):1772–1788.
↑ "Libya mired in chaos 10 years after Arab Spring". Agence France-Presse. France 24. 10 Febuluwale 2021. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ "10 years since Kadhafi death, stability still eludes Libya". Agence France-Presse. France 24. 19 Okutobala 2021. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ "Feature: Libyans struggling in poverty, chaos 10 years after NATO intervention". Xinhua News Agency. 7 Meyi 2021. Retrieved 14 Febuluwale 2022.
↑ ^53.0 ^53.1 "Libya crisis: Vote to unite splintered nation". BBC News (in British English). 5 Febuluwale 2021. Archived from the original on 15 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2021.
↑ Zoubir, Yahia (2009). "Libya and Europe: Economic Realism at the Rescue of the Qaddafi Authoritarian Regime". Journal of Contemporary European Studies. 17 (3): 401–415. doi:10.1080/14782800903339354. S2CID 153625134.
↑ Abadi, Jacob (2000). "Pragmatism and Rhetoric in Libya's Policy Toward Israel". The Journal of Conflict Studies: Volume XX Number 1 Fall 2000, University of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 30 Malichi 2012. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 Julayi 2017. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2019. Retrieved 16 Ogasiti 2019.
↑ "The party and the hangover". The Economist. London. 23 Febuluwale 2013. Archived from the original on 22 Febuluwale 2013. Retrieved 21 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death". The Washington Post. 16 Juni 2016. Archived from the original on 11 Novembala 2016.
↑ "Oil production boosts Libya economy, instability hampers reconstruction". The Daily Star. 20 Okutobala 2012. Archived from the original on 9 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ "Safe Drinking Water" (PDF). WHO/UNIADF Joint Monitoring Programme. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 Novembala 2012. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ Philips' Modern School Atlas, 1987, 1983 GNP per capita figures are quoted in a list.
↑ "In a pure coincidence, Gaddafi impeded U.S. oil interests before the war" Archived 27 Julayi 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Glenn Greenwald. Salon. 11 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011
↑ "WTO go-ahead for Libya talks". BBC. 27 Julayi 2004. Archived from the original on 17 Juni 2013. Retrieved 21 Meyi 2012.
↑ "Libye : Les terribles séquelles de l'intervention de l'OTAN". 11 Novembala 2019. Archived from the original on 21 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 13 Okutobala 2020.
↑ "Libya". Countrystudies.us. Archived from the original on 26 Ogasiti 2013. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ Al-Hawaat, Ali. "The Family and the work of women, A study in the Libyan Society". National Center for Research and Scientific Studies of Libya. Archived from the original on 3 Epulelo 2003. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ "UNHCR Global Appeal 2013 Update". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 7 Novembala 2014. Retrieved 16 Disembala 2014.
↑ "Demography". SESRIC. Archived from the original on 23 Okutobala 2014. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ El-Hawat, Ali (8 Janyuwale 2013). "Country Higher Education Profiles – Libya". International Network for Higher Education in Africa. Archived from the original on 5 Juni 2010. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ "Libya – Italian colonization". Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 20 Ogasiti 2011.
↑ "Migration Facts Libya" (PDF). Migrationpolicycentre.eu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 1 Epulelo 2016.
↑ Brachet, Julien (2016). "Policing the Desert: The IOM in Libya Beyond War and Peace". Antipode. 48 (2): 272–292. doi:10.1111/anti.12176.^{[permanent dead link]}
↑ "Libya, Tunisia: Migrants – Migration News | Migration Dialogue". Migration.ucdavis.edu. Archived from the original on 5 Malichi 2016. Retrieved 1 Epulelo 2016.
↑ "Libya Herald, Updated: 2,000 Filipino workers in Libya, 126 infected and 6 died of Coronavirus". libyaherald.com. 30 Janyuwale 2021. Archived from the original on 15 Epulelo 2021. Retrieved 1 Febuluwale 2021.
↑ "Libya". CIA. Archived from the original on 9 Janyuwale 2021. Retrieved 16 Disembala 2014.
↑ "Minority Muslim Groups". Islamopedia Online. Archived from the original on 15 Epulelo 2016. Retrieved 1 Epulelo 2016.
↑ "Pakistani Ahmedis Held". Libya Herald. Tripoli. 16 Janyuwale 2013. Archived from the original on 31 Meyi 2014. Retrieved 5 Juni 2014.
↑ Faucon, Benoît; Bradley, Matt (17 Febuluwale 2015). "Islamic State Gained Strength in Libya by Co-Opting Local Jihadists". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 21 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2015.
↑ Moore, Jack (29 Janyuwale 2015). "Al-Qaeda 'Islamic Police' on Patrol in Libyan City Contested With ISIS". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 20 Febuluwale 2015. Retrieved 20 Febuluwale 2015.
↑ "Serving Persecuted Christians Worldwide - Libya - Open Doors UK & Ireland". Opendoorsuk.org. Retrieved 24 Juni 2022.
↑ Harris, David A. (2000). In the Trenches: Selected Speeches and Writings of an American Jewish Activist, 1979–1999. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-0-88125-693-2.
↑ Lane, Edwin (23 Disembala 2011). "After Gaddafi, Libya's Amazigh demand recognition". BBC News. Archived from the original on 20 Disembala 2016.
↑ "Libyan Dance Schools in Libya, Dancewear Suppliers, Dancing Organizations, Libyan National Commission for UNESCO, M. A. Oraieth". Bangkokcompanies.com. Archived from the original on 15 Meyi 2007. Retrieved 8 Julayi 2012.
↑ "North Korea Tops CPJ list of '10 Most Censored Countries". Committee to Protect Journalists. 1996. Archived from the original on 8 Julayi 2008. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ Bouchenaki, Mounir. "Museum Architecture: beyond the <> and ... beyond" (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 Meyi 2013. Retrieved 5 Febuluwale 2013.
↑ ^86.0 ^86.1 ^86.2 ^86.3 "Libyan Food". Temehu Tourism Services. 24 Juni 2010. Archived from the original on 6 Ogasiti 2011. Retrieved 20 Ogasiti 2011.
↑ "Sports in Libya". Fanack.com (in American English). Archived from the original on 19 Sekutembala 2020. Retrieved 5 Okutobala 2020.

Mabuku

This article incorporates public domain material from World Factbook. CIA.
This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.

Vigaŵa vya kuwalo

Libya Archived 9 Janyuwale 2021 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Libya web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
Libya at Curlie
Libya profile Archived 23 Okutobala 2011 at the Wayback Machine from the BBC News.
Wikimedia Atlas of Libya

27°N 17°E / 27°N 17°E / 27; 17

[3] Disputed by Osama Hamada^[2] of the Government of National Stability

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Authority control
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