Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Much emphasis has been placed on how the affordances and layouts of an office setting can influen... more Much emphasis has been placed on how the affordances and layouts of an office setting can influence co-worker interactions and perceived team outcomes. Little is known, however, whether perceptions of teamwork and team conflict are affected when the location of work changes from the office to the home. To address this gap, we present findings from a ten-week,in situ study of 91 information workers from 27 US-based teams. We compare three distinct work locations---private and shared workspaces at home as well at the office---and explore how each location may impact individual perceptions of teamwork. While there was no significant association with participants' perceptions of teamwork, results revealed associations of work location with team conflict: participants who worked in a private room at home reported significantly lower team conflict compared to those working in the office. No difference was found for the office and the shared workspace. We further found that the influen...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Working remotely from home during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant shifts and di... more Working remotely from home during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant shifts and disruptions in the personal and work lives of millions of information workers and their teams. We examined how sleep patterns---an important component of mental and physical health---relates to teamwork. We used wearable sensing and daily questionnaires to examine sleep patterns, affect, and perceptions of teamwork in 71 information workers from 22 teams over a ten-week period. Participants reported delays in sleep onset and offset as well as longer sleep duration during the pandemic. A similar shift was found in work schedules, though total work hours did not change significantly. Surprisingly, we found that more sleep was negatively related to positive affect, perceptions of teamwork, and perceptions of team productivity. However, a greater misalignment in the sleep patterns of members in a team predicted positive affect and teamwork after accounting for individual differences in sleep p...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Working from home has become common practice for many, especially since the global pandemic has f... more Working from home has become common practice for many, especially since the global pandemic has forced many office workers to relocate their work spaces to a home environment. While working from home can have benefits, it requires self-discipline and can be a challenge to stay motivated. Changes in motivation about work may impact people's sense of productivity and well-being. We used a mixed-methods study using diaries and interviews with 25 informants to investigate perceived challenges during remote work from home. A grounded theory analysis revealed that people's work motivation had shifted from being people-centric to being work-centric. In the office, informants were motivated by working and interacting with others and being at their desk signaled work engagement to others. At home, motivation was mainly driven by personal work responsibilities. We identify four clusters of worker strategies to address the shift in work motivation. While some informants' perspectiv...
We report on the findings from a mixed-methods user study that explores some of the less-studied ... more We report on the findings from a mixed-methods user study that explores some of the less-studied challenges in designing personal visualizations. We implemented an interface presenting visualizations of the personal data gathered as part of a prior study and conducted a think-aloud study (N=15) of participants’ exploration of their respective data on the interface. We analyzed participant verbal reports and interactions to (i) corroborate the types of insights they gained with the insight types identified in the literature, (ii) identify contextual information recalled by the participants to interpret their data, and (iii) identify interface design choices that potentially hinder insight discovery. Our findings complement prior work and we present design directions for visualizations of personal data, including guidelines for providing baselines for comparison, providing higher explorability for more data-savvy users, and minimizing the need for reading even in more exploratory inte...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of previously co-located information workers had to work f... more During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of previously co-located information workers had to work from home, a trend expected to become much more commonplace in the future. We interviewed 53 information workers from 17 U.S. teams to understand how this unique extended work-from-home setting influenced teamwork and how they adapted to it. Using a grounded theory approach, we discovered that extended remote work highlighted diversity in team members' home-lives and daily work rhythms. Whereas these types of diversity played only marginal roles for teams in the co-located office, they had a more tangible impact in the work-from-home setting, from coordination delays and interruptions to conflicts related to workload fairness, miscommunication, and trust. Importantly, workers reported that their teams adapted to these challenges by setting explicit norms and standards for online communication and asynchronous collaboration and by promoting general social and situational awareness. We ...
We present an intelligent virtual interviewer that engages with a user in a text-based conversati... more We present an intelligent virtual interviewer that engages with a user in a text-based conversation and automatically infers the user's psychological traits, such as personality. We investigate how the personality of a virtual interviewer influences a user's behavior from two perspectives: the user's willingness to confide in, and listen to, a virtual interviewer. We have developed two virtual interviewers with distinct personalities and deployed them in a real-world recruiting event. We present findings from completed interviews with 316 actual job applicants. Notably, users are more willing to confide in and listen to a virtual interviewer with a serious, assertive personality. Moreover, users' personality traits, inferred from their chat text, influence their perception of a virtual interviewer, and their willingness to confide in and listen to a virtual interviewer. Finally, we discuss the implications of our work on building hyper-personalized, intelligent agent...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2022
We present a design fiction, which is set in the near future as significant Mars habitation begin... more We present a design fiction, which is set in the near future as significant Mars habitation begins. Our goal in creating this fiction is to address current work-life issues on Earth and Mars in the future. With shelter-in-place measures, established norms of productivity and relaxation have been shaken. The fiction creates an opportunity to explore boundaries between work and life, which are changing with shelter-in-place and will continue to change. Our work includes two primary artifacts: (1) a propaganda recruitment poster and (2) a fictional narrative account. The former paints the work-life on Mars as heroic, fulfilling, and fun. The latter provides a contrast that depicts the lived experience of early Mars inhabitants. Our statement draws from our design fiction in order to reflect on the structure of work, stress identification and management, family and work-family communication, and the role of automation.
This paper reports on a study of factors that affect team identity in a virtual organization. 204... more This paper reports on a study of factors that affect team identity in a virtual organization. 204 members of 18 different teams were studied in a large multinational organization where the majority of collaboration is conducted across geographic distance. A survey was administered and three months of team observations were conducted. The results showed that members of smaller teams judge their teams to have higher participation, better rapport, higher commitment, better knowledge of team goals, and higher awareness of their teammates. We also found that higher levels of team interdependency were associated with higher familiarity among the members and a higher level of collaboration readiness. Collaborative technology adoption also differed: smaller teams tended to adopt technologies that more directly supported collaboration, whereas larger teams tended to adopt technologies with greater reliance on coordination functionality. There was no relation of task type to team size. Puttin...
HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEM Most organizations do not develop systems from scratch. Inste... more HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEM Most organizations do not develop systems from scratch. Instead, to deal with economic constraints, organization demands, and customer needs, they often: a) identify possible problems that represent customer demand [10, 16], b) consider which possible technologies are useful to address these problems, e.g. commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) [8] or open source software [12], c) select which problems to address, and d) implement a project to solve these problems. The initial choices for problem selection, in turn, involve a process of balancing and negotiating requirements from multiple sources [11, 13, 14, 17].
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work - CSCW '96, 1996
This full-day workshop is intended for designers, researchers, and decision-makers to discuss and... more This full-day workshop is intended for designers, researchers, and decision-makers to discuss and compare their experiences with designing and introducing groupware in an organizational context. Considering the impact that groupware has had on collaboration in recent years, there are relatively few published studies on experiences with introducing groupware. With so few comparisons, it is difficult to develop and appropriate framework
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Much emphasis has been placed on how the affordances and layouts of an office setting can influen... more Much emphasis has been placed on how the affordances and layouts of an office setting can influence co-worker interactions and perceived team outcomes. Little is known, however, whether perceptions of teamwork and team conflict are affected when the location of work changes from the office to the home. To address this gap, we present findings from a ten-week,in situ study of 91 information workers from 27 US-based teams. We compare three distinct work locations---private and shared workspaces at home as well at the office---and explore how each location may impact individual perceptions of teamwork. While there was no significant association with participants' perceptions of teamwork, results revealed associations of work location with team conflict: participants who worked in a private room at home reported significantly lower team conflict compared to those working in the office. No difference was found for the office and the shared workspace. We further found that the influen...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Working remotely from home during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant shifts and di... more Working remotely from home during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant shifts and disruptions in the personal and work lives of millions of information workers and their teams. We examined how sleep patterns---an important component of mental and physical health---relates to teamwork. We used wearable sensing and daily questionnaires to examine sleep patterns, affect, and perceptions of teamwork in 71 information workers from 22 teams over a ten-week period. Participants reported delays in sleep onset and offset as well as longer sleep duration during the pandemic. A similar shift was found in work schedules, though total work hours did not change significantly. Surprisingly, we found that more sleep was negatively related to positive affect, perceptions of teamwork, and perceptions of team productivity. However, a greater misalignment in the sleep patterns of members in a team predicted positive affect and teamwork after accounting for individual differences in sleep p...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
Working from home has become common practice for many, especially since the global pandemic has f... more Working from home has become common practice for many, especially since the global pandemic has forced many office workers to relocate their work spaces to a home environment. While working from home can have benefits, it requires self-discipline and can be a challenge to stay motivated. Changes in motivation about work may impact people's sense of productivity and well-being. We used a mixed-methods study using diaries and interviews with 25 informants to investigate perceived challenges during remote work from home. A grounded theory analysis revealed that people's work motivation had shifted from being people-centric to being work-centric. In the office, informants were motivated by working and interacting with others and being at their desk signaled work engagement to others. At home, motivation was mainly driven by personal work responsibilities. We identify four clusters of worker strategies to address the shift in work motivation. While some informants' perspectiv...
We report on the findings from a mixed-methods user study that explores some of the less-studied ... more We report on the findings from a mixed-methods user study that explores some of the less-studied challenges in designing personal visualizations. We implemented an interface presenting visualizations of the personal data gathered as part of a prior study and conducted a think-aloud study (N=15) of participants’ exploration of their respective data on the interface. We analyzed participant verbal reports and interactions to (i) corroborate the types of insights they gained with the insight types identified in the literature, (ii) identify contextual information recalled by the participants to interpret their data, and (iii) identify interface design choices that potentially hinder insight discovery. Our findings complement prior work and we present design directions for visualizations of personal data, including guidelines for providing baselines for comparison, providing higher explorability for more data-savvy users, and minimizing the need for reading even in more exploratory inte...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction
During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of previously co-located information workers had to work f... more During the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of previously co-located information workers had to work from home, a trend expected to become much more commonplace in the future. We interviewed 53 information workers from 17 U.S. teams to understand how this unique extended work-from-home setting influenced teamwork and how they adapted to it. Using a grounded theory approach, we discovered that extended remote work highlighted diversity in team members' home-lives and daily work rhythms. Whereas these types of diversity played only marginal roles for teams in the co-located office, they had a more tangible impact in the work-from-home setting, from coordination delays and interruptions to conflicts related to workload fairness, miscommunication, and trust. Importantly, workers reported that their teams adapted to these challenges by setting explicit norms and standards for online communication and asynchronous collaboration and by promoting general social and situational awareness. We ...
We present an intelligent virtual interviewer that engages with a user in a text-based conversati... more We present an intelligent virtual interviewer that engages with a user in a text-based conversation and automatically infers the user's psychological traits, such as personality. We investigate how the personality of a virtual interviewer influences a user's behavior from two perspectives: the user's willingness to confide in, and listen to, a virtual interviewer. We have developed two virtual interviewers with distinct personalities and deployed them in a real-world recruiting event. We present findings from completed interviews with 316 actual job applicants. Notably, users are more willing to confide in and listen to a virtual interviewer with a serious, assertive personality. Moreover, users' personality traits, inferred from their chat text, influence their perception of a virtual interviewer, and their willingness to confide in and listen to a virtual interviewer. Finally, we discuss the implications of our work on building hyper-personalized, intelligent agent...
Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2022
We present a design fiction, which is set in the near future as significant Mars habitation begin... more We present a design fiction, which is set in the near future as significant Mars habitation begins. Our goal in creating this fiction is to address current work-life issues on Earth and Mars in the future. With shelter-in-place measures, established norms of productivity and relaxation have been shaken. The fiction creates an opportunity to explore boundaries between work and life, which are changing with shelter-in-place and will continue to change. Our work includes two primary artifacts: (1) a propaganda recruitment poster and (2) a fictional narrative account. The former paints the work-life on Mars as heroic, fulfilling, and fun. The latter provides a contrast that depicts the lived experience of early Mars inhabitants. Our statement draws from our design fiction in order to reflect on the structure of work, stress identification and management, family and work-family communication, and the role of automation.
This paper reports on a study of factors that affect team identity in a virtual organization. 204... more This paper reports on a study of factors that affect team identity in a virtual organization. 204 members of 18 different teams were studied in a large multinational organization where the majority of collaboration is conducted across geographic distance. A survey was administered and three months of team observations were conducted. The results showed that members of smaller teams judge their teams to have higher participation, better rapport, higher commitment, better knowledge of team goals, and higher awareness of their teammates. We also found that higher levels of team interdependency were associated with higher familiarity among the members and a higher level of collaboration readiness. Collaborative technology adoption also differed: smaller teams tended to adopt technologies that more directly supported collaboration, whereas larger teams tended to adopt technologies with greater reliance on coordination functionality. There was no relation of task type to team size. Puttin...
HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEM Most organizations do not develop systems from scratch. Inste... more HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM DESIGN PROBLEM Most organizations do not develop systems from scratch. Instead, to deal with economic constraints, organization demands, and customer needs, they often: a) identify possible problems that represent customer demand [10, 16], b) consider which possible technologies are useful to address these problems, e.g. commercial off-the-shelf software (COTS) [8] or open source software [12], c) select which problems to address, and d) implement a project to solve these problems. The initial choices for problem selection, in turn, involve a process of balancing and negotiating requirements from multiple sources [11, 13, 14, 17].
Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work - CSCW '96, 1996
This full-day workshop is intended for designers, researchers, and decision-makers to discuss and... more This full-day workshop is intended for designers, researchers, and decision-makers to discuss and compare their experiences with designing and introducing groupware in an organizational context. Considering the impact that groupware has had on collaboration in recent years, there are relatively few published studies on experiences with introducing groupware. With so few comparisons, it is difficult to develop and appropriate framework
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Papers by Gloria Mark