BACKGROUND Use of global virtual teams (GVTs) is increasing, however they are often faced with nu... more BACKGROUND Use of global virtual teams (GVTs) is increasing, however they are often faced with numerous challenges and coordination difficulties. We proposed an indirect relation between communication frequency and GVT performance, as mediated by process coordination. Research on peer feedback suggests that it might address some of the challenges facing GVTs. Using a cluster randomized quasiexperimental design, we varied the degree and detail offered by a peer feedback system to investigate moderation of this indirect effect. Together, we hypothesized: 1) Process coordination will be positively related to GVT performance 2) Frequency of communication will be positively related to process coordination 3) Process coordination will mediate the relation between communication frequency and GVT performance 4) Peer feedback will moderate the strength of the indirect effect between communication frequency and performance, as mediated by process coordination
Corporate reputation has been researched for decades, and the diversity of studies generates vari... more Corporate reputation has been researched for decades, and the diversity of studies generates various findings. Based on 81 empirical studies, 838 correlations, 13,358 companies and 31,499 survey respondents, we identifying what antecedents of corporate reputation are most relevant and what factors moderate these relationships. Using meta-analysis and Bayesian variance estimation, our results suggest that product and service quality, customer satisfaction, corporate financial performance, charity contributions, employee satisfaction, network performance and media exposure have dependably significant correlations across different industries and study contexts. With institutional and societal changes, these factors tend to have moderating effects on corporate reputation. Specifically, the influence of management performance, customer satisfaction and product and service quality is increasing over the years, while financial performance appears to be waning as a correlate or predictor of corporate reputation. ...
Moral disengagement refers to a set of cognitive tactics people employ to sidestep moral self-reg... more Moral disengagement refers to a set of cognitive tactics people employ to sidestep moral self-regulatory processes that normally prevent wrongdoing. In this study, we present a comprehensive meta-analytic review of the nomological network of moral disengagement at work. First, we test its dispositional and contextual antecedents, theoretical correlates, and consequences, including ethics (workplace misconduct and organizational citizenship behaviors [OCBs]) and non-ethics outcomes (turnover intentions and task performance). Second, we examine Bandura's postulation that moral disengagement fosters misconduct by diminishing moral cognitions (moral awareness and moral judgment) and anticipatory moral self-condemning emotions (guilt). We also test a contrarian view that moral disengagement is limited in its capacity to effectively curtail moral emotions after wrongdoing. The results show that Honesty-Humility, guilt proneness, moral identity, trait empathy, conscientiousness, idealism, and relativism are key individual antecedents. Further, abusive supervision and perceived organizational politics are strong contextual enablers of moral disengagement, while ethical leadership and organizational justice are relatively weak deterrents. We also found that narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and psychological entitlement are key theoretical correlates, although moral disengagement shows incremental validity over these "dark" traits. Next, moral disengagement was positively associated with workplace misconduct and turnover intentions, and negatively related to OCBs and task performance. Its positive impact on misconduct was mediated by lower moral awareness, moral judgment, and anticipated guilt. Interestingly, however, moral disengagement was positively related to guilt and shame post-misconduct. In sum, we find strong cumulative evidence for the pertinence of moral disengagement in the workplace. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
To assess the relationship between national culture and subjective well-being, we use mean based ... more To assess the relationship between national culture and subjective well-being, we use mean based meta-analysis to construct a comprehensive cultural and SWB databases. Result support that the happy...
BACKGROUND Use of global virtual teams (GVTs) is increasing, however they are often faced with nu... more BACKGROUND Use of global virtual teams (GVTs) is increasing, however they are often faced with numerous challenges and coordination difficulties. We proposed an indirect relation between communication frequency and GVT performance, as mediated by process coordination. Research on peer feedback suggests that it might address some of the challenges facing GVTs. Using a cluster randomized quasiexperimental design, we varied the degree and detail offered by a peer feedback system to investigate moderation of this indirect effect. Together, we hypothesized: 1) Process coordination will be positively related to GVT performance 2) Frequency of communication will be positively related to process coordination 3) Process coordination will mediate the relation between communication frequency and GVT performance 4) Peer feedback will moderate the strength of the indirect effect between communication frequency and performance, as mediated by process coordination
Corporate reputation has been researched for decades, and the diversity of studies generates vari... more Corporate reputation has been researched for decades, and the diversity of studies generates various findings. Based on 81 empirical studies, 838 correlations, 13,358 companies and 31,499 survey respondents, we identifying what antecedents of corporate reputation are most relevant and what factors moderate these relationships. Using meta-analysis and Bayesian variance estimation, our results suggest that product and service quality, customer satisfaction, corporate financial performance, charity contributions, employee satisfaction, network performance and media exposure have dependably significant correlations across different industries and study contexts. With institutional and societal changes, these factors tend to have moderating effects on corporate reputation. Specifically, the influence of management performance, customer satisfaction and product and service quality is increasing over the years, while financial performance appears to be waning as a correlate or predictor of corporate reputation. ...
Moral disengagement refers to a set of cognitive tactics people employ to sidestep moral self-reg... more Moral disengagement refers to a set of cognitive tactics people employ to sidestep moral self-regulatory processes that normally prevent wrongdoing. In this study, we present a comprehensive meta-analytic review of the nomological network of moral disengagement at work. First, we test its dispositional and contextual antecedents, theoretical correlates, and consequences, including ethics (workplace misconduct and organizational citizenship behaviors [OCBs]) and non-ethics outcomes (turnover intentions and task performance). Second, we examine Bandura's postulation that moral disengagement fosters misconduct by diminishing moral cognitions (moral awareness and moral judgment) and anticipatory moral self-condemning emotions (guilt). We also test a contrarian view that moral disengagement is limited in its capacity to effectively curtail moral emotions after wrongdoing. The results show that Honesty-Humility, guilt proneness, moral identity, trait empathy, conscientiousness, idealism, and relativism are key individual antecedents. Further, abusive supervision and perceived organizational politics are strong contextual enablers of moral disengagement, while ethical leadership and organizational justice are relatively weak deterrents. We also found that narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and psychological entitlement are key theoretical correlates, although moral disengagement shows incremental validity over these "dark" traits. Next, moral disengagement was positively associated with workplace misconduct and turnover intentions, and negatively related to OCBs and task performance. Its positive impact on misconduct was mediated by lower moral awareness, moral judgment, and anticipated guilt. Interestingly, however, moral disengagement was positively related to guilt and shame post-misconduct. In sum, we find strong cumulative evidence for the pertinence of moral disengagement in the workplace. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
To assess the relationship between national culture and subjective well-being, we use mean based ... more To assess the relationship between national culture and subjective well-being, we use mean based meta-analysis to construct a comprehensive cultural and SWB databases. Result support that the happy...
Understanding subjective well-being (SWB) has historically been a core human endeavor and present... more Understanding subjective well-being (SWB) has historically been a core human endeavor and presently spans fields from management to mental health. Previous meta-analyses have indicated that personality traits are one of the best predictors. Still, these past results indicate only a moderate relationship, weaker than suggested by several lines of reasoning. This may be because of commensurability, where researchers have grouped together substantively disparate measures in their analyses. In this article, the authors review and address this problem directly, focusing on individual measures of personality (e.g., the Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Personality Inventory; P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) and categories of SWB (e.g., life satisfaction). In addition, the authors take a multivariate approach, assessing how much variance personality traits account for individually as well as together. Results indicate that different personality and SWB scales can be substantively different and that the relationship between the two is typically much larger (e.g., 4 times) than previous meta-analyses have indicated. Total SWB variance accounted for by personality can reach as high as 39% or 63% disattenuated. These results also speak to meta-analyses in general and the need to account for scale differences once a sufficient research base has been generated.
Culture as a consequence is a neglected topic. Addressing this, we explore what factors are relat... more Culture as a consequence is a neglected topic. Addressing this, we explore what factors are related to and potentially shape culture, what explains cultural variations within countries, and what the relationship is between cultural values at the individual and national levels. To answer these questions, we use a multi-level multivariate meta-analysis of 508 studies. The findings indicate that national and
After examining 121 instruments for measuring culture, we provide a historical overview and analy... more After examining 121 instruments for measuring culture, we provide a historical overview and analyze how culture has been operationalized over the last half a century. Our study focuses on the topics of culture definition, dimensionality of culture models, collection and analysis of data for measuring culture, levels of culture measurement, issues of cross-cultural survey equivalence and the reliability and validity
The possibility that national personality traits could explain national subjective well-being (SW... more The possibility that national personality traits could explain national subjective well-being (SWB) is controversial, with many researchers arguing that traits are irrelevant to any national-level analysis. The weaknesses of this standpoint are reviewed, followed by a series of empirical investigations. Using Eysenck’s 3-factor model (H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, 1975) and P. T. Costa and R. M. McCrae’s (1992b) 5-factor model, the authors found that Neuroticism and Extraversion correlated significantly with national SWB. Lie scale scores were also related strongly to national SWB. Neuroticism and Extraversion incrementally predicted SWB above gross national product per capita. The strength of these results indicates that personality can have stronger relationships at national levels of analysis than at the individual level. National personality traits appear to be unwisely neglected, having considerable but largely unconsidered explanatory power.
International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2006
Synthetic validity has been promised as the future for selection, providing an inexpensive, fast,... more Synthetic validity has been promised as the future for selection, providing an inexpensive, fast, high-quality, legally defensible, and easily administered process. Despite 50 years of development, this promise has yet to be realized. However, recent advances in areas such as validity generalization indicate that synthetic validity is technically feasible and practically achievable. Consolidating new and previous work carried out on
Common source bias has been the focus of much attention. To minimize the problem, researchers hav... more Common source bias has been the focus of much attention. To minimize the problem, researchers have sometimes been advised to take measurements of predictors from one observer and measurements of outcomes from another observer or to use separate occasions of measurement. We propose that these efforts to eliminate biases due to common source variance create serious problems. To demonstrate the problems of using what we term the “distinct sources” measurement design, we provide an integrative review of the literature regarding both contamination and deficiency of measures. Building on this theme, the article uses simulated data to demonstrate how using data from distinct observers or occasions of measurement can distort estimates of predictor importance at least as much as common source variance. Alternative multisource designs are advocated and examined for tractability by simulating various numbers of observations and sources in the research design.
Understanding stock-flow relationships is fundamental to the management of operational systems. I... more Understanding stock-flow relationships is fundamental to the management of operational systems. In their most basic form, stock-flow systems consist of resources that accumulate and flows that change their level. Managing stock-flow systems is an indispensable part of operations management, including supply chain, inventory, and capacity planning. Previous studies have shown that most people, even experts and well-educated individuals, make persistent errors when inferring the behavior of accumulation (i.e., stock) over time. However, little is known about what individual characteristics make a decision maker better or worse at understanding stock-flows. In this paper, we report the results of investigating the relationship between analytical-intuitive thinking and global-local processing on performance in a simple stock-flow problem. We find that individuals with an analytical thinking style, rather than an intuitive one, perform significantly better on a stock-flow problem; whereas individuals with a global, rather than a local, thinking style do not necessarily perform better. However, even individuals who exhibit analytical thinking have a poor understanding of stock-flow problems. Analytical thinking may be related to understanding stock and flows, but more work is needed to better understand what cognitive abilities are required to solve these problems.
Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not entirel... more Procrastination is a prevalent and pernicious form of self-regulatory failure that is not entirely understood. Hence, the relevant conceptual, theoretical, and empirical work is reviewed, drawing upon correlational, experimental, and qualitative findings. A meta-analysis of procrastination’s possible causes and effects, based on 691 correlations, reveals that neuroticism, rebelliousness, and sensation seeking show only a weak connection. Strong and consistent predictors of procrastination were task aversiveness, task delay, self efficacy, and impulsiveness, as well as conscientiousness and its facets of self-control, distractibility, organization, and achievement motivation. These effects prove consistent with temporal motivation theory, an integrative hybrid of expectancy theory and hyperbolic discounting. Continued research into procrastination should not be delayed, especially because its prevalence appears to be growing.
Procrastination is increasingly becoming a topic of interest across multiple fields, from finance... more Procrastination is increasingly becoming a topic of interest across multiple fields, from finance (as people put off dealing with their money troubles) to health (as people delay seeing their doctors). Still, there is debate about what exactly procrastination is and how it should be operationalized. The fields of neuroscience and behavioral economics point to procrastination as an irrational delay, where we put off despite being worse off. A competing tripartite model has divided procrastination into avoidance, arousal, and decisional. The validity of the avoidance, arousal and decisional model is reviewed here, first meta-analytically and then factor analytically, using a large sample exceeding 4000 respondents. The evidence does not support the tripartite model, particularly the avoidant and arousal distinction, instead indicating that procrastination is indeed an irrational delay. A new scale consistent with this conceptualization, the Pure Procrastination Scale, is derived from the factor analysis, showing improved correlations with key constructs, such as SWB. This new scale provides the field of procrastination with an improved measurement base, likely increasing the usefulness of our future findings.
Procrastination is an almost universal affliction, but often is poorly understood. In the present... more Procrastination is an almost universal affliction, but often is poorly understood. In the present research, we investigated the effect of goal setting, interest enhancement and energy on procrastination. In addition, demographics were examined. Using a mega-trial, a sample of 9351 persons, the relationship of sex and age on procrastination was replicated and refined. Further, lack of energy showed the strongest relationship and mediated the effect of interest enhancement on procrastination. Also, a new boundary for goal setting was established, that its efficacy can be partially preempted when combined with interest enhancement. Building on this, future research should focus on other such interactions so we might determine what motivational techniques are redundant and choose the strongest interventions for specific people.
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Papers by Piers Steel
individual level. National personality traits appear to be unwisely neglected, having considerable but largely unconsidered explanatory power.