International Journal of Production Research, 1990
This paper presents a case study documenting the development of an expert system for diagnosing t... more This paper presents a case study documenting the development of an expert system for diagnosing the malfunctions of a machine used by the NEC Corporation to mount chips on integrated circuit boards. Development of the expert system was justified by the inability of operators to efficiently diagnose many malfunctions of the chip-mounting machine, the associated cost of production delays, and
This paper reports on the performance of using a multistage constructed wetland (CW) to treat mun... more This paper reports on the performance of using a multistage constructed wetland (CW) to treat municipal raw wastewater and an analysis of its suitability for agricultural irrigation. The pilot plant consists of two stages of vertical flow CWs plus one stage of a horizontal CW built in 2018 with different local materials at the Gaston Berger University Campus, Saint Louis (Senegal). Each CW stage is composed of several filters with different type of media (silex, granite, or river gravel), filtering media depths, and macrophytes (Phragmites and Typha). The physicochemical and microbiological indicators were monitored over six months at each bed inlet and outlet to evaluate the efficiency and achievements of the Senegalese, European, and WHO regulations/recommendations for disposal or reuse in irrigation. This study demonstrates the viability of this new multistage CW design to treat raw municipal wastewater and produce an effluent of good quality suitable for reuse in agriculture. Th...
OS DESAFIOS DAS ÁGUAS E AS SOLUÇÕES BASEADAS NA NATUREZA (SBN) PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CIDADES SUSTENTÁVEIS, 2020
A preocupação pela busca de SBN para superar os desafios das águas não é recente na administração... more A preocupação pela busca de SBN para superar os desafios das águas não é recente na administração pública. Na verdade, a busca pelo controle dos recursos hídricos sempre foi uma preocupação humana, remonta à Antiguidade, ao surgimento das primeiras cidades e foi peça fundamental na criação do Estado. Segundo Max Weber (2004), no oriente próximo (inclusive no Egito) e na China a necessidade de regular os rios e de administrar a irrigação fez surgir as primeiras organizações públicas, inicialmente ocupadas apenas com as obras de gestão hídrica, e depois com a estocagem do excedente de produção, com o recolhimento de impostos, com o equipamento de exércitos, e com a expansão territorial. Ou seja, foi a organização da sociedade necessária para o domínio das águas que possibilitou o surgimento dos grandes impérios antigos. Sendo assim, é um tema relevante até os dias de hoje, principalmente devido à busca por cidades mais sustentáveis.
Simple and suitable treatment of swine slurry from small farms is paramount especially in sensiti... more Simple and suitable treatment of swine slurry from small farms is paramount especially in sensitive areas. This paper evaluates the viability of an innovative nature-based technology hybrid system (a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland followed by a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland both planted with reeds – Phragmites australis) to treat swine slurry for further land application or discharge in water bodies with reduced nitrogen impact. Physicochemical parameters, bacterial indicators, surface deposits and biomass inside the filters were monitored. The hybrid configuration offered a dual function for simultaneous solid-liquid separation and biological treatment. Removal of organic matter and suspended solids was very high (>80% for SS and >75% for COD and BOD5) while the overall nitrogen load removal was 65%, due to the combined nitrification/denitrification processes, thus effectively reducing swine slurry nitrogen content. The influence of temperature and design and operati...
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
The identification of adequate treatment for small communities is a complex problem since it make... more The identification of adequate treatment for small communities is a complex problem since it makes it necessary to combine aspects of the community and landscape, the receiving environment, and the available wastewater treatment technologies. This paper presents the development and implementation of a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System (KB-DSS) to tackle this problem. Different knowledge sources have been consulted in order to make up a comprehensive and accurate knowledge base. The core of the KB-DSS embraces two objectives. The first one is to assist in the selection of the treatment level adequate to fulfil the target quality standards for the receiving environment. The second one is to select the specific type of treatment. The KB-DSS is being applied to each one of the 3,482 different small communities comprised in the Small Communities Wastewater Treatment Plan of Catalonia, grouped according to river catchments. This paper also summarizes the different steps involved in ...
The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to e... more The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration-percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration-percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants, The use of infiltration-percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.
Infiltration percolation (IP) is an extensive technology to treat primary or secondary effluents ... more Infiltration percolation (IP) is an extensive technology to treat primary or secondary effluents of small and middle size communities before reuse or disposal to sensitive receiving bodies. Thirteen years of implementation of IP in Spain has highlighted the necessity to abide by defined design and construction rules and operation conditions in order to achieve consistently the treatment objectives and guarantee a long lasting treatment capacity. From this experience, high care should be taken of (i) the characteristics of the sand constituting the filter, (ii) the drainage conditions, (iii) the influent spreading over the infiltration surface and (iv) the risks related to recurrent overloading. Simple monitoring measures are suggested in order to improve the reliability of IP plants.
Car washing is an activity affecting the environment, above all due to water consumption and the ... more Car washing is an activity affecting the environment, above all due to water consumption and the usage of cleaning products, as well as wastewater generation and emission. On one hand, car washing facilities consume large amounts of potable water, especially those that do not take recycling into account. On the other hand, generated wastewater may contain specific pollutants (metals, detergents, hydrocarbons, etc.) which have a negative impact on the receiving waters and/or may affect the processes and sludge quality in water treatment plants.
The increasing demand for environmental regulations and legislation and the awareness of the general population about the need to protect the environment have led society to demand more respect for business in their processes. There is a growing awareness about the scarcity of water resources and the importance of integrated management of water cycle. The attention to environmental aspects in car washing facilities must be increasingly careful and integrated into the management of these companies.
This guide is addressed, mainly, to car washing installation operators with the objective of collecting data and appropriate measures providing information on this sector and helping to know and implement good practices. The recommendations in this document are intended to provide real solutions in order to minimize consumption and waste streams in car washing. It can also be a reference tool for service providers and, although it is not written for this purpose, it can be a reflection and initial framework for the promotion of a manual of Best Available Techniques in the field of car washing. The main objective is, therefore, transmit the knowledge generated in the framework of the Life MinAqua project (LIFE 11 ENV/ES/569/MINAQUA) and the good practices demonstrated to the main interested.
International Journal of Production Research, 1990
This paper presents a case study documenting the development of an expert system for diagnosing t... more This paper presents a case study documenting the development of an expert system for diagnosing the malfunctions of a machine used by the NEC Corporation to mount chips on integrated circuit boards. Development of the expert system was justified by the inability of operators to efficiently diagnose many malfunctions of the chip-mounting machine, the associated cost of production delays, and
This paper reports on the performance of using a multistage constructed wetland (CW) to treat mun... more This paper reports on the performance of using a multistage constructed wetland (CW) to treat municipal raw wastewater and an analysis of its suitability for agricultural irrigation. The pilot plant consists of two stages of vertical flow CWs plus one stage of a horizontal CW built in 2018 with different local materials at the Gaston Berger University Campus, Saint Louis (Senegal). Each CW stage is composed of several filters with different type of media (silex, granite, or river gravel), filtering media depths, and macrophytes (Phragmites and Typha). The physicochemical and microbiological indicators were monitored over six months at each bed inlet and outlet to evaluate the efficiency and achievements of the Senegalese, European, and WHO regulations/recommendations for disposal or reuse in irrigation. This study demonstrates the viability of this new multistage CW design to treat raw municipal wastewater and produce an effluent of good quality suitable for reuse in agriculture. Th...
OS DESAFIOS DAS ÁGUAS E AS SOLUÇÕES BASEADAS NA NATUREZA (SBN) PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DE CIDADES SUSTENTÁVEIS, 2020
A preocupação pela busca de SBN para superar os desafios das águas não é recente na administração... more A preocupação pela busca de SBN para superar os desafios das águas não é recente na administração pública. Na verdade, a busca pelo controle dos recursos hídricos sempre foi uma preocupação humana, remonta à Antiguidade, ao surgimento das primeiras cidades e foi peça fundamental na criação do Estado. Segundo Max Weber (2004), no oriente próximo (inclusive no Egito) e na China a necessidade de regular os rios e de administrar a irrigação fez surgir as primeiras organizações públicas, inicialmente ocupadas apenas com as obras de gestão hídrica, e depois com a estocagem do excedente de produção, com o recolhimento de impostos, com o equipamento de exércitos, e com a expansão territorial. Ou seja, foi a organização da sociedade necessária para o domínio das águas que possibilitou o surgimento dos grandes impérios antigos. Sendo assim, é um tema relevante até os dias de hoje, principalmente devido à busca por cidades mais sustentáveis.
Simple and suitable treatment of swine slurry from small farms is paramount especially in sensiti... more Simple and suitable treatment of swine slurry from small farms is paramount especially in sensitive areas. This paper evaluates the viability of an innovative nature-based technology hybrid system (a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland followed by a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland both planted with reeds – Phragmites australis) to treat swine slurry for further land application or discharge in water bodies with reduced nitrogen impact. Physicochemical parameters, bacterial indicators, surface deposits and biomass inside the filters were monitored. The hybrid configuration offered a dual function for simultaneous solid-liquid separation and biological treatment. Removal of organic matter and suspended solids was very high (>80% for SS and >75% for COD and BOD5) while the overall nitrogen load removal was 65%, due to the combined nitrification/denitrification processes, thus effectively reducing swine slurry nitrogen content. The influence of temperature and design and operati...
Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research, 2003
The identification of adequate treatment for small communities is a complex problem since it make... more The identification of adequate treatment for small communities is a complex problem since it makes it necessary to combine aspects of the community and landscape, the receiving environment, and the available wastewater treatment technologies. This paper presents the development and implementation of a Knowledge-Based Decision Support System (KB-DSS) to tackle this problem. Different knowledge sources have been consulted in order to make up a comprehensive and accurate knowledge base. The core of the KB-DSS embraces two objectives. The first one is to assist in the selection of the treatment level adequate to fulfil the target quality standards for the receiving environment. The second one is to select the specific type of treatment. The KB-DSS is being applied to each one of the 3,482 different small communities comprised in the Small Communities Wastewater Treatment Plan of Catalonia, grouped according to river catchments. This paper also summarizes the different steps involved in ...
The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to e... more The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration-percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration-percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants, The use of infiltration-percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.
Infiltration percolation (IP) is an extensive technology to treat primary or secondary effluents ... more Infiltration percolation (IP) is an extensive technology to treat primary or secondary effluents of small and middle size communities before reuse or disposal to sensitive receiving bodies. Thirteen years of implementation of IP in Spain has highlighted the necessity to abide by defined design and construction rules and operation conditions in order to achieve consistently the treatment objectives and guarantee a long lasting treatment capacity. From this experience, high care should be taken of (i) the characteristics of the sand constituting the filter, (ii) the drainage conditions, (iii) the influent spreading over the infiltration surface and (iv) the risks related to recurrent overloading. Simple monitoring measures are suggested in order to improve the reliability of IP plants.
Car washing is an activity affecting the environment, above all due to water consumption and the ... more Car washing is an activity affecting the environment, above all due to water consumption and the usage of cleaning products, as well as wastewater generation and emission. On one hand, car washing facilities consume large amounts of potable water, especially those that do not take recycling into account. On the other hand, generated wastewater may contain specific pollutants (metals, detergents, hydrocarbons, etc.) which have a negative impact on the receiving waters and/or may affect the processes and sludge quality in water treatment plants.
The increasing demand for environmental regulations and legislation and the awareness of the general population about the need to protect the environment have led society to demand more respect for business in their processes. There is a growing awareness about the scarcity of water resources and the importance of integrated management of water cycle. The attention to environmental aspects in car washing facilities must be increasingly careful and integrated into the management of these companies.
This guide is addressed, mainly, to car washing installation operators with the objective of collecting data and appropriate measures providing information on this sector and helping to know and implement good practices. The recommendations in this document are intended to provide real solutions in order to minimize consumption and waste streams in car washing. It can also be a reference tool for service providers and, although it is not written for this purpose, it can be a reflection and initial framework for the promotion of a manual of Best Available Techniques in the field of car washing. The main objective is, therefore, transmit the knowledge generated in the framework of the Life MinAqua project (LIFE 11 ENV/ES/569/MINAQUA) and the good practices demonstrated to the main interested.
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do not take recycling into account. On the other hand, generated wastewater may contain specific pollutants (metals, detergents, hydrocarbons, etc.) which have a negative impact on the receiving waters and/or may affect the processes and sludge quality in water treatment plants.
The increasing demand for environmental regulations and legislation and the awareness of the general population about the need to protect the environment have led society to demand more respect for business in their processes. There is a growing awareness about the scarcity of water resources and the importance of integrated management of water
cycle. The attention to environmental aspects in car washing facilities must be increasingly careful and integrated into the management of these companies.
This guide is addressed, mainly, to car washing installation operators with the objective of collecting data and appropriate measures providing information on this sector and helping to know and implement good practices. The recommendations in this document are intended to provide real solutions in order to minimize consumption and waste streams in car washing. It can also be a reference tool for service providers and, although it is not written for this purpose, it can be a reflection and initial framework for the promotion of a manual of Best Available Techniques in the field of car washing. The main objective is, therefore, transmit the knowledge generated in the framework of the
Life MinAqua project (LIFE 11 ENV/ES/569/MINAQUA) and the good practices demonstrated to the main interested.
Available at: http://www.minaqua.org/wp14/en/descargas2/documentos-2/
do not take recycling into account. On the other hand, generated wastewater may contain specific pollutants (metals, detergents, hydrocarbons, etc.) which have a negative impact on the receiving waters and/or may affect the processes and sludge quality in water treatment plants.
The increasing demand for environmental regulations and legislation and the awareness of the general population about the need to protect the environment have led society to demand more respect for business in their processes. There is a growing awareness about the scarcity of water resources and the importance of integrated management of water
cycle. The attention to environmental aspects in car washing facilities must be increasingly careful and integrated into the management of these companies.
This guide is addressed, mainly, to car washing installation operators with the objective of collecting data and appropriate measures providing information on this sector and helping to know and implement good practices. The recommendations in this document are intended to provide real solutions in order to minimize consumption and waste streams in car washing. It can also be a reference tool for service providers and, although it is not written for this purpose, it can be a reflection and initial framework for the promotion of a manual of Best Available Techniques in the field of car washing. The main objective is, therefore, transmit the knowledge generated in the framework of the
Life MinAqua project (LIFE 11 ENV/ES/569/MINAQUA) and the good practices demonstrated to the main interested.
Available at: http://www.minaqua.org/wp14/en/descargas2/documentos-2/