nternational Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2024
A field experiment was undertaken at ICAR-AICRP on Spices, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pun... more A field experiment was undertaken at ICAR-AICRP on Spices, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal for four consecutive years i.e., from 2016-17 to 2019-20 to study the performance oftwelve turmeric genotypes namely LTS01, LTS02, RH80, RH9/90, IT10, IT23, IT36, NDH11, NDH128, TCP191, TCP2 (Local check) and Prathiba (National Check) for growth, yield, dry recovery and foliar disease incidence. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The pooled data of the experiment revealed that the highest yield (38.73 t/ha) was recorded by TCP191 followed by IT10 (24.65 t/ha) and the lowest yield was recorded by IT23 (16.96 t/ha). Among the different evaluated genotypes, the highest dry recovery (22.63%) was recorded in TCP191 followed by TCP2 (22.00%) and the lowest was recorded in RH 9/90 (20.23%). With respect to leaf spot and leaf blotch, the lowest disease incidence was recorded by TCP191 (3.15 PDI & 2.61 PDI, respectively) followed by LTS1 (8.36 PDI, & 9.46 PDI, respectively). Thus, considering the yield and reaction to disease incidence of turmeric genotypes, TCP191 may be recommended for cultivation in the Terai zone of West Bengal, India.
Nutrient management through integration of different organic and inorganic fertilizers provide a ... more Nutrient management through integration of different organic and inorganic fertilizers provide a superior result than using each component separately. Thus, to investigate the outcome of integrated nutrient management in okra cv. Arka Anamika, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of
Luffa vegetables are one of the important cucurbitaceous vegetable crops enriched with several nu... more Luffa vegetables are one of the important cucurbitaceous vegetable crops enriched with several nutritional and medicinal properties. The genus Luffa comprises of several species among which Luffa acutangula and Luffa cylindrica are the important domesticated species that are most common and popular under commercial cultivation throughout the World. Such vegetables are rich source of vitamin A, calcium, phosphorous, ascorbic acid, iron and found to be helpful in treating several diseases including diabetes, hypertension, inflammatory diseases, diarrhoea and several viral infections. The rapidly increasing human population is triggering a number of challenges including the food demand. Luffa vegetables being one of the important cucurbitaceous vegetable crop that play a vital role in fulfilling the vegetable demand also seems to be affected by such prevailing conditions. Due to such sudden rise in demand and prevalence of several biotic and abiotic stresses for successful cultivation, conventional breeding methods are found to be sterile to combat such complications. Therefore, there is a need of advancement in crop improvement technique or method at advance level including molecular breeding with major emphasis on development of high yielding superior varieties/hybrids, resistant to different biotic and abiotic stresses, containing good nutritive value, adaptable to different environment conditions, etc. which ultimately favours improvement of crop in different aspects Thus, this chapter deals with the recent methods or technologies opted for successful crop improvement in Luffa vegetables till date with recent achievements for fruitful cultivation.
Plastic mulches can play an important role in pest control by light reflection repels and additio... more Plastic mulches can play an important role in pest control by light reflection repels and additionally the high temperature generated reduces the incidence of diseases. The cultivation of okra by the use of synthetic chemicals which affects the human health as well as the environment. Plant extracts (botanicals) have potentiality to manage the plant pests and diseases which is more efficient, eco-friendly and cost effective as compared to chemicals. A field experiment was conducted at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, India during summer season of 2021 and 2022 to find out the effect of plastic mulches and botanicals on growth and physiological attributes of okra. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (FRCBD) with three replications. There were two factors, in which first factor with four levels of coloured plastic mulches and second factor with five levels of botanicals spray. From the present study, it was found that the treatment comprising of silver plastic mulch along with foliar spray of Azadirachta indica leaf extract (5 %) were found most effective in increasing plant height (117.81 cm) at final harvest, number of branches per plant (4.57), total leaf chlorophyll content (37.99 mg/ 100g) and leaf area index (3.03) over other treatments. It might be recommended for the terai region of West Bengal.
In the current status of research on this so far, a very meager number of findings on nutrient ma... more In the current status of research on this so far, a very meager number of findings on nutrient management with nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications are available in the Terai region of West Bengal. Therefore, it has become very important to find out how appropriate fertility levels affect the growth and yield of elephant foot yam in this region. The present experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Regional Research Sub-Station (TZ), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kharibari, Darjeeling during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the effect of nitrogen and potassium on growth and yield of elephant foot yam var. Bidhan Kusum. The experiment was laid out in 5 x 3 factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Individually, nitrogen and potassium levels had a significant impact on practically all growth including plant height, canopy spread and leaflet number and yield indices. Among the treatments investigated, T11 (N @ 200 kg/ha and K2O @ 100 kg/ha) produced the highest corm yield in terms of corm bulking rate (CBR), corm diameter, corm weight and corm yield during both trials. As a result, fertilizer doses of 200 kg/ha nitrogen and 100 kg/ha potassium may be recommended for higher yields of elephant foot yam under Terai agro-climatic conditions in West Bengal.
Genetic variability and its proper characterization are of vital importance in hybridisation prog... more Genetic variability and its proper characterization are of vital importance in hybridisation programme of a crop for making a successful rapid improvement. In India, there is a wide range of genetic variability in pumpkin but, not much attention has been given to its improvement programme. Moreover, pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.) are grown as a summer crop in Terai region of West Bengal and no suitable genotypes are available for winter season cultivation. Hence, the present study focuses on identifying and conserving the superior genotypes for off-season to facilitate the future breeding programme. The present experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the department, Vegetable and Spice Crops,
More than 25% of plants in the family of Apiaceae have medicinal values, Heracleum nepalense D. D... more More than 25% of plants in the family of Apiaceae have medicinal values, Heracleum nepalense D. Don commonly known as hogweed is one of the potential representatives of this group. In India, hogweeds are reported in the higher altitude of North East Region. Indigenous people have been using the seeds in the form of traditional medicine or as a spice. The curative aspect of Heracleum nepalense D. Don is attributed to the presence of various bioactive components. However, there is scarce scientific literature regarding the Heracleum nepalense D. Don. Therefore, this article focuses on the deliverance of valuable information on Heracleum nepalense D. Don, which will be helpful in the future research program.
Diurnal increase in a population growth has led to the imbalance in horticultural food supply cha... more Diurnal increase in a population growth has led to the imbalance in horticultural food supply chain including vegetables resulting in several issues such as malnutrition and hidden hunger. Many families in our nation still suffer from malnutrition due to unaffordability or lack of easy access to the nutritious foods. Under such dejected situation microgreens can be used as a key source of nutritional compound. Microgreens are simply a juvenile form of edible vegetables, aromatics, condiments and other wild edible species with enriched nutritional composition beneficial for human beings in fulfilling their balance diet and also treating numerous health issues viz., cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease such as alzheimer's, parkinson's and huntington's disease, diabetes, cancers. They are a good source of vitamins, minerals, fibers and antioxidant along with low levels of nitrite content which makes them a super food for addressing overall food security, nutrition, health, income generation and ecosystem services for the human wellbeing in forthcoming days.
Since time immemorial plants are considered as one of the key source of human diet and hold a gre... more Since time immemorial plants are considered as one of the key source of human diet and hold a great importance in treating enormous diseases and illness. Oroxylum indicum is one of the important vegetable cum medicinal plant playing a vital role in human wellbeing. Though the plant holds a great importance in human prosperity, it is still less popular when it comes for consumption as vegetable due to the lack of knowledge and awareness regarding its beneficial properties and lack of research as a result of which their actual potential has not been much explored till now. Therefore, such crops need to be taken under consideration by performing various forms of researches such as collection and maintenance of existing genotypes, evaluation, extraction of bioactive compounds and its better utilization, etc. which will also prevents its genetic erosion. Thus, the present article focuses on highlighting the importance of Oroxylum indicum in human well beings and also aims in expressing the future scope of the crop for the fruitful outcome.
Vegetables play an important role in human diet due to its enriched nutritional and medicinal pro... more Vegetables play an important role in human diet due to its enriched nutritional and medicinal properties. With respect to rapidly increasing population the demand of vegetables for consumption in our nation and worldwide is increasing simultaneously. Utilization of underutilized vegetable such as watercress, its exploitation for human benefit is a need of an hour. Watercress is a perennial, aquatic or semi-aquatic herb grown popularly in the hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim. It possesses antiscorbutic, stimulant and anti-cancer and found to be helpful in treating several diseases. It holds a great importance in human diet and at some point in livelihood improvement of the local people belonging to hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim. Thus, use of underutilized vegetable such as watercress (simrayo), a well acceptable plant used as a vegetable in hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim can be helpful in fulfilling vegetable requirements for the growing population in future days and will also be helpful in maintaining market stability and empowering Atma Nirbhar Bharat which is considered as essential need of an hour.
Population explosion has led to the increase in a demand for food including vegetables. Under suc... more Population explosion has led to the increase in a demand for food including vegetables. Under such circumstances utilization of underexploited vegetables holds a great potential in maintaining the nutritional security of the nation. Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad locally known as chuche karela and commonly known as caigua or stuffed cucumber is one of the underexploited cucurbitaceous vegetable crop grown in the hills of West Bengal and Sikkim. Such crop acclaims several nutritional potential including medicinal benefits to address number of lifestyle diseases and same can be utilized to subdue number of emerging issues such as malnutrition, remedying non-communicable diseases and also can enhance the livelihood of marginal and smallholder farmers by reducing rural poverty and unemployment in our country.
We are evident of the situation that COVID-19 pandemic is still in a motion which is a serious ma... more We are evident of the situation that COVID-19 pandemic is still in a motion which is a serious matter of concern. It has affected the economy of the nations, educational scenario, agricultural systems, etc. but most importantly it has resulted in emotional disturbances to those who have suffered or are still suffering due to such pandemic. It is a bitter truth that, no such vaccine or medicine has been regulated till now to neutralize COVID-19. Through various research and statements during this pandemic situation we were familiar with the fact that proper immune system can tackle such problem and could recover after a fairly short period of time. In such situation it was realized that consumption of good amount of healthy vegetable in a diet is one of the easy substitute to maintain and improve the immunity during this pandemic situation especially to the old aged people who are at more risk due to their weak immune system. During such pandemic situation, consumption of healthy vegetables will be helpful in boosting immunity and prevention from several other harmful infections and pathogens which may result in serious health issue which is better to be avoided especially during this pandemic situation.
Nakima (Tupistra nutans Wall) is a perennial under underutilized vegetable crop grown in the hill... more Nakima (Tupistra nutans Wall) is a perennial under underutilized vegetable crop grown in the hills of West Bengal. It is enriched with high nutritive value and possesses several medicinal properties benefiting human health. As it is a underutilized vegetable crop it has a great opportunity to flourish thereby improving the production as well as economic benefit to the nation.
Vegetables play a major role in human diet. They are enriched with various essential nutrients an... more Vegetables play a major role in human diet. They are enriched with various essential nutrients and therefore also called as protective food. For sustainable vegetable production and to meet the vegetable demand advancement in production techniques of vegetable crops is need of an hour. Use of polyamines as a tool for improving the vegetable production is found to be beneficial. Polyamines are the organic poly-cation compounds consisting of two or more amino groups found to improve growth and development of plants due to their effects on cell division and cell differentiation. Polyamines are also involved in various physiological processes in plants and also play major role in ion channels regulation and transportation of different molecules in cell membrane. Polyamines are associated with many fundamental processes such as DNA replication, RNA modification, synthesis of protein, modulation of enzyme activities and transcription in plants. Several studies have been conducted to study the effect of different polyamines (putrecine, spermidine, spermine etc.) on growth and development of vegetables for better outcome. Therefore, present review paper focuses on compilation of literature with respect to the effect of polyamines on growth and development of vegetables for sustainable and fruitful vegetable production.
nternational Journal of Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 2024
A field experiment was undertaken at ICAR-AICRP on Spices, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pun... more A field experiment was undertaken at ICAR-AICRP on Spices, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal for four consecutive years i.e., from 2016-17 to 2019-20 to study the performance oftwelve turmeric genotypes namely LTS01, LTS02, RH80, RH9/90, IT10, IT23, IT36, NDH11, NDH128, TCP191, TCP2 (Local check) and Prathiba (National Check) for growth, yield, dry recovery and foliar disease incidence. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The pooled data of the experiment revealed that the highest yield (38.73 t/ha) was recorded by TCP191 followed by IT10 (24.65 t/ha) and the lowest yield was recorded by IT23 (16.96 t/ha). Among the different evaluated genotypes, the highest dry recovery (22.63%) was recorded in TCP191 followed by TCP2 (22.00%) and the lowest was recorded in RH 9/90 (20.23%). With respect to leaf spot and leaf blotch, the lowest disease incidence was recorded by TCP191 (3.15 PDI & 2.61 PDI, respectively) followed by LTS1 (8.36 PDI, & 9.46 PDI, respectively). Thus, considering the yield and reaction to disease incidence of turmeric genotypes, TCP191 may be recommended for cultivation in the Terai zone of West Bengal, India.
Nutrient management through integration of different organic and inorganic fertilizers provide a ... more Nutrient management through integration of different organic and inorganic fertilizers provide a superior result than using each component separately. Thus, to investigate the outcome of integrated nutrient management in okra cv. Arka Anamika, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field of
Luffa vegetables are one of the important cucurbitaceous vegetable crops enriched with several nu... more Luffa vegetables are one of the important cucurbitaceous vegetable crops enriched with several nutritional and medicinal properties. The genus Luffa comprises of several species among which Luffa acutangula and Luffa cylindrica are the important domesticated species that are most common and popular under commercial cultivation throughout the World. Such vegetables are rich source of vitamin A, calcium, phosphorous, ascorbic acid, iron and found to be helpful in treating several diseases including diabetes, hypertension, inflammatory diseases, diarrhoea and several viral infections. The rapidly increasing human population is triggering a number of challenges including the food demand. Luffa vegetables being one of the important cucurbitaceous vegetable crop that play a vital role in fulfilling the vegetable demand also seems to be affected by such prevailing conditions. Due to such sudden rise in demand and prevalence of several biotic and abiotic stresses for successful cultivation, conventional breeding methods are found to be sterile to combat such complications. Therefore, there is a need of advancement in crop improvement technique or method at advance level including molecular breeding with major emphasis on development of high yielding superior varieties/hybrids, resistant to different biotic and abiotic stresses, containing good nutritive value, adaptable to different environment conditions, etc. which ultimately favours improvement of crop in different aspects Thus, this chapter deals with the recent methods or technologies opted for successful crop improvement in Luffa vegetables till date with recent achievements for fruitful cultivation.
Plastic mulches can play an important role in pest control by light reflection repels and additio... more Plastic mulches can play an important role in pest control by light reflection repels and additionally the high temperature generated reduces the incidence of diseases. The cultivation of okra by the use of synthetic chemicals which affects the human health as well as the environment. Plant extracts (botanicals) have potentiality to manage the plant pests and diseases which is more efficient, eco-friendly and cost effective as compared to chemicals. A field experiment was conducted at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, India during summer season of 2021 and 2022 to find out the effect of plastic mulches and botanicals on growth and physiological attributes of okra. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (FRCBD) with three replications. There were two factors, in which first factor with four levels of coloured plastic mulches and second factor with five levels of botanicals spray. From the present study, it was found that the treatment comprising of silver plastic mulch along with foliar spray of Azadirachta indica leaf extract (5 %) were found most effective in increasing plant height (117.81 cm) at final harvest, number of branches per plant (4.57), total leaf chlorophyll content (37.99 mg/ 100g) and leaf area index (3.03) over other treatments. It might be recommended for the terai region of West Bengal.
In the current status of research on this so far, a very meager number of findings on nutrient ma... more In the current status of research on this so far, a very meager number of findings on nutrient management with nitrogen and potassium fertilizer applications are available in the Terai region of West Bengal. Therefore, it has become very important to find out how appropriate fertility levels affect the growth and yield of elephant foot yam in this region. The present experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Regional Research Sub-Station (TZ), Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kharibari, Darjeeling during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the effect of nitrogen and potassium on growth and yield of elephant foot yam var. Bidhan Kusum. The experiment was laid out in 5 x 3 factorial randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Individually, nitrogen and potassium levels had a significant impact on practically all growth including plant height, canopy spread and leaflet number and yield indices. Among the treatments investigated, T11 (N @ 200 kg/ha and K2O @ 100 kg/ha) produced the highest corm yield in terms of corm bulking rate (CBR), corm diameter, corm weight and corm yield during both trials. As a result, fertilizer doses of 200 kg/ha nitrogen and 100 kg/ha potassium may be recommended for higher yields of elephant foot yam under Terai agro-climatic conditions in West Bengal.
Genetic variability and its proper characterization are of vital importance in hybridisation prog... more Genetic variability and its proper characterization are of vital importance in hybridisation programme of a crop for making a successful rapid improvement. In India, there is a wide range of genetic variability in pumpkin but, not much attention has been given to its improvement programme. Moreover, pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.) are grown as a summer crop in Terai region of West Bengal and no suitable genotypes are available for winter season cultivation. Hence, the present study focuses on identifying and conserving the superior genotypes for off-season to facilitate the future breeding programme. The present experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the department, Vegetable and Spice Crops,
More than 25% of plants in the family of Apiaceae have medicinal values, Heracleum nepalense D. D... more More than 25% of plants in the family of Apiaceae have medicinal values, Heracleum nepalense D. Don commonly known as hogweed is one of the potential representatives of this group. In India, hogweeds are reported in the higher altitude of North East Region. Indigenous people have been using the seeds in the form of traditional medicine or as a spice. The curative aspect of Heracleum nepalense D. Don is attributed to the presence of various bioactive components. However, there is scarce scientific literature regarding the Heracleum nepalense D. Don. Therefore, this article focuses on the deliverance of valuable information on Heracleum nepalense D. Don, which will be helpful in the future research program.
Diurnal increase in a population growth has led to the imbalance in horticultural food supply cha... more Diurnal increase in a population growth has led to the imbalance in horticultural food supply chain including vegetables resulting in several issues such as malnutrition and hidden hunger. Many families in our nation still suffer from malnutrition due to unaffordability or lack of easy access to the nutritious foods. Under such dejected situation microgreens can be used as a key source of nutritional compound. Microgreens are simply a juvenile form of edible vegetables, aromatics, condiments and other wild edible species with enriched nutritional composition beneficial for human beings in fulfilling their balance diet and also treating numerous health issues viz., cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease such as alzheimer's, parkinson's and huntington's disease, diabetes, cancers. They are a good source of vitamins, minerals, fibers and antioxidant along with low levels of nitrite content which makes them a super food for addressing overall food security, nutrition, health, income generation and ecosystem services for the human wellbeing in forthcoming days.
Since time immemorial plants are considered as one of the key source of human diet and hold a gre... more Since time immemorial plants are considered as one of the key source of human diet and hold a great importance in treating enormous diseases and illness. Oroxylum indicum is one of the important vegetable cum medicinal plant playing a vital role in human wellbeing. Though the plant holds a great importance in human prosperity, it is still less popular when it comes for consumption as vegetable due to the lack of knowledge and awareness regarding its beneficial properties and lack of research as a result of which their actual potential has not been much explored till now. Therefore, such crops need to be taken under consideration by performing various forms of researches such as collection and maintenance of existing genotypes, evaluation, extraction of bioactive compounds and its better utilization, etc. which will also prevents its genetic erosion. Thus, the present article focuses on highlighting the importance of Oroxylum indicum in human well beings and also aims in expressing the future scope of the crop for the fruitful outcome.
Vegetables play an important role in human diet due to its enriched nutritional and medicinal pro... more Vegetables play an important role in human diet due to its enriched nutritional and medicinal properties. With respect to rapidly increasing population the demand of vegetables for consumption in our nation and worldwide is increasing simultaneously. Utilization of underutilized vegetable such as watercress, its exploitation for human benefit is a need of an hour. Watercress is a perennial, aquatic or semi-aquatic herb grown popularly in the hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim. It possesses antiscorbutic, stimulant and anti-cancer and found to be helpful in treating several diseases. It holds a great importance in human diet and at some point in livelihood improvement of the local people belonging to hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim. Thus, use of underutilized vegetable such as watercress (simrayo), a well acceptable plant used as a vegetable in hilly region of West Bengal and Sikkim can be helpful in fulfilling vegetable requirements for the growing population in future days and will also be helpful in maintaining market stability and empowering Atma Nirbhar Bharat which is considered as essential need of an hour.
Population explosion has led to the increase in a demand for food including vegetables. Under suc... more Population explosion has led to the increase in a demand for food including vegetables. Under such circumstances utilization of underexploited vegetables holds a great potential in maintaining the nutritional security of the nation. Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad locally known as chuche karela and commonly known as caigua or stuffed cucumber is one of the underexploited cucurbitaceous vegetable crop grown in the hills of West Bengal and Sikkim. Such crop acclaims several nutritional potential including medicinal benefits to address number of lifestyle diseases and same can be utilized to subdue number of emerging issues such as malnutrition, remedying non-communicable diseases and also can enhance the livelihood of marginal and smallholder farmers by reducing rural poverty and unemployment in our country.
We are evident of the situation that COVID-19 pandemic is still in a motion which is a serious ma... more We are evident of the situation that COVID-19 pandemic is still in a motion which is a serious matter of concern. It has affected the economy of the nations, educational scenario, agricultural systems, etc. but most importantly it has resulted in emotional disturbances to those who have suffered or are still suffering due to such pandemic. It is a bitter truth that, no such vaccine or medicine has been regulated till now to neutralize COVID-19. Through various research and statements during this pandemic situation we were familiar with the fact that proper immune system can tackle such problem and could recover after a fairly short period of time. In such situation it was realized that consumption of good amount of healthy vegetable in a diet is one of the easy substitute to maintain and improve the immunity during this pandemic situation especially to the old aged people who are at more risk due to their weak immune system. During such pandemic situation, consumption of healthy vegetables will be helpful in boosting immunity and prevention from several other harmful infections and pathogens which may result in serious health issue which is better to be avoided especially during this pandemic situation.
Nakima (Tupistra nutans Wall) is a perennial under underutilized vegetable crop grown in the hill... more Nakima (Tupistra nutans Wall) is a perennial under underutilized vegetable crop grown in the hills of West Bengal. It is enriched with high nutritive value and possesses several medicinal properties benefiting human health. As it is a underutilized vegetable crop it has a great opportunity to flourish thereby improving the production as well as economic benefit to the nation.
Vegetables play a major role in human diet. They are enriched with various essential nutrients an... more Vegetables play a major role in human diet. They are enriched with various essential nutrients and therefore also called as protective food. For sustainable vegetable production and to meet the vegetable demand advancement in production techniques of vegetable crops is need of an hour. Use of polyamines as a tool for improving the vegetable production is found to be beneficial. Polyamines are the organic poly-cation compounds consisting of two or more amino groups found to improve growth and development of plants due to their effects on cell division and cell differentiation. Polyamines are also involved in various physiological processes in plants and also play major role in ion channels regulation and transportation of different molecules in cell membrane. Polyamines are associated with many fundamental processes such as DNA replication, RNA modification, synthesis of protein, modulation of enzyme activities and transcription in plants. Several studies have been conducted to study the effect of different polyamines (putrecine, spermidine, spermine etc.) on growth and development of vegetables for better outcome. Therefore, present review paper focuses on compilation of literature with respect to the effect of polyamines on growth and development of vegetables for sustainable and fruitful vegetable production.
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