Proven reputation of excellence, integrity and professionalism among peers whether in Government as Chief of Staff, in Higher Education as a Lecturer, Dean and College President, in Consulting Industry as a Curriculum and Training Developer, in Dentistry as Dental Health Professional, for more than 20 years. Supervisors: Edmond Hajrizi
The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffus... more The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffusion in recent years. For this reason, education indicators are increasingly being talked about, in very different contexts and referring to very different realities. Despite the many drawbacks that present, quantitative indicators are still in the process of improvement and even creation, the truth is that they facilitate the analysis of education, although their values do not explain the causal relationships or allow conclusions to be drawn univocal. Although in the different editions (OECD, 2008) some concrete indicators have been varying, the general structure is maintained around four groups: context, resources, process, and results. Evaluating the number of students who complete the studies initiated serves not only to know the failure or academic success of a certain group of young people and, therefore, of a part of society, but also is a good way to measure the "efficiency" "of the educational system. The articulation between the education system and the world of work is one of the priority objectives of economic development policies. The finding that in most countries the qualification of workers does not correspond to that required by employers, converts these educational indicators-which evaluate the effectiveness of education in the training of workers-into indispensable for educational and labor planning. Effectiveness of education can be increased by: eliminating discrepancies between the competences acquired by graduates of higher education and the demand of the labor market and industry; lowering the disparity between the number of students enrolled in scientific careers and in the humanities, as well as the proliferation of private service providers.
This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at ... more This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at work at the Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec. We used a linear model that links work role and social factors, anxiety depression, and self-esteem. This research was conducted with 24 nurses, where 12 nurses were interviewed during the night shift and 12 nurses during the day shift. Of these, 6 are male or 25%, and 18 are female or 75%. The lowest age of nurses was 32 years, while the highest was 54 years. This study aims to identify scientific evidence on the occurrence of changes in the emotional state of nurses working on night shifts associated with adverse physical and psychological health outcomes, such as poor quality of work and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of work, as well as the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses working in the night shift with those who work in the day shift and to investigate the relationship between work quality and the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses. In addition, we will assess the prevalence and accompanying factors of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem among mental health nurses working at the MFMC in order to identify independent predictors of mental health disorders.
While the mechanical articulators have contributed to enhanced design, manufacture, and fixing of... more While the mechanical articulators have contributed to enhanced design, manufacture, and fixing of artificial replacements for different mouth components, virtual articulators are being considered as a viable replacement which not only carry out these obligations in a more advanced manner, but they also offer considerable outcomes. To begin with, reproduction of exact movement of trails of the mandible employing an automated jaw process structure referred to as jaw motion analyzer (JMA) makes it unique. Furthermore, dental arches are not only easily viewed on a screen, but also their movements can be studied for efficient reproduction. Some challenges that it solves include the problem of poorly manufactured, designed, and fitted artificial mouth-parts replacements (Pandita, Dod, & Bhat, 2016). Primary and secondary data are to be collected. The study design will entail identifying secondary sources that qualify in the category of quantitative studies and on the adoption of virtual articulators in prosthodontics. In addition to this approach, the use of interviews will also be carried out as another research technique. The method will entail questioning dentists and orthodontists that use virtual articulators to highlight and investigate the benefits of this technology.
Just like any other medical research field, the investigation on the use of virtual articulators ... more Just like any other medical research field, the investigation on the use of virtual articulators in dentistry has its ethical implications. Research ethics in oral and medical investigations are critical internationally. The privacy of any participant in the research is a non-negotiable and justice is crucial at all times during the research. We researched on various online research platforms and selected 12 research papers, out of 197, that treat the ethics in research in medical and dental clinical research. We identified 10 ethical issues that needs to be considered while doing clinical research on application of virtual articulators in dentistry. Those are: (1) Duty to society; (2) Beneficence; (3) Conflict of interest; (4) Informed consent; (5) Integrity; (6) Nondiscrimination; (7) Nonexploitation; (8) Privacy and confidentiality; (9) Professional competence; and (10) Professional discipline. Research ethics is a sensitive topic either when discussing human rights, the integrity of research, or conflict of interest. Research ethics, a wholesome practice, and preparation are crucial. Given that the research on the use of virtual articulator in dentistry is crucial to dental health around the globe, the studies should be of high accuracy. The research findings should be published fully, avoiding any form of plagiarism. Integrity is critical in any scientific research. Integrity builds the reputation of a research and the researcher involved. Peer reviewing is an appropriate measure to deal with integrity. It is where different professionals analyze and post their views on published research, confirming its credibility.
BACKGROUND: Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the ... more BACKGROUND: Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the quality of teaching had become an issue to be discussed from different perspectives by the concerned stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the research on the quality of teaching and identify the characteristics and best practices on supporting, developing, and improving Kosovo’s higher educational system’s effectiveness by improving the quality of teaching. METHODS: The paper used qualitative paradigms in research. The study targeted professors at Kosovo universities from two public universities and two private Colleges where focus group interviews, individual interviews, and documentation content analysis were obtained. RESULTS: According to professors’ opinions, the research results show that the quality of teaching is related to the research of professors, and it depends on the experience of the teacher, knowledge transfer, technology use, and degree of professor qualification. Oth...
As the higher education landscape continues to change, the quality of teaching is becoming an iss... more As the higher education landscape continues to change, the quality of teaching is becoming an issue of focus. Changes such as high international competition, geographical and social diversity of the body of students, information technology introduction, and increased demand for value for money have led to the higher education teaching quality to become an important issue. However, the whole issue of quality of teaching in higher education has confused the stakeholders. The term ‘quality’ in this context lacks a definition that is clear and can be referred to as a property, or an outcome, or even a process and thus it has become a dilemma of this research. Additionally, it lacks a definition that is clear as the stakeholders have a relative say in the teaching quality conceptions. Measuring teaching quality has become very complex as it involves, among other factors, Lecturers knowledge, experience and pedagogical skills. This paper delves into the quality of teaching of Lecturers wi...
It is a strategic process that organizations use to boost learning and performance. Mainly, compa... more It is a strategic process that organizations use to boost learning and performance. Mainly, companies use it to attain short and long-term ways to use knowledge to the entity. In this field, knowledge can either be explicit, implicit, or tacit. The framework asserts that knowledge management strategies are affected by whether a company tries to measure its information resources and the performance of its knowledge activities. The four dimensions of knowledge management, namely, knowledge acquisition, conversion, application, and protection have a definite link with the two aspects of organizational performance. It is important to use appropriate support systems to generate, code, and transfer the knowledge within the organization’s participants to ensure that it is put to its rightful use.
Human Systems Management, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-16, 2021, 2021
Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the quality of t... more Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the quality of teaching had become an issue to be discussed from different perspectives by the concerned stakeholders. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of the research on the quality of teaching and identify the characteristics and best practices on supporting, developing, and improving Kosovo’s higher educational system’s effectiveness by improving the quality of teaching. METHODS:The paper used qualitative paradigms in research. The study targeted professors at Kosovo universities from two public universities and two private Colleges where focus group interviews, individual interviews, and documentation content analysis were obtained. RESULTS:According to professors’ opinions, the research results show that the quality of teaching is related to the research of professors, and it depends on the experience of the teacher, knowledge transfer, technology use, and degree of professor qualification. Other key factors determining the teaching quality are communication, motivation, pedagogy, cooperation, and adequate implementation of planned activities. CONCLUSIONS:Kosovo should establish appropriate mechanisms and policies for evaluating professors’ performance and make their selection and re-election based on these performance indicators and not only based on formal documents.
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
Burnout is defined as "a multidimensional construct composed of emotional fatigue, depersonalizat... more Burnout is defined as "a multidimensional construct composed of emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and personal achievement that occurs in people who work any job" (Maslach, 1982). According to the WHO the symptoms of burnout are lack of energy or exhaustion, increased isolation from work, feelings of negativity associated with work and decreased professional effectiveness. The main aim of this research is to identify the risk of burnout, through three components, such as fatigue, depersonalization, and personal achievement to the nurses of the Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec. In this research 51 nurses of Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec responded positively to the questionnaire, with an average age of 41.31 years. Of the total number of nurses, 35.3% were male and 64.7% were female. Of the respondents, 72.5% had completed secondary education, 23.5% had university education, while 4.0% had a master's degree. A self-administered questionnaire called Maslach Burnout Inventory (C. Maslach, S. Jackson, 1981) was used to conduct this research. The data were analyzed with the statistical package for social sciences, SPSS, version 21. Based on the descriptive data we can conclude that nurses show no symptoms of burnout, have no loss of sensitivity, and are satisfied with their personal achievements. While by correlation we understand that we have a moderate negative correlation between the level of education and the fatigue component (r =-. 312 *, p = .026). Also, a moderate positive correlation was found between the fatigue component and the ward in which they work (r = .284 *, p = .044).
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at ... more This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at work at the Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec. We used a linear model that links work role and social factors, anxiety depression, and self-esteem. This research was conducted with 24 nurses, where 12 nurses were interviewed during the night shift and 12 nurses during the day shift. Of these, 6 are male or 25%, and 18 are female or 75%. The lowest age of nurses was 32 years, while the highest was 54 years. This study aims to identify scientific evidence on the occurrence of changes in the emotional state of nurses working on night shifts associated with adverse physical and psychological health outcomes, such as poor quality of work and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of work, as well as the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses working in the night shift with those who work in the day shift and to investigate the relationship between work quality and the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses. In addition, we will assess the prevalence and accompanying factors of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem among mental health nurses working at the MFMC in order to identify independent predictors of mental health disorders.
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffus... more The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffusion in recent years. For this reason, education indicators are increasingly being talked about, in very different contexts and referring to very different realities. Despite the many drawbacks that present, quantitative indicators are still in the process of improvement and even creation, the truth is that they facilitate the analysis of education, although their values do not explain the causal relationships or allow conclusions to be drawn univocal. Although in the different editions (OECD, 2008) some concrete indicators have been varying, the general structure is maintained around four groups: context, resources, process, and results. Evaluating the number of students who complete the studies initiated serves not only to know the failure or academic success of a certain group of young people and, therefore, of a part of society, but also is a good way to measure the "efficiency" "of the educational system. The articulation between the education system and the world of work is one of the priority objectives of economic development policies. The finding that in most countries the qualification of workers does not correspond to that required by employers, converts these educational indicators-which evaluate the effectiveness of education in the training of workers-into indispensable for educational and labor planning. Effectiveness of education can be increased by: eliminating discrepancies between the competences acquired by graduates of higher education and the demand of the labor market and industry; lowering the disparity between the number of students enrolled in scientific careers and in the humanities, as well as the proliferation of private service providers.
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise a constellation of symptoms affecting the joints ... more The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise a constellation of symptoms affecting the joints and muscles involved in jaw movement. Patients complain of orofacial pain, limited jaw opening, and clicking or popping sounds. Although pain is generally the defining characteristic of TMD, patients often report marked degrees of stress and interference in daily life. Functional and parafunctional habits are considered risk factors adding the psychophysiological theory where stress is a determinant factor in myofascial pain. Sex differences have been shown to cause TMD in which women take the leading role. The successful management of temporomandibular disorders relies on identifying and controlling the contributing factors.This article reviews recent studies on etiology, sex differences , psychological assessment, and the treatment of TMD .
The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffus... more The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffusion in recent years. For this reason, education indicators are increasingly being talked about, in very different contexts and referring to very different realities. Despite the many drawbacks that present, quantitative indicators are still in the process of improvement and even creation, the truth is that they facilitate the analysis of education, although their values do not explain the causal relationships or allow conclusions to be drawn univocal. Although in the different editions (OECD, 2008) some concrete indicators have been varying, the general structure is maintained around four groups: context, resources, process, and results. Evaluating the number of students who complete the studies initiated serves not only to know the failure or academic success of a certain group of young people and, therefore, of a part of society, but also is a good way to measure the "efficiency" "of the educational system. The articulation between the education system and the world of work is one of the priority objectives of economic development policies. The finding that in most countries the qualification of workers does not correspond to that required by employers, converts these educational indicators-which evaluate the effectiveness of education in the training of workers-into indispensable for educational and labor planning. Effectiveness of education can be increased by: eliminating discrepancies between the competences acquired by graduates of higher education and the demand of the labor market and industry; lowering the disparity between the number of students enrolled in scientific careers and in the humanities, as well as the proliferation of private service providers.
This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at ... more This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at work at the Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec. We used a linear model that links work role and social factors, anxiety depression, and self-esteem. This research was conducted with 24 nurses, where 12 nurses were interviewed during the night shift and 12 nurses during the day shift. Of these, 6 are male or 25%, and 18 are female or 75%. The lowest age of nurses was 32 years, while the highest was 54 years. This study aims to identify scientific evidence on the occurrence of changes in the emotional state of nurses working on night shifts associated with adverse physical and psychological health outcomes, such as poor quality of work and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of work, as well as the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses working in the night shift with those who work in the day shift and to investigate the relationship between work quality and the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses. In addition, we will assess the prevalence and accompanying factors of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem among mental health nurses working at the MFMC in order to identify independent predictors of mental health disorders.
While the mechanical articulators have contributed to enhanced design, manufacture, and fixing of... more While the mechanical articulators have contributed to enhanced design, manufacture, and fixing of artificial replacements for different mouth components, virtual articulators are being considered as a viable replacement which not only carry out these obligations in a more advanced manner, but they also offer considerable outcomes. To begin with, reproduction of exact movement of trails of the mandible employing an automated jaw process structure referred to as jaw motion analyzer (JMA) makes it unique. Furthermore, dental arches are not only easily viewed on a screen, but also their movements can be studied for efficient reproduction. Some challenges that it solves include the problem of poorly manufactured, designed, and fitted artificial mouth-parts replacements (Pandita, Dod, & Bhat, 2016). Primary and secondary data are to be collected. The study design will entail identifying secondary sources that qualify in the category of quantitative studies and on the adoption of virtual articulators in prosthodontics. In addition to this approach, the use of interviews will also be carried out as another research technique. The method will entail questioning dentists and orthodontists that use virtual articulators to highlight and investigate the benefits of this technology.
Just like any other medical research field, the investigation on the use of virtual articulators ... more Just like any other medical research field, the investigation on the use of virtual articulators in dentistry has its ethical implications. Research ethics in oral and medical investigations are critical internationally. The privacy of any participant in the research is a non-negotiable and justice is crucial at all times during the research. We researched on various online research platforms and selected 12 research papers, out of 197, that treat the ethics in research in medical and dental clinical research. We identified 10 ethical issues that needs to be considered while doing clinical research on application of virtual articulators in dentistry. Those are: (1) Duty to society; (2) Beneficence; (3) Conflict of interest; (4) Informed consent; (5) Integrity; (6) Nondiscrimination; (7) Nonexploitation; (8) Privacy and confidentiality; (9) Professional competence; and (10) Professional discipline. Research ethics is a sensitive topic either when discussing human rights, the integrity of research, or conflict of interest. Research ethics, a wholesome practice, and preparation are crucial. Given that the research on the use of virtual articulator in dentistry is crucial to dental health around the globe, the studies should be of high accuracy. The research findings should be published fully, avoiding any form of plagiarism. Integrity is critical in any scientific research. Integrity builds the reputation of a research and the researcher involved. Peer reviewing is an appropriate measure to deal with integrity. It is where different professionals analyze and post their views on published research, confirming its credibility.
BACKGROUND: Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the ... more BACKGROUND: Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the quality of teaching had become an issue to be discussed from different perspectives by the concerned stakeholders. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the research on the quality of teaching and identify the characteristics and best practices on supporting, developing, and improving Kosovo’s higher educational system’s effectiveness by improving the quality of teaching. METHODS: The paper used qualitative paradigms in research. The study targeted professors at Kosovo universities from two public universities and two private Colleges where focus group interviews, individual interviews, and documentation content analysis were obtained. RESULTS: According to professors’ opinions, the research results show that the quality of teaching is related to the research of professors, and it depends on the experience of the teacher, knowledge transfer, technology use, and degree of professor qualification. Oth...
As the higher education landscape continues to change, the quality of teaching is becoming an iss... more As the higher education landscape continues to change, the quality of teaching is becoming an issue of focus. Changes such as high international competition, geographical and social diversity of the body of students, information technology introduction, and increased demand for value for money have led to the higher education teaching quality to become an important issue. However, the whole issue of quality of teaching in higher education has confused the stakeholders. The term ‘quality’ in this context lacks a definition that is clear and can be referred to as a property, or an outcome, or even a process and thus it has become a dilemma of this research. Additionally, it lacks a definition that is clear as the stakeholders have a relative say in the teaching quality conceptions. Measuring teaching quality has become very complex as it involves, among other factors, Lecturers knowledge, experience and pedagogical skills. This paper delves into the quality of teaching of Lecturers wi...
It is a strategic process that organizations use to boost learning and performance. Mainly, compa... more It is a strategic process that organizations use to boost learning and performance. Mainly, companies use it to attain short and long-term ways to use knowledge to the entity. In this field, knowledge can either be explicit, implicit, or tacit. The framework asserts that knowledge management strategies are affected by whether a company tries to measure its information resources and the performance of its knowledge activities. The four dimensions of knowledge management, namely, knowledge acquisition, conversion, application, and protection have a definite link with the two aspects of organizational performance. It is important to use appropriate support systems to generate, code, and transfer the knowledge within the organization’s participants to ensure that it is put to its rightful use.
Human Systems Management, vol. Pre-press, no. Pre-press, pp. 1-16, 2021, 2021
Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the quality of t... more Due to the continuous shift being experienced in the higher education landscape, the quality of teaching had become an issue to be discussed from different perspectives by the concerned stakeholders. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of the research on the quality of teaching and identify the characteristics and best practices on supporting, developing, and improving Kosovo’s higher educational system’s effectiveness by improving the quality of teaching. METHODS:The paper used qualitative paradigms in research. The study targeted professors at Kosovo universities from two public universities and two private Colleges where focus group interviews, individual interviews, and documentation content analysis were obtained. RESULTS:According to professors’ opinions, the research results show that the quality of teaching is related to the research of professors, and it depends on the experience of the teacher, knowledge transfer, technology use, and degree of professor qualification. Other key factors determining the teaching quality are communication, motivation, pedagogy, cooperation, and adequate implementation of planned activities. CONCLUSIONS:Kosovo should establish appropriate mechanisms and policies for evaluating professors’ performance and make their selection and re-election based on these performance indicators and not only based on formal documents.
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
Burnout is defined as "a multidimensional construct composed of emotional fatigue, depersonalizat... more Burnout is defined as "a multidimensional construct composed of emotional fatigue, depersonalization, and personal achievement that occurs in people who work any job" (Maslach, 1982). According to the WHO the symptoms of burnout are lack of energy or exhaustion, increased isolation from work, feelings of negativity associated with work and decreased professional effectiveness. The main aim of this research is to identify the risk of burnout, through three components, such as fatigue, depersonalization, and personal achievement to the nurses of the Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec. In this research 51 nurses of Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec responded positively to the questionnaire, with an average age of 41.31 years. Of the total number of nurses, 35.3% were male and 64.7% were female. Of the respondents, 72.5% had completed secondary education, 23.5% had university education, while 4.0% had a master's degree. A self-administered questionnaire called Maslach Burnout Inventory (C. Maslach, S. Jackson, 1981) was used to conduct this research. The data were analyzed with the statistical package for social sciences, SPSS, version 21. Based on the descriptive data we can conclude that nurses show no symptoms of burnout, have no loss of sensitivity, and are satisfied with their personal achievements. While by correlation we understand that we have a moderate negative correlation between the level of education and the fatigue component (r =-. 312 *, p = .026). Also, a moderate positive correlation was found between the fatigue component and the ward in which they work (r = .284 *, p = .044).
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at ... more This study addresses issues of the impact of the night shift in the emotional state of nurses at work at the Main Family Medicine Center in Rahovec. We used a linear model that links work role and social factors, anxiety depression, and self-esteem. This research was conducted with 24 nurses, where 12 nurses were interviewed during the night shift and 12 nurses during the day shift. Of these, 6 are male or 25%, and 18 are female or 75%. The lowest age of nurses was 32 years, while the highest was 54 years. This study aims to identify scientific evidence on the occurrence of changes in the emotional state of nurses working on night shifts associated with adverse physical and psychological health outcomes, such as poor quality of work and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. The aim of the study is to compare the quality of work, as well as the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses working in the night shift with those who work in the day shift and to investigate the relationship between work quality and the symptoms of the emotional state of nurses. In addition, we will assess the prevalence and accompanying factors of depression, anxiety, and self-esteem among mental health nurses working at the MFMC in order to identify independent predictors of mental health disorders.
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffus... more The educational indicators, like the rest of the social indicators, have experienced great diffusion in recent years. For this reason, education indicators are increasingly being talked about, in very different contexts and referring to very different realities. Despite the many drawbacks that present, quantitative indicators are still in the process of improvement and even creation, the truth is that they facilitate the analysis of education, although their values do not explain the causal relationships or allow conclusions to be drawn univocal. Although in the different editions (OECD, 2008) some concrete indicators have been varying, the general structure is maintained around four groups: context, resources, process, and results. Evaluating the number of students who complete the studies initiated serves not only to know the failure or academic success of a certain group of young people and, therefore, of a part of society, but also is a good way to measure the "efficiency" "of the educational system. The articulation between the education system and the world of work is one of the priority objectives of economic development policies. The finding that in most countries the qualification of workers does not correspond to that required by employers, converts these educational indicators-which evaluate the effectiveness of education in the training of workers-into indispensable for educational and labor planning. Effectiveness of education can be increased by: eliminating discrepancies between the competences acquired by graduates of higher education and the demand of the labor market and industry; lowering the disparity between the number of students enrolled in scientific careers and in the humanities, as well as the proliferation of private service providers.
9th International Conference on Business, Technology and Innovation Book of Abstracts, 2020
The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise a constellation of symptoms affecting the joints ... more The temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) comprise a constellation of symptoms affecting the joints and muscles involved in jaw movement. Patients complain of orofacial pain, limited jaw opening, and clicking or popping sounds. Although pain is generally the defining characteristic of TMD, patients often report marked degrees of stress and interference in daily life. Functional and parafunctional habits are considered risk factors adding the psychophysiological theory where stress is a determinant factor in myofascial pain. Sex differences have been shown to cause TMD in which women take the leading role. The successful management of temporomandibular disorders relies on identifying and controlling the contributing factors.This article reviews recent studies on etiology, sex differences , psychological assessment, and the treatment of TMD .
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