Books by Laurentiu Radvan
Editura Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” Iasi, 2023
volume about the plans of Bucharest in Russian (Moscow) archives
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14 planuri ale orasului Iasi descoperite in ultimii ani in arhive de la Moscova si biblioteca de ... more 14 planuri ale orasului Iasi descoperite in ultimii ani in arhive de la Moscova si biblioteca de la Kiev
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Editura Universităţii „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, 2019
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A volume on ethnicity and minorities in Iasi, from the emergence of the medieval town to present ... more A volume on ethnicity and minorities in Iasi, from the emergence of the medieval town to present day.
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studii de istorie urbana
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studii de istorie medievala in onoarea profesorului Ioan Caprosu
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"Cartea are la bază lucrarea intitulată At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Princ... more "Cartea are la bază lucrarea intitulată At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities, apărută în februarie 2010, la Editura Brill din Olanda, la care au fost adăugate informaţiile lăsate deoparte la ediţia în limba engleză şi s-a adus la zi bibliografia acestei vaste teme.
Cu totul, acest volum cuprinde cu aproape 800 de note mai mult (cu totul 3670 note, faţă de 2900 la ediţia în engleză), la bibliografie adăugându-se în mod firesc numeroase lucrări necitate anterior sau chiar noi, apărute în intervalul 2008 - 2011. Cele mai multe adăugiri se află în părţile a doua şi a treia, ce conţin segmentul cel mai important al lucrării: completări semnificative s-au făcut în partea a doua a lucrării, la discuţia cu privire la urbanizarea din Ţara Românească, precum şi la micro-monografii, ca şi în partea a treia a lucrării, cea dedicată oraşelor din Moldova, unde secţiunea cea mai consistentă, cuprinzând micro-monografiile, este în bună parte rescrisă."
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https://books.google.ro/books?id=0xNYmFwyCdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=laurentiu+radvan&hl=en&sa=X&... more https://books.google.ro/books?id=0xNYmFwyCdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=laurentiu+radvan&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
This ambitious work focuses on the emergence and the development of medieval towns in the two Romanian principalities of South-Eastern Europe, Wallachia and Moldavia, from their earliest days, in the 13th century, up to the 16th. It is the only work of its kind in English, but at the same time the first in the field seeking to identify and substantiate common elements between towns in this area of Europe. It also covers Poland, Hungary and the lands south of the Danube. By relying both on various written sources, and on archeological finds, the author addresses several controversial issues, starting from the particulars of urbanization, through an analysis of local institutions, of urban society and economy, and concluding with thorough case studies. The result is a book which shows that medieval towns in the Romanian Principalities, despite being on the outskirts of Europe, were nevertheless part of it.
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Conceput ca un compendiu, volumul sintetizeaza intreaga istorie medievala, incepind cu trecerea d... more Conceput ca un compendiu, volumul sintetizeaza intreaga istorie medievala, incepind cu trecerea de la Antichitate la Evul Mediu (secolele V-VIII) pina la tranzitia spre modernitate, ale carei prime simptome apar in veacul al XVI-lea. Intre aceste repere conventionale, sunt expuse toate fenomenele si evenimentele importante ale epocii: constituirea regatelor germanice, formarea regatului (si apoi a imperiului) franc carolingian, care a reprezentat prima reconstituire a unitatii politice a Europei de Apus de dupa Imperiul Roman, avintul civilizatiei din secolele XI-XIII, conflictul dintre sacerdotiu si imperiu, evolutia institutiei ecleziastice si transformarile spiritului religios, geneza statului monarhic in Occidentul medieval etc. Adresata studentilor, profesorilor si cercetatorilor din domeniu, dar si publicului larg, lucrarea contribuie la o mai buna cunoastere a trecutului Europei si la o intelegere mai profunda a istoriei noastre, gratie invitatiei la comparatism pe care o implica.
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O culegere de texte care isi propune sa acopere un gol: acela al carentei surselor primare de inf... more O culegere de texte care isi propune sa acopere un gol: acela al carentei surselor primare de informare pentru o perioada istorica destul de putin studiata la noi. Traduse din cele mai autoritare si mai complete editii moderne (publicate in SUA, Franta, Marea Britanie) – tocmai pentru ca, in cazul culturii noastre, accesul la versiunile originale e inca dificil – aceste izvoare istorice acopera perioada de timp dintre secolele al V-lea si al XVI-lea. Tematica este una foarte variata: de la probleme de ordin politic si chestiuni de drept, la probleme de ordin social, cultural, ecleziastic, de administratie teritoriala, de organizare a armatei etc. E vorba, in esenta, de o culegere de documente istorice, de fragmente de monografii si biografii, de izvoare scrise care se constituie intr-un foarte util instrument de lucru atit pentru studenti, cit si pentru cadre didactice si cercetatori.
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Papers by Laurentiu Radvan
Études Balkaniques, 2022
In this study I look into the behavioural pattern of the “Greek” merchants who came to Moldavia a... more In this study I look into the behavioural pattern of the “Greek” merchants who came to Moldavia and settled in its capital, the town of Iași. The merchants were attracted by its geographical position: at the crossroad connecting centres in Transylvania or the Danube, ports of the Black Sea and towns of Poland. Because they dealt with regional trade for various merchandise, the merchants chose to invest in land, houses, stores and cellars located in the most relevant streets within the two commercial cores of the town, where they shared the space with many craftsmen, boyars but also monasteries. Whereas they represented an economic force and had money, some merchants made efforts to become boyars by purchasing villages and obtaining offices. Others chose to stay loyal to the urban world, and kept their properties across several generations and maintained their line of business. It was, thus, a very dynamic and ever-changing society, which allowed an easier transition from the structures specific to the late medieval world to the ones of modernity.
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Historia Urbana, 2022
In this study we will analyse a plan made in 1830 for Botoșani by Russian topographers coordinate... more In this study we will analyse a plan made in 1830 for Botoșani by Russian topographers coordinated by a certain Kuznetsov from the Russian army, a document that contributes to a better knowledge of this city in northern Moldavia. Given that the first plans for this urban center date from the second half of the nineteenth century, this one allows a better reconstruction of urban development, at a time when the town of Botoșani had not yet been affected by the modernization process. The plan provides valuable information on the townʼs heritage, its old houses and churches, but also other buildings, synagogues, pharmacies, post office, etc. Buildings with economic functions, such as shops, warehouses, distilleries, mills or brick factories, are not omitted, completing the image of this city at the time of drawing up the plan. The structure of streets and squares is very well highlighted, completing, amending or offering new arguments to the theories issued by historians and urban planners.
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Historia Urbana, 2022
The world of towns was a complex one in the late Middle Ages, as it housed people of very differe... more The world of towns was a complex one in the late Middle Ages, as it housed people of very different backgrounds and interests. The bulk of the urban society consisted of townspeople, free people with predominantly commercial occupations, but also craftsmen, in addition to which we find representatives of other categories of late medievalearly modern society, from boyars to members of the clergy (including monastic) or slaves (robi). The larger the town, the more diverse its population. In this paper we turn our attention to a special category of townspeople from the towns of the Romanian Principalities, the craftsmen. There was no special official category of craftsmen in urban society. Often, they cannot even be differentiated from merchants, given that many of those who produced something and sold the results of their work in shops. However, we notice a concentration of craftsmen depending on the profession, with traces in the local toponymy. This is a feature of the big towns, Iași and Bucharest, together with the former princely residence towns of Suceava and Târgoviște. In other important urban centers (Craiova, Ploiești, Galați, Focșani, Bârlad, Roman, Botoșani) such specializations are observed later, especially after 1700. The reunion of several craftsmen with the same trade is noticeable in Târgul Vechi (the oldest part of the town), while in the valleys of the nearby rivers we find the craftsmen with "impure" trades, butchers, soap makers or tanners. The rest of the towns show much less evidence of this aspect, and where it appears they are a specific found rather after 1800. This is explained by the gradual penetration of the elements of modernization of towns in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries. In addition to the new rules of urbanism that were introduced at this time, we are witnessing the first forms of industrial organization which, although still modest, have allowed the transition from collective organization and guild to individual business based on capital and factory.
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Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași. Istorie, 2022
The present study deals with the origins, the arrival in Moldavia and the vast activity of the en... more The present study deals with the origins, the arrival in Moldavia and the vast activity of the engineer and architect Johann Freywald. Until recently he was considered Austrian, but the recent discovery of two passports issued to the architect in 1802 and 1811 has allowed new research to be initiated into its origin. It came from Moravia, being associated with cities such as Prostějov (Prossnitz), Povel (Povl), Olomouc and Brno. He was the son of Johan Feiwald (1721-1825) and Marianne (1734-1807), his father being a well-known builder from Prostějov. After his studies, Johann Freywald distinguished himself in 1791, when he bought the Salm palace in Olomouc's market square. He expanded it and tried to bring the city theater here, without success. Indebted, he declared bankruptcy in 1801, in the following years having problems due to debts or unfinished constructions.
In these conditions, Freywald goes to Moldavia for the first time (1802), probably called by a great boyar for a project. He soon entered the service of Prince Alexandru Moruzi, who hired him to rebuild the palace in the center of the Moldavian capital of Iași, which had burned down in 1784 and was abandoned. The building, the largest in the country, received in 1803-1806 a new, neoclassical style, which will be highly appreciated in Moldavia in the following decades. Freywald will work in this style in the following period: on the arrangement of the theater hall in Iași, on the repair of the Cazimir house for the Academy, on the Palace Roznovanu in Iași, on the Sturza palace and the church in Ruginoasa, on the construction of the new church at the Neamț monastery, on the new metropolitan cathedral in Iași, at the church at the Frumoasa monastery or at the church of St. George in Moghilău, in Podolia. He was also involved in setting up some monuments: in 1809, an obelisk in memory of a Russian officer, Aleksandr Engelhardt, who died in 1770 in Puțeni, in Covurlui county, and another in memory of Potemkin (probably the one from Rădenii Vechi, in Bessarabia); after 1832, Freywald worked together with Gheorghe Asachi and Nicolai Sungurov to erect the lions obelisk in the Public Garden in Iași.
He will then move for a while to Bucharest, in Wallachia, where he will work on numerous projects: the reconstruction of the Catholic church, the landscaping of the banks of the Dâmbovița River, the paving of streets, numerous houses in the city. In 1816 he went to Ioannina, Epirus, where he was to help erect some buildings and bridges for the famous Ali Pasha. Freywald will return to Wallachia where he will deal with the restoration of some churches, such as that of the Câmpulung monastery and, probably, that of the Sărindar monastery. He was also involved in business: in 1804, he returned to Moravia, being commissioned by the great boyar Săndulache Sturza to bring craftsmen for the cloth factory he established in Ruginoasa, in Moldavia, which operated until 1813-1814. He also built military hospitals, barracks, made plans, even drew the Balș family crest. He did not break away from his native places: later in life, his name is associated with the building of St. Bartholomew's Church in Vrahovice, a suburb of Prostějov in 1831-1837. He was not exempt from challenges. Three problems arose in his constructions – more precisely in the church in Moghilău-Podolia (which collapsed), in the new church of the Frumoasa monastery (where intervention was made to save the building) and in the metropolitan cathedral in Iași (where, later, the vault collapsed) – which suggests that there were deficiencies in the structure, probably in the calculation of the weight of the vaults. With his wife, Ludowika Brenschütz von Schützenau, he had a girl and two boys (Julius and Gustav), the latter two very active as architects in the years 1840-1850 in the two Romanian principalities. It is possible that Johann died around 1847-1848 in Vienna (unconfirmed information). Johann Freywald remains the first important foreign architect to be active in the Romanian area, his legacy being partly visible to this day.
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Analele Științifice ale Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași. Istorie , 2022
In the Military-Historical Archive from Moscow (RGVIA) there are numerous plans of regions from R... more In the Military-Historical Archive from Moscow (RGVIA) there are numerous plans of regions from Romanian area, fortresses, cities, military routes, points of interest for the Russian army and administration interested in expanding their control or influence in South-Eastern Europe. Among the maps, there are also some of villages, most of them erected for reasons similar to those mentioned above. However, one plan caught our attention because it doesn't seem to have any military significance. It is the plan of the village of Lăzăreni and the surrounding region, drawn in 1791 by surveyors led by second major I. Kupcinov. The central point of interest of the plan is the residence of the great boyar Vasile Ruset (Rosetti), with the nearby church, garden, stables, mills, vineyards. Above the mansion was the village of Lăzăreni, and further north, in the forest, there is a hermitage, which we identified it as the mysterious Stânca hermitage on Jijia. The plan captures very well the topography and hydrography of the area, which have changed very little until today. The analysis of the written sources revealed the reasons for the making of this plan. At the Ruset boyar's mansion, was present for more than two years marshal Petr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev (Zadunaischi), who had already distinguished himself through a long military career, started with the war with Sweden in 1741-1743, continued in the Seven Years' War and culminated in the war Russian-Turkish from 1768-1774. He was sent to Moldavia in 1788, but age and illness, along with disagreements with Potemkin, led him to retire in the spring-summer of 1789 to the mansion of Lăzăreni, where he stayed until after the signing of the peace of Iasi (Jassy), from January 1792. Several letters sent from Lăzăreni by count Rumyantsev to Catherine II have been preserved. The residence here was visited and described in 1794 by Johann Christian von Struve and Heinrich von Reimers. The Lăzăreni estate and the mansion remained in the possession of the Ruset family, later passing to the Sturza family. It was destroyed in World War II, with only a few cellars, the church and a ruined vault nearby surviving.
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Ioan Neculce, 2022
In the town of Iași, capital of Moldavia, during the period 1870-1965, eight churches disappeared... more In the town of Iași, capital of Moldavia, during the period 1870-1965, eight churches disappeared, most of them demolished due to ruin, the effects of natural calamities or of the Second World War; only one was demolished by the communist regime to make way for a factory. Seven of them (St. Vineri, St. Grigore, Dancu, St. Nicolas the Poor, St. Ilie, Rufeni and St. Nicolas from Iarmaroc) are known, but very little is known about the eighth, due to the lack of sources. We are dealing in this paper with the evolution of the Razului church, founded by the great boyar Vasile Razu and his wife, Ecaterina Palade around 1770. The church, built as a chapel for the boyar's house, appears for the first time on a Russian plan made in 1771-1772. Ecaterina Palade lived at least 20 years after her husband's death and came to be known in Iasi as Razoaia, an influential and feared woman. On a plan from 1828 the church is called the "Greek chapel", probably due to the Greek origin of the Razu family. Later, the church became the property of another great family, Catargiu, even taking the name of „Catargiu chapel”. Neglected after 1850, the church dedicated to the Annunciation will fall into ruin, being demolished in 1873-1875. We tried to reconstruct the history of the church and the families that were connected to it.
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Books by Laurentiu Radvan
Cu totul, acest volum cuprinde cu aproape 800 de note mai mult (cu totul 3670 note, faţă de 2900 la ediţia în engleză), la bibliografie adăugându-se în mod firesc numeroase lucrări necitate anterior sau chiar noi, apărute în intervalul 2008 - 2011. Cele mai multe adăugiri se află în părţile a doua şi a treia, ce conţin segmentul cel mai important al lucrării: completări semnificative s-au făcut în partea a doua a lucrării, la discuţia cu privire la urbanizarea din Ţara Românească, precum şi la micro-monografii, ca şi în partea a treia a lucrării, cea dedicată oraşelor din Moldova, unde secţiunea cea mai consistentă, cuprinzând micro-monografiile, este în bună parte rescrisă."
This ambitious work focuses on the emergence and the development of medieval towns in the two Romanian principalities of South-Eastern Europe, Wallachia and Moldavia, from their earliest days, in the 13th century, up to the 16th. It is the only work of its kind in English, but at the same time the first in the field seeking to identify and substantiate common elements between towns in this area of Europe. It also covers Poland, Hungary and the lands south of the Danube. By relying both on various written sources, and on archeological finds, the author addresses several controversial issues, starting from the particulars of urbanization, through an analysis of local institutions, of urban society and economy, and concluding with thorough case studies. The result is a book which shows that medieval towns in the Romanian Principalities, despite being on the outskirts of Europe, were nevertheless part of it.
Papers by Laurentiu Radvan
In these conditions, Freywald goes to Moldavia for the first time (1802), probably called by a great boyar for a project. He soon entered the service of Prince Alexandru Moruzi, who hired him to rebuild the palace in the center of the Moldavian capital of Iași, which had burned down in 1784 and was abandoned. The building, the largest in the country, received in 1803-1806 a new, neoclassical style, which will be highly appreciated in Moldavia in the following decades. Freywald will work in this style in the following period: on the arrangement of the theater hall in Iași, on the repair of the Cazimir house for the Academy, on the Palace Roznovanu in Iași, on the Sturza palace and the church in Ruginoasa, on the construction of the new church at the Neamț monastery, on the new metropolitan cathedral in Iași, at the church at the Frumoasa monastery or at the church of St. George in Moghilău, in Podolia. He was also involved in setting up some monuments: in 1809, an obelisk in memory of a Russian officer, Aleksandr Engelhardt, who died in 1770 in Puțeni, in Covurlui county, and another in memory of Potemkin (probably the one from Rădenii Vechi, in Bessarabia); after 1832, Freywald worked together with Gheorghe Asachi and Nicolai Sungurov to erect the lions obelisk in the Public Garden in Iași.
He will then move for a while to Bucharest, in Wallachia, where he will work on numerous projects: the reconstruction of the Catholic church, the landscaping of the banks of the Dâmbovița River, the paving of streets, numerous houses in the city. In 1816 he went to Ioannina, Epirus, where he was to help erect some buildings and bridges for the famous Ali Pasha. Freywald will return to Wallachia where he will deal with the restoration of some churches, such as that of the Câmpulung monastery and, probably, that of the Sărindar monastery. He was also involved in business: in 1804, he returned to Moravia, being commissioned by the great boyar Săndulache Sturza to bring craftsmen for the cloth factory he established in Ruginoasa, in Moldavia, which operated until 1813-1814. He also built military hospitals, barracks, made plans, even drew the Balș family crest. He did not break away from his native places: later in life, his name is associated with the building of St. Bartholomew's Church in Vrahovice, a suburb of Prostějov in 1831-1837. He was not exempt from challenges. Three problems arose in his constructions – more precisely in the church in Moghilău-Podolia (which collapsed), in the new church of the Frumoasa monastery (where intervention was made to save the building) and in the metropolitan cathedral in Iași (where, later, the vault collapsed) – which suggests that there were deficiencies in the structure, probably in the calculation of the weight of the vaults. With his wife, Ludowika Brenschütz von Schützenau, he had a girl and two boys (Julius and Gustav), the latter two very active as architects in the years 1840-1850 in the two Romanian principalities. It is possible that Johann died around 1847-1848 in Vienna (unconfirmed information). Johann Freywald remains the first important foreign architect to be active in the Romanian area, his legacy being partly visible to this day.
Cu totul, acest volum cuprinde cu aproape 800 de note mai mult (cu totul 3670 note, faţă de 2900 la ediţia în engleză), la bibliografie adăugându-se în mod firesc numeroase lucrări necitate anterior sau chiar noi, apărute în intervalul 2008 - 2011. Cele mai multe adăugiri se află în părţile a doua şi a treia, ce conţin segmentul cel mai important al lucrării: completări semnificative s-au făcut în partea a doua a lucrării, la discuţia cu privire la urbanizarea din Ţara Românească, precum şi la micro-monografii, ca şi în partea a treia a lucrării, cea dedicată oraşelor din Moldova, unde secţiunea cea mai consistentă, cuprinzând micro-monografiile, este în bună parte rescrisă."
This ambitious work focuses on the emergence and the development of medieval towns in the two Romanian principalities of South-Eastern Europe, Wallachia and Moldavia, from their earliest days, in the 13th century, up to the 16th. It is the only work of its kind in English, but at the same time the first in the field seeking to identify and substantiate common elements between towns in this area of Europe. It also covers Poland, Hungary and the lands south of the Danube. By relying both on various written sources, and on archeological finds, the author addresses several controversial issues, starting from the particulars of urbanization, through an analysis of local institutions, of urban society and economy, and concluding with thorough case studies. The result is a book which shows that medieval towns in the Romanian Principalities, despite being on the outskirts of Europe, were nevertheless part of it.
In these conditions, Freywald goes to Moldavia for the first time (1802), probably called by a great boyar for a project. He soon entered the service of Prince Alexandru Moruzi, who hired him to rebuild the palace in the center of the Moldavian capital of Iași, which had burned down in 1784 and was abandoned. The building, the largest in the country, received in 1803-1806 a new, neoclassical style, which will be highly appreciated in Moldavia in the following decades. Freywald will work in this style in the following period: on the arrangement of the theater hall in Iași, on the repair of the Cazimir house for the Academy, on the Palace Roznovanu in Iași, on the Sturza palace and the church in Ruginoasa, on the construction of the new church at the Neamț monastery, on the new metropolitan cathedral in Iași, at the church at the Frumoasa monastery or at the church of St. George in Moghilău, in Podolia. He was also involved in setting up some monuments: in 1809, an obelisk in memory of a Russian officer, Aleksandr Engelhardt, who died in 1770 in Puțeni, in Covurlui county, and another in memory of Potemkin (probably the one from Rădenii Vechi, in Bessarabia); after 1832, Freywald worked together with Gheorghe Asachi and Nicolai Sungurov to erect the lions obelisk in the Public Garden in Iași.
He will then move for a while to Bucharest, in Wallachia, where he will work on numerous projects: the reconstruction of the Catholic church, the landscaping of the banks of the Dâmbovița River, the paving of streets, numerous houses in the city. In 1816 he went to Ioannina, Epirus, where he was to help erect some buildings and bridges for the famous Ali Pasha. Freywald will return to Wallachia where he will deal with the restoration of some churches, such as that of the Câmpulung monastery and, probably, that of the Sărindar monastery. He was also involved in business: in 1804, he returned to Moravia, being commissioned by the great boyar Săndulache Sturza to bring craftsmen for the cloth factory he established in Ruginoasa, in Moldavia, which operated until 1813-1814. He also built military hospitals, barracks, made plans, even drew the Balș family crest. He did not break away from his native places: later in life, his name is associated with the building of St. Bartholomew's Church in Vrahovice, a suburb of Prostějov in 1831-1837. He was not exempt from challenges. Three problems arose in his constructions – more precisely in the church in Moghilău-Podolia (which collapsed), in the new church of the Frumoasa monastery (where intervention was made to save the building) and in the metropolitan cathedral in Iași (where, later, the vault collapsed) – which suggests that there were deficiencies in the structure, probably in the calculation of the weight of the vaults. With his wife, Ludowika Brenschütz von Schützenau, he had a girl and two boys (Julius and Gustav), the latter two very active as architects in the years 1840-1850 in the two Romanian principalities. It is possible that Johann died around 1847-1848 in Vienna (unconfirmed information). Johann Freywald remains the first important foreign architect to be active in the Romanian area, his legacy being partly visible to this day.
Of even greater importance is the discovery of a copy of the original plan of Iași from 1739, the oldest known plan of this city. The plan includes information on the stage of fortification works, the situation of the princely residence and the palace at Frumoasa, the presence of lakes around the city, bridges, etc. Precious are the data on the churches and monasteries in the city, including churches claimed to be newer than 1739. The legend is very rich, containing no less than 35 explanatory points. The author of the plans is the engineer Jakov Mordvinov, who at that time held the rank of lieutenant colonel (podpolcovnic) and who was commissioned by von Münnich with several works of military engineering during the war.