Mitigating impact between agricultural livelihoods and water conservation efforts in the face of ... more Mitigating impact between agricultural livelihoods and water conservation efforts in the face of significant drought requires a sophisticated understanding of policy efforts enacted to manage water supply and the logic of human livelihood decision-making. This case study extends literature on human-water decision-making in agricultural areas by using a political ecology framework to understand how and why farmers facing significant water shortages make livelihood decisions, and how such decisions are affected by broader socio-political contexts. Specifically, we focus on farmers' livelihood strategies in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California. Here, the effects of extreme and persistent drought have resulted in a resource management governance structure that forces farmer decision-making within the narrow bounds of the newly emerging California water policy. We argue that government public policy intervention has created a potential system of “big winners and big losers,” leading to three divergent strategies farmers adopt: Nimbility, Abandonment, and Policy Engagement. These findings raise questions about how policy interventions shape livelihood strategies of farmers in the Tulare Lake Basin and by extension other areas where public policy intervention is emerging to respond to decreased water supply resources.
Since the Great Recession older youth in US rural economies experience longer periods of disconne... more Since the Great Recession older youth in US rural economies experience longer periods of disconnection from school and work, resulting in increased economic insecurity. We analyze data from interviews with young adults ages 18–24 and ethnographic fieldwork to explore how and why young adults who are disconnected from school and work utilize institutions available to them in their local community settings to ensure livelihoods. Using a livelihood analysis approach, findings suggest Community Based Youth Serving Organizations (CBYSOs) are used by disconnected youth in three ways: 1) as a diversification strategy 2) as a transformative strategy; and 3) as a last resort.
While immigration policymaking has traditionally been the sole prerogative of nation states, rese... more While immigration policymaking has traditionally been the sole prerogative of nation states, research has documented increased instances of migration policy making by sub-national levels across migrant receiving societies. This paper examines the temporally and spatially distinctive dynamics that underscore the adoption of these policies at the county level in the United States. The study considers the implementation of migrant labor market regularizations (LRs) for the time period of 2004-2014. LRs are defined as discrete arenas of policy making at the sub-national level that affect aspects of migrant workers' status in labor markets and include laws and ordinances related to: anti-solicitation, language access, local enforcement of federal immigration law, and employment verification. Utilizing a multi-level event histories model we analyze data from a unique data set of over 5,000 LR policies across 2, 959 counties in the US, and addresses two research questions: 1) what are the social, economic, and political factors that influence the adoption of LRs by counties and municipalities in the US; and 2) do policy adoption trends that occurred during 2004-2014 indicate a unique type of diffusion pattern? We find that the adoption of LRs by county governments are influenced by the racialization of immigration discourse and by policy behaviors at the municipal and state government level, while economic characteristics of the local labor market and perceived ethnic competition from migrants have little direct impact on the probability of policy adoption.
Increasing economic insecurity faced by older youth in rural America presents a crisis of social ... more Increasing economic insecurity faced by older youth in rural America presents a crisis of social reproduction for disconnected youth in these areas. Increasingly community based youth serving organizations (CBYSOs) are recognizing and responding to the social reproduction needs of this particularly vulnerable youth population. Such responses are often hidden from funders, government agencies, and community residents. Yet these institutions play an important substitution function for disconnected youth and provide critical social support and social leverage for this population. Based on case studies of 3 CBYSOs in the San Joaquin Valley of California, this article explores how and why CBYSOs play a substitution function for disconnected youth in rural communities. It is the argument of this article that the social reproduction work of CBYSOs is undertaken with a ethic of care that positions these organizations as critical counterspaces for disconnected youth in rural America with the capacity to facilitate the acquisition of social captial, critical placemaking, and empowerment necessary to transform the opportunity structures this marginalized youth population is afforded.
Research continues to stress the influence job polarization has had on employment and economic op... more Research continues to stress the influence job polarization has had on employment and economic opportunity in the US. However, much of this literature is based on studies focused on time periods of economic expansion, and the knowledge base lacks a nuanced understanding of structural employment change during economic downturns and the temporally and spatially distinctive dynamics of such shifts. Using an innovative methodology for measuring job quality, the study provides an empirical analysis of employment shifts that occurred during the Great Recession both quantitatively (how many jobs created or destroyed) as well as qualitatively (what types of jobs created or destroyed). A notable feature of the shifts observed in the employment structure during this time period is a deepening pattern of inequality in the labor market characterized by increased wage polarization for all workers and evidence of downgrading experienced by male workers across all three measures of job quality.
Dominant scholarly and policy discourse implicitly connect growth in immigration to growth in the... more Dominant scholarly and policy discourse implicitly connect growth in immigration to growth in the informal economy and negative socioeconomic outcomes in postindustrial societies. In this introduction, we highlight some of the broader questions and implications raised by the multidisciplinary work of our contributors that challenge this immigration-informality hypothesis. We argue that existing studies of the informal economy in postindustrial societies underscore the multi-scalar economic, social, and political facets and dimensions that shape the intersection between migration and the spread of informal economic practices in the global north. However, this body of work does not adequately connect the ways in which these processes influence immigrants’ economic and labor market integration. The contributions to this special issue focus on these dimensions seeking to identify how they are constructed and the opportunities, challenges, and possibilities they present for migrant workers and migrant receiving societies. Collectively, the contributions challenge dominant narratives surrounding the relationship between migration and the informal economy and contribute to theorize them as co-constituted at multi-scalar relational processes.
A significant body of literature suggests that skin tone segmentation is a salient characteristic... more A significant body of literature suggests that skin tone segmentation is a salient characteristic of intergroup economic inequality in the United States. Yet, empirical investigations of this social phenomenon and its impact on labour market outcomes for worker’s in the United States remains limited or focused on the impact of skin tone on wages. This article examines whether or not phenotypic variability in skin tone among workers influenced levels of job quality experienced during the recessionary era (2007-2012). Data from the Puerto Ricans and the Impact of the Great Recession Survey were used to estimate a Poisson Regression with Endogenous Treatment Effects to consider the impact that variations in skin tone have on levels of job quality experienced by workers. Findings suggest evidence of skin tone labour market segmentation, as workers with darker skin shades experienced lower levels of job quality than those workers with lighter skin tones within and across larger racial and ethnic groups. The results also suggest important regional variations in the experience of skin tone labour market segmentation in the United States. The article concludes by reflecting on the implications of the findings for racial economic inequalities and patterns of social stratification in the contemporary United States.
Theory suggests that community organizations and networks are essential to promoting the socioeco... more Theory suggests that community organizations and networks are essential to promoting the socioeconomic integration of disconnected youth- particularly disconnected youth of Puerto Rican and Dominican Latino ethnic origin. Yet, the types of community organizations and networks present in the local settings disconnected youth engage in, and the potential of these networks to impact economic outcomes experienced by this youth population remains relatively unknown. This paper presents an overview of the types of community based youth serving organizations present in local settings in which Puerto Rican and Dominican disconnected youth engage and typologizes strategies used by these organizations to support the integration of disconnected youth. Drawing on findings from a survey and case studies of community based youth serving organizations in Northern Manhattan, the findings indicate that the role of community based youth serving organizations in supporting disconnected youth both flanks and contests the forces of exclusion confronting this youth population.
Regularization remains a strategic site for studying the political economy of migrant socioeconom... more Regularization remains a strategic site for studying the political economy of migrant socioeconomic incorporation. Research suggests that immigrant regularization policies improve labor market opportunities for undocumented migrant workers in host societies - particularly those engaged in the informal economy. However, research on regularization remains focused on national - level policy efforts, despite increased political activity by subnational levels of government on immigration issues across migrant receiving societies. This article identifies and examines local migrant labor market regularizations= a new political geography of labor market regulation- and explores the potential of these policies to influence labor market mobility and opportunity for irregular migrants in the United States. Using data on 5,528 policy ordinances across 3,067 city, counties, and states, implementation trends across four local migrant labor market regularization policy domains were analyzed for the time period 2001-2014. Case studies of local level government activism within each policy domain are also presented. Findings indicate that the implementation of local migrant labor market regularizations in the United States has become increasingly unfavorable toward migrant workers and that within these new political geographies, local governments are emerging as central actors in shaping migrant labor market opportunities. The article concludes by reflecting on the implications these new political geographies present for the economic incorporation of irregular migrants and their role in constructing a new scalar reality of migrant labor market regulation.
Despite research documenting social economy organisations (SEOs) as important labour market inter... more Despite research documenting social economy organisations (SEOs) as important labour market intermediaries in the informal economy, the impact of these organisations on employment outcomes experienced by workers engaged in these labour markets is relatively unknown. This article analyzes the impact of day labour worker centres on employment outcomes experienced in the informal day labour economy of the United States. Using data from the National Day Labour Survey, findings indicate that these organisations improve working conditions for day labourers and suggest the potential for SEOs to regulate employment processes within the informal economy. However increasing the regulatory capacity of SEOs will require addressing larger political and socioeconomic contexts in which the informal economy is embedded.
Day labor worker centers have emerged as an important mode of regulatory action in the informal e... more Day labor worker centers have emerged as an important mode of regulatory action in the informal economy of major U.S. cities. Research suggests that these organizations are beneficial in improving employment outcomes experienced by migrant workers engaged in this labor market sector. Yet, the extent to which these organizations impact the social integration of this working population remains relatively undeveloped in the literature. Using data from the National Day Labor Survey we examine the impact of day labor worker centers on the level of social inclusion experienced by migrant day laborers. We find that worker centers have a modest, but statistically significant, impact on the levels of social integration experienced by this working population and that this varies from city to city. Ultimately we argue that the social intermediary role of these organizations may offer a type of counter mobilization necessary to promote the socioeconomic integration of this working population, but that issues of capacity remain.
The American Review of Public Administration, 2014
ABSTRACT esearch suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United... more ABSTRACT esearch suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States Census Surveys due to classification error. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the article estimates the extent to which an undercount of Hispanics and Hispanic ethnic groups results from variations between individual reports of identity and the official definitions used to measure Hispanic ethnicity by the United States Census Bureau. The findings are analyzed within the context of issues of governmentality and highlight the implications that the presence of an ethnic undercount in population estimates due to classification error presents for public administrators and policymakers. Ultimately the article argues that the official enumeration classifications used by government agencies must take into account changing discourses surrounding ethnic and racial identity in the United States to help promote equitable, effective, and efficient systems of policy and governance.
Research suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States ... more Research suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States Census Surveys due to classification error. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the article estimates the extent to which an undercount of Hispanics and Hispanic ethnic groups results from variations between individual reports of identity and the official definitions used to measure Hispanic ethnicity by the United States Census Bureau. The findings are analyzed within the context of issues of governmentality and highlight the implications that the presence of an ethnic undercount in population estimates due to classification error presents for public administrators and policymakers. Ultimately the article argues that the official enumeration classifications used by government agencies must take into account changing discourses surrounding ethnic and racial identity in the United States to help promote equitable, effective, and efficient systems of policy and governance.
Literature and theory surrounding the informal economy in international contexts suggest that inf... more Literature and theory surrounding the informal economy in international contexts suggest that informal work arrangements may entail assuming various levels of risk, and that the higher the level of risk in an employment arrangement, the higher the premium paid to the worker. This study is designed to assess if a wage compensation for risk exists within the United States' day labour job market - the most visible sector of the United States' informal economy. Using data from the 2005 National Day Labour Survey we find a statistically significant wage premium indicating that a risk-wage tradeoff within the day labour informal economy exists. Ultimately, we argue that current policy interventions facilitated through day labour centres into the day labour market appear to be effective in mitigating the risks associated with this type of employment.
Evidence of a risk-wage premium in the day labour market suggests there is an incentive to assume higher levels of risk in work arrangements which presents significant concerns for worker safety.
Higher levels of work related risks assumed by day labourers, may be minimized if they receive proper safety training through a formal venue such as a worker centre.
Worker centres only serve 20 per cent of all day labourers in the United States, suggesting a need for the establishment of additional worker centres in other connected or industry based work sites, to help mitigate potential work related risks and injuries in the day labour market.
Mitigating impact between agricultural livelihoods and water conservation efforts in the face of ... more Mitigating impact between agricultural livelihoods and water conservation efforts in the face of significant drought requires a sophisticated understanding of policy efforts enacted to manage water supply and the logic of human livelihood decision-making. This case study extends literature on human-water decision-making in agricultural areas by using a political ecology framework to understand how and why farmers facing significant water shortages make livelihood decisions, and how such decisions are affected by broader socio-political contexts. Specifically, we focus on farmers' livelihood strategies in the Central San Joaquin Valley of California. Here, the effects of extreme and persistent drought have resulted in a resource management governance structure that forces farmer decision-making within the narrow bounds of the newly emerging California water policy. We argue that government public policy intervention has created a potential system of “big winners and big losers,” leading to three divergent strategies farmers adopt: Nimbility, Abandonment, and Policy Engagement. These findings raise questions about how policy interventions shape livelihood strategies of farmers in the Tulare Lake Basin and by extension other areas where public policy intervention is emerging to respond to decreased water supply resources.
Since the Great Recession older youth in US rural economies experience longer periods of disconne... more Since the Great Recession older youth in US rural economies experience longer periods of disconnection from school and work, resulting in increased economic insecurity. We analyze data from interviews with young adults ages 18–24 and ethnographic fieldwork to explore how and why young adults who are disconnected from school and work utilize institutions available to them in their local community settings to ensure livelihoods. Using a livelihood analysis approach, findings suggest Community Based Youth Serving Organizations (CBYSOs) are used by disconnected youth in three ways: 1) as a diversification strategy 2) as a transformative strategy; and 3) as a last resort.
While immigration policymaking has traditionally been the sole prerogative of nation states, rese... more While immigration policymaking has traditionally been the sole prerogative of nation states, research has documented increased instances of migration policy making by sub-national levels across migrant receiving societies. This paper examines the temporally and spatially distinctive dynamics that underscore the adoption of these policies at the county level in the United States. The study considers the implementation of migrant labor market regularizations (LRs) for the time period of 2004-2014. LRs are defined as discrete arenas of policy making at the sub-national level that affect aspects of migrant workers' status in labor markets and include laws and ordinances related to: anti-solicitation, language access, local enforcement of federal immigration law, and employment verification. Utilizing a multi-level event histories model we analyze data from a unique data set of over 5,000 LR policies across 2, 959 counties in the US, and addresses two research questions: 1) what are the social, economic, and political factors that influence the adoption of LRs by counties and municipalities in the US; and 2) do policy adoption trends that occurred during 2004-2014 indicate a unique type of diffusion pattern? We find that the adoption of LRs by county governments are influenced by the racialization of immigration discourse and by policy behaviors at the municipal and state government level, while economic characteristics of the local labor market and perceived ethnic competition from migrants have little direct impact on the probability of policy adoption.
Increasing economic insecurity faced by older youth in rural America presents a crisis of social ... more Increasing economic insecurity faced by older youth in rural America presents a crisis of social reproduction for disconnected youth in these areas. Increasingly community based youth serving organizations (CBYSOs) are recognizing and responding to the social reproduction needs of this particularly vulnerable youth population. Such responses are often hidden from funders, government agencies, and community residents. Yet these institutions play an important substitution function for disconnected youth and provide critical social support and social leverage for this population. Based on case studies of 3 CBYSOs in the San Joaquin Valley of California, this article explores how and why CBYSOs play a substitution function for disconnected youth in rural communities. It is the argument of this article that the social reproduction work of CBYSOs is undertaken with a ethic of care that positions these organizations as critical counterspaces for disconnected youth in rural America with the capacity to facilitate the acquisition of social captial, critical placemaking, and empowerment necessary to transform the opportunity structures this marginalized youth population is afforded.
Research continues to stress the influence job polarization has had on employment and economic op... more Research continues to stress the influence job polarization has had on employment and economic opportunity in the US. However, much of this literature is based on studies focused on time periods of economic expansion, and the knowledge base lacks a nuanced understanding of structural employment change during economic downturns and the temporally and spatially distinctive dynamics of such shifts. Using an innovative methodology for measuring job quality, the study provides an empirical analysis of employment shifts that occurred during the Great Recession both quantitatively (how many jobs created or destroyed) as well as qualitatively (what types of jobs created or destroyed). A notable feature of the shifts observed in the employment structure during this time period is a deepening pattern of inequality in the labor market characterized by increased wage polarization for all workers and evidence of downgrading experienced by male workers across all three measures of job quality.
Dominant scholarly and policy discourse implicitly connect growth in immigration to growth in the... more Dominant scholarly and policy discourse implicitly connect growth in immigration to growth in the informal economy and negative socioeconomic outcomes in postindustrial societies. In this introduction, we highlight some of the broader questions and implications raised by the multidisciplinary work of our contributors that challenge this immigration-informality hypothesis. We argue that existing studies of the informal economy in postindustrial societies underscore the multi-scalar economic, social, and political facets and dimensions that shape the intersection between migration and the spread of informal economic practices in the global north. However, this body of work does not adequately connect the ways in which these processes influence immigrants’ economic and labor market integration. The contributions to this special issue focus on these dimensions seeking to identify how they are constructed and the opportunities, challenges, and possibilities they present for migrant workers and migrant receiving societies. Collectively, the contributions challenge dominant narratives surrounding the relationship between migration and the informal economy and contribute to theorize them as co-constituted at multi-scalar relational processes.
A significant body of literature suggests that skin tone segmentation is a salient characteristic... more A significant body of literature suggests that skin tone segmentation is a salient characteristic of intergroup economic inequality in the United States. Yet, empirical investigations of this social phenomenon and its impact on labour market outcomes for worker’s in the United States remains limited or focused on the impact of skin tone on wages. This article examines whether or not phenotypic variability in skin tone among workers influenced levels of job quality experienced during the recessionary era (2007-2012). Data from the Puerto Ricans and the Impact of the Great Recession Survey were used to estimate a Poisson Regression with Endogenous Treatment Effects to consider the impact that variations in skin tone have on levels of job quality experienced by workers. Findings suggest evidence of skin tone labour market segmentation, as workers with darker skin shades experienced lower levels of job quality than those workers with lighter skin tones within and across larger racial and ethnic groups. The results also suggest important regional variations in the experience of skin tone labour market segmentation in the United States. The article concludes by reflecting on the implications of the findings for racial economic inequalities and patterns of social stratification in the contemporary United States.
Theory suggests that community organizations and networks are essential to promoting the socioeco... more Theory suggests that community organizations and networks are essential to promoting the socioeconomic integration of disconnected youth- particularly disconnected youth of Puerto Rican and Dominican Latino ethnic origin. Yet, the types of community organizations and networks present in the local settings disconnected youth engage in, and the potential of these networks to impact economic outcomes experienced by this youth population remains relatively unknown. This paper presents an overview of the types of community based youth serving organizations present in local settings in which Puerto Rican and Dominican disconnected youth engage and typologizes strategies used by these organizations to support the integration of disconnected youth. Drawing on findings from a survey and case studies of community based youth serving organizations in Northern Manhattan, the findings indicate that the role of community based youth serving organizations in supporting disconnected youth both flanks and contests the forces of exclusion confronting this youth population.
Regularization remains a strategic site for studying the political economy of migrant socioeconom... more Regularization remains a strategic site for studying the political economy of migrant socioeconomic incorporation. Research suggests that immigrant regularization policies improve labor market opportunities for undocumented migrant workers in host societies - particularly those engaged in the informal economy. However, research on regularization remains focused on national - level policy efforts, despite increased political activity by subnational levels of government on immigration issues across migrant receiving societies. This article identifies and examines local migrant labor market regularizations= a new political geography of labor market regulation- and explores the potential of these policies to influence labor market mobility and opportunity for irregular migrants in the United States. Using data on 5,528 policy ordinances across 3,067 city, counties, and states, implementation trends across four local migrant labor market regularization policy domains were analyzed for the time period 2001-2014. Case studies of local level government activism within each policy domain are also presented. Findings indicate that the implementation of local migrant labor market regularizations in the United States has become increasingly unfavorable toward migrant workers and that within these new political geographies, local governments are emerging as central actors in shaping migrant labor market opportunities. The article concludes by reflecting on the implications these new political geographies present for the economic incorporation of irregular migrants and their role in constructing a new scalar reality of migrant labor market regulation.
Despite research documenting social economy organisations (SEOs) as important labour market inter... more Despite research documenting social economy organisations (SEOs) as important labour market intermediaries in the informal economy, the impact of these organisations on employment outcomes experienced by workers engaged in these labour markets is relatively unknown. This article analyzes the impact of day labour worker centres on employment outcomes experienced in the informal day labour economy of the United States. Using data from the National Day Labour Survey, findings indicate that these organisations improve working conditions for day labourers and suggest the potential for SEOs to regulate employment processes within the informal economy. However increasing the regulatory capacity of SEOs will require addressing larger political and socioeconomic contexts in which the informal economy is embedded.
Day labor worker centers have emerged as an important mode of regulatory action in the informal e... more Day labor worker centers have emerged as an important mode of regulatory action in the informal economy of major U.S. cities. Research suggests that these organizations are beneficial in improving employment outcomes experienced by migrant workers engaged in this labor market sector. Yet, the extent to which these organizations impact the social integration of this working population remains relatively undeveloped in the literature. Using data from the National Day Labor Survey we examine the impact of day labor worker centers on the level of social inclusion experienced by migrant day laborers. We find that worker centers have a modest, but statistically significant, impact on the levels of social integration experienced by this working population and that this varies from city to city. Ultimately we argue that the social intermediary role of these organizations may offer a type of counter mobilization necessary to promote the socioeconomic integration of this working population, but that issues of capacity remain.
The American Review of Public Administration, 2014
ABSTRACT esearch suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United... more ABSTRACT esearch suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States Census Surveys due to classification error. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the article estimates the extent to which an undercount of Hispanics and Hispanic ethnic groups results from variations between individual reports of identity and the official definitions used to measure Hispanic ethnicity by the United States Census Bureau. The findings are analyzed within the context of issues of governmentality and highlight the implications that the presence of an ethnic undercount in population estimates due to classification error presents for public administrators and policymakers. Ultimately the article argues that the official enumeration classifications used by government agencies must take into account changing discourses surrounding ethnic and racial identity in the United States to help promote equitable, effective, and efficient systems of policy and governance.
Research suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States ... more Research suggests that an undercount of ethnic population groups may be present in United States Census Surveys due to classification error. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS), the article estimates the extent to which an undercount of Hispanics and Hispanic ethnic groups results from variations between individual reports of identity and the official definitions used to measure Hispanic ethnicity by the United States Census Bureau. The findings are analyzed within the context of issues of governmentality and highlight the implications that the presence of an ethnic undercount in population estimates due to classification error presents for public administrators and policymakers. Ultimately the article argues that the official enumeration classifications used by government agencies must take into account changing discourses surrounding ethnic and racial identity in the United States to help promote equitable, effective, and efficient systems of policy and governance.
Literature and theory surrounding the informal economy in international contexts suggest that inf... more Literature and theory surrounding the informal economy in international contexts suggest that informal work arrangements may entail assuming various levels of risk, and that the higher the level of risk in an employment arrangement, the higher the premium paid to the worker. This study is designed to assess if a wage compensation for risk exists within the United States' day labour job market - the most visible sector of the United States' informal economy. Using data from the 2005 National Day Labour Survey we find a statistically significant wage premium indicating that a risk-wage tradeoff within the day labour informal economy exists. Ultimately, we argue that current policy interventions facilitated through day labour centres into the day labour market appear to be effective in mitigating the risks associated with this type of employment.
Evidence of a risk-wage premium in the day labour market suggests there is an incentive to assume higher levels of risk in work arrangements which presents significant concerns for worker safety.
Higher levels of work related risks assumed by day labourers, may be minimized if they receive proper safety training through a formal venue such as a worker centre.
Worker centres only serve 20 per cent of all day labourers in the United States, suggesting a need for the establishment of additional worker centres in other connected or industry based work sites, to help mitigate potential work related risks and injuries in the day labour market.
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Papers by M. Anne Visser
Evidence of a risk-wage premium in the day labour market suggests there is an incentive to assume higher levels of risk in work arrangements which presents significant concerns for worker safety.
Higher levels of work related risks assumed by day labourers, may be minimized if they receive proper safety training through a formal venue such as a worker centre.
Worker centres only serve 20 per cent of all day labourers in the United States, suggesting a need for the establishment of additional worker centres in other connected or industry based work sites, to help mitigate potential work related risks and injuries in the day labour market.
Evidence of a risk-wage premium in the day labour market suggests there is an incentive to assume higher levels of risk in work arrangements which presents significant concerns for worker safety.
Higher levels of work related risks assumed by day labourers, may be minimized if they receive proper safety training through a formal venue such as a worker centre.
Worker centres only serve 20 per cent of all day labourers in the United States, suggesting a need for the establishment of additional worker centres in other connected or industry based work sites, to help mitigate potential work related risks and injuries in the day labour market.