Open Access Books in Linguistics

This paper aims at critically addressing the issue of intellectual property in the biomedical and health fields, focusing on the equitable and rapid distribution of anti-COVID-19 vaccines on a global scale. The main allegation is not new: open science is incompatible with policies aimed at extending and strengthening intellectual property. However, this same thesis deserves further attention in relation to the ongoing public debate and national and international policy choices. The paper starts from the refutation of the arguments in favour of private patents on vaccines (paragraph 2), then it provides an overview on of the debate on downstream policies (paragraph 3) and discusses some upstream policies (paragraph 4); some conclusions follow (paragraph 5).

Questo scritto intende affrontare criticamente il tema della proprietà intellettuale in campo biomedico e sanitario, con particolare riferimento alla questione dell’equa e rapida distribuzione su scala globale dei vaccini anti-COVID-19. La tesi di fondo non è nuova: la scienza aperta è inconciliabile con politiche di estensione e rafforzamento della proprietà intellettuale. Pur non essendo nuova, la tesi merita un approfondimento in relazione al dibattito pubblico in corso e alle scelte politiche nazionali e internazionali. Si prenderà le mosse dalla confutazione degli argomenti a favore di brevetti privati sui vaccini (paragrafo 2), per poi offrire una sintesi del dibattito sulle politiche a valle (paragrafo 3), discutere alcune politiche a monte (paragrafo 4) e infine svolgere alcune conclusioni (paragrafo 5).

The evolution of Covid-19 in India has generated biomedical crises and various crises in teaching and learning processes. The lack of consistency in taking classes, the unsystematic methods of assessing the students, the mockery of the students as 'Covid batch', and the career insecurities of the students have transformed the knowledge scape of the students. During the virtual interaction sessions with the participants, the authors felt that the students' approach towards virtual learning had been infected with insecurities, insincerities, and the fear of bleak futures. These challenges invite us to critically re-investigate and re-address the unethical evaluation practices within a broader framework of the factors that contribute to the unequal systems of knowledge production within the higher educational institutions in India. Based on these arguments, the article discusses the various factors that provoke the students to indulge in such unethical practices during Covid-19; the consequences they encounter; and the possible methods to overcome such challenges. The discussions in this article are based on a case study conducted with six postgraduate students from different higher educational institutions in West Bengal and Assam.

This study is the first wide-scope morpho-syntactic comparative study of North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects to date. Given the historical depth of Aramaic (almost 3 millennia) and the geographic span of the modern dialects, coming in contact with various Iranian, Turkic and Semitic languages, these dialects provide an almost pristine "laboratory" setting for examining language change from areal, typological and historical perspectives. While the study has a very wide coverage of dialects, including also contact languages (and especially Kurdish dialects), it focuses on a specific grammatical domain, namely attributive constructions, giving a theoretically motivated and empirically grounded account of their variation, distribution and development. The results will be enlightening not only to Semitists seeking to learn about this fascinating modern Semitic language group, but also for typologists and general linguists interested in the dynamics of noun phrase morphosyntax.

This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Minimalism, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-​Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction  Grammar, Dependency Grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are  explained with German as the object language.

The second part of the book compares these approaches with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis, which assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge, is critically examined and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. The second part then addresses controversial issues of current theory building such as the question of flat or binary branching structures being more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a chapter showing how properties common to all languages or to certain classes of languages can be captured.

The aim of this project is to found parks of displaced cross-stones in those villages of the Republics of Armenia and Artsakh where the former Azerbaijanian inhabitants have destroyed the medieval Armenian cemeteries, using the tombstones and cross-stones as building material. Thanks to the foundation of such parks, the present-day Armenian inhabitants of these villages will be able to gather all the displaced monuments in one place, which will facilitate their preservation. We hope that this project, implemented for the first time in Aghberk Village, will also be carried out in other similar villages.
Նպատակն է տեղահանված խաչքարերի համար նախատեսված պուրակներ հիմնել Հայաստանի և Արցախի Հանրապետությունների նախկին ադրբեջանաբնակ այն գյուղերում, որտեղ վերջիններս ոչնչացրել են հայկական միջնադարյան գերեզմանոցները, իսկ հուշարձանները՝ որպես շինանյութ, գործածել տարբեր կառույցների որմերում և հիմքերում: Այս պուրակների ստեղծումով հնարավորություն է տրվում գյուղերի այժմյան հայ բնակիչներին հայտնաբերված տեղահան հուշարձանները պահպանման նպատակով հավաքելու մի վայրում: Առաջին անգամ Աղբերքում իրականացված այս ծրագիրը, հուսով ենք, հետագայում կարող ենք շարունակել նույն կարգավիճակ ունեցող այլ գյուղերում:

One of the most challenging tasks for language instructors is finding effective ways to determine what and how much their students are actually learning. Instructors need to think carefully about what kinds of knowledge their tests allow students to demonstrate. This section provides guidance on ways of using traditional tests and alternative forms of assessment. Popup windows on the Alternative Assessment page illustrate the use of checklists and rubrics for evaluation. The page on the ACTFL Guidelines includes popup windows on specific languages.

This paper describes my personal motivation for trying to establish Open Access book series. It contains an analysis of the financial aspects of academic careers in some European countries, with a special focus on Germany and concludes that current book prices are too high for individual scholars to be affordable. In the remainder of the paper I suggest a setting that can solve the problem while ensuring a high quality of published books.

Let us suppose that you are a research linguist, tormented by some doubts and questions about the state of your profession, and not constrained by having to repeat a catechism of "known truths" to Linguistics 101 students, and not worried about employment tenure. How would you actually go about tackling "the central problem of linguistics", namely how we acquire and maintain knowledge of the probability of systemic relationships in a language?

This volume contains the complete collection of published and
unpublished work on German grammar by Tilman N. Höhle. It consists of
two parts. The first part is Topologische Felder, a book-length manuscript that was written in 1983 but was never finished nor published. It is a careful examination of the topological properties of German sentences, including a discussion of typological assumptions. The second part assembles all other published and unpublished papers by Höhle on German grammar.

All of these papers were highly influential in German linguistics, in
theoretical linguistics in general, and in a specific variant of
theoretical linguistics, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Topics
covered are clause structure, constituent order, coordination, (verum)
focus, word structure, the relationship between relative pronouns and
verbs in V2, extraction, and the foundations of a theory of phonology
in constraint-based grammar.

The Delhi Declaration on Open Access, pronounced on 14th February 2018, becomes another instance of solidarity of the researchers in Global South in making open access (OA) to scholarly literature a popular choice in the dissemination of the scientific research. The Open Access India (OAI), an open access advocacy group, was the main architect behind this Declaration. The Declaration had over 120 signatories from India and other countries in the Global South within first two weeks of its pronouncement.  This declaration is supported by the Knowledge Societies Division of UNESCO; IFLA RSCAO; Forum for Open Access in SAARC, etc. The signatories are not limited to the information professionals, journal editors, and research funders, but also the committed academic researchers who use and promote open access resources. The Declaration also marked the sixteenth anniversary of Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI), which is considered as the starting point in the shaping of the global open access movement. On the 15th anniversary of BOAI, the AgriXiv, a preprint self-archiving portal for agriculture and allied sciences was launched as an Open Access India’s community initiative.

Download/Open Review at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/25

This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistics or contributed tools that are relevant for current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Mimimalism, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction Grammar, Tree Adjoining Grammar, Dependency Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how each theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the object language.

In a final part of the book the approaches are compared with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The nativism hypothesis that claims that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge is examined critically and alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. In addition this more general part addresses issues that are discussed controversially in current theory building such as the question whether flat or binary branching structures are more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses that are suggested in the various frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a section that shows how properties that are common to all languages or to certain language classes can be captured.

A common challenge faced by members of the Association of Portuguese Language Universities (AULP) and by other higher education institutions around the world is providing access to up-to-date and relevant academic literature. In an age where more research is being published than ever before, institutions need to move with the times and recognise that we should change our approach to tertiary education. This report considers how a university based in a Portuguese speaking country can use e-learning to overcome some of the barriers presented by language in higher education.

This book is a contribution to the general discussion of the question whether argument structure constructions should be treated with reference to phrasal patterns as suggested by Goldberg (1995, 2006); Culicover and Jackendoff (2005) and others or whether lexical approaches like) are more appropriate. In the absence of any fully worked out formalized phrasal proposals in Construction Grammar many arguments against phrasal approaches had hypothetical character (see for instance Müller, 2006). This paper discusses recent approaches by Asudeh, Dalrymple, and Toivonen (2008, 2013), Christie (2010) and Asudeh, Giorgolo, and Toivonen (2014) in the framework of LFG, which can be seen as formalizations of phrasal constructionist approaches. The authors argue that certain arguments in resultative and benefactive constructions in English are licensed in phrasal constructions rather than lexically. Applying an old argument by Dowty and Bresnan to resultative constructions, I show that data involving deriva-tional morphology suggests that valence information is visible at the lexical level and hence should not be introduced at the phrasal level. The conclusion is that analyses like the classical lexical analysis of resultative constructions by Simpson (1983) are the only option for lexicalist theories like LFG and HPSG. A second part of the paper discusses active passive alternations in template-based approaches and points out that generalizations regarding c-structure are missing 1 in the same way as they are missing in simple phrase structure grammar. Such missing generalizations motivated Harris and Chomsky to introduce transformations , but transformations are not used in LFG and hence the generalizations regarding active/passive c-structure pairs can not be captured. Furthermore, I show that cross-linguistic generalizations cannot be captured with reference to phrasal configurations since languages differ in the way they actually realize resultative and benefactive constructions. It is shown that languages like German that allow much freer constituent order than English and partial verbal phrases are incompatible with phrasal views on argument structure. In a third part I develop a lexical account of German and English resultatives and benefactives in the framework of HPSG and show how this account captures the commonalities between German and English despite the superficial dissimilarities between the two languages.

Dear honorable guests, ladies, gentlemen and, assalam o alaikum and good morning. On behalf of the Linguistic Association of Pakistan and the Institute of Languages, University of the Punjab, I would like to declare that the 2 nd international conference is now open. As we open this conference, it gives us a great pleasure to welcome all of you. In particular, I would like to express my gratitude and warm welcome to our plenary and featured international We would like to express our heartfelt gratefulness to the Dean of Oriental College, Dr. Fakhr-ul Haq Noori and especially to the Vice-Chancellor, University of the Punjab, Dr. Mujahid Kamran for making this conference possible. All of our speakers are very special and have been selected carefully so that all of you can have variety of topics and benefit from their knowledge. I would like to introduce them to you. I have to confess that there are two of them who I really admire and have a high level of respect for them due to their contributions towards the field of linguistics.

The study focused on the relationship between job satisfaction and library staff conducted at Biliran Province State University Library and BIPSU Biliran Campus Library. There are four objectives to guide the study, two questions to evaluate the two behaviors. Focusing on the predictive factors that the target population is 20 staff all used as a sample. From the 20 copies of the questionnaire, 12 responses were collected for data analysis. The quantitative design was used for the study responses, and the target population included all library staff at Biliran Province State University and BIPSU Biliran Campus Library. The results of the study show that there is an important relationship between employers and employees in the library. While the larger is responsible for the employees of the Biliran Province State University Library and learned library at BIPSU Biliran Campus. Biliran Province State University management study is recommended, and the BIPSU Biliran Campus should be enhanced by benefits and salaries. and the university librarian must participate in making staff decisions.
Keywords: Satisfaction, focus, Hypotheses, wages, extra benefits.

Every linguist of the world would agree that children learn best if they are taught in their mother tongues. Nevertheless, it is extremely challenging to carry out this task when there is no such infrastructure to do so. Pakistan has seventy two languages and no resources for the teaching of all languages, for this reason it is impossible to teach every child in their mother tongue since some of the languages are not even documented. The literacy level of the Pakistani population is directly related to the issue of national languages proficiency. The opportunities for Pakistan in this regard are immense, as it has been proven that the more languages a child learns the greater the grey matter of the brain. In other words, a child becomes more intelligent when he or she learns an extra language. It is clear that Pakistan has a multi-ethnic and multilingual population as well as low levels of literacy. It is imperative to implement homogeneous education and language reforms that would produce individuals who would receive similar education and hence have access to similar opportunities. These reforms should lead to a lift in the literacy rate. In this declaration developments will be proposed and discussed which would lead to very much needed educational and language reforms, directed towards the implementation of homogeneous policies for ensuring that all citizens are bilingual (at a minimum) and able to use the national languages in whichever spheres they chose to. This will ensure that they have access and language mobility within the country as well as in the international arena and are able to access foreign educational institutions as well as be able to understand and compete with others in the fields of technology, exports, education, etc. In 2013 the Lahore Declaration was made on the occasion of the International Conference on Language Sciences and the Developing World. The language scholars there vowed to achieve a set of particular objectives. It is pleasing to observe that although the number of linguists is still limited, in 2016 awareness of the problems has increased and some of the goals seem to be achieving. This is due to an increasing number of language experts that

"The book de­scribes a large frag­ment of Ger­man in terms of the HPSG paradime. On a broad em­pir­i­cal basis it de­vel­ops a for­mal­ly ex­plic­it the­o­ry with spe­cial em­pha­sis on var­i­ous word-​or­der phe­nom­e­na: the rel­a­tive­ly free po­si­tion of con­stituents in the Mit­telfeld also con­sid­er­ing co­her­ent con­struc­tions, po­si­tion­ing in the ver­bal com­plex, fronting, and ex­tra­po­si­tion. The anal­y­sis of these phe­nom­e­na is em­bed­ded in a gen­er­al the­o­ry of sen­tence struc­ture and a dis­cus­sion of rel­e­vant for­mal mech­a­nisms.

This book is writ­ten in Ger­man. It is a de­tailed doc­u­men­ta­tion of the lin­guis­tic the­o­ry of the Ba­bel-​Sys­tem."

Dedicated to all those who selflessly organised the safe retreat of Kesab Armenians during the events of March 2014, saved them from extermination and heroically protected their right to return to their birthplace
The booklet presents the cultural heritage of Kesab District, Latakia Governorate, Syria, on the basis of the results of field work conducted in 2006, 2008 and 2010. Our studies are also supported by the available records regarding the history, architectural features and lapidary inscriptions of the local monuments.

La cultura è importante, specie in tempo di pandemia. Ma quale cultura? Quella per pochi, sempre più costosa e indisponibile se non su piattaforme digitali?
La sfida delle biblioteche? Diventare spazi per il bene comune, non magazzini per accumulare libri. Un'idea antica eppure rivoluzionaria, specie in quelle zone del nostro Paese che non hanno più servizi pubblici per il prestito dei libri. Ecco allora che una piccola, localizzata esperienza, nata in tempo di pandemia grazie all'iniziativa del sociologo Pietro Piro, diventa un esempio. Una buona pratica che sta ricevendo supporto e sostegno da tantissimi volontari che inviano materiale e sostegno di ogni tipo per alimentare questa bella esperienza. Ne parliamo con Pietro Piro.

Open Science is a practice of science and a movement to make scientific research, data and dissemination accessible to all levels of an inquiring society under terms that enable the reuse, redistribution and replicability of the research and its underlying data and methods.

WHERE AND WHEN: UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA
JUNE 21ST
The conference will be held at the Aula Magna of the Historical Building of the University of Barcelona.

PHD STUDENTS AND SCHOLARS

POSTER SESSION

A poster session will be held during the conference. We encourage PhD students and scholars to present a poster regarding the four topics of the conference: Open Access, Open Data, Open Source, Citizen Science.

The maximum dimensions of the poster should be A1 (594 x 841 mm) in portrait format. Poster presenters should be prepared to hang their poster either during the lunch break or during the afternoon coffee break. There will be an award for the best student poster. If you are interested in presenting a poster, please, send us a proposal to open.humanities@roman-ep.net with POSTER as a subject before the 30th of May 2018. We also encourage scholars working on other topics bordering with the humanities to present their work.

ALL PROPOSALS MUST HAVE:

– Full name and affiliation

– A title

– An abstract of no more than 200 words

The book can be downloaded from my webpage. See URL.

"This book introduces formal grammar theories that play a role in current linguistics or contributed tools that are relevant for current linguistic theorizing (Phrase Structure Grammar, Transformational Grammar/Government & Binding, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, Lexical Functional Grammar, Categorial Grammar, Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, Construction Grammar,
Tree Adjoining Grammar). The key assumptions are explained and it is shown how the respective theory treats arguments and adjuncts, the active/passive alternation, local reorderings, verb placement, and fronting of constituents over long distances. The analyses are explained with German as the
object language.

In a final chapter the approaches are compared with respect to their predictions regarding language acquisition and psycholinguistic plausibility. The Nativism hypothesis that assumes that humans posses genetically determined innate language-specific knowledge is examined critically and
alternative models of language acquisition are discussed. In addition this chapter addresses issues that are discussed controversially in current theory building as for instance the question whether flat or binary branching structures are more appropriate, the question whether constructions should be treated on the phrasal or the lexical level, and the question whether abstract, non-visible entities should play a role in
syntactic analyses. It is shown that the analyses that are suggested in the respective frameworks are often translatable into each other. The book closes with a section that shows how properties that are common to all languages or to certain language classes can be captured."

This book in­tro­duces for­mal gram­mar the­o­ries that play a role in cur­rent lin­guis­tics or con­tribut­ed tools that are rel­e­vant for cur­rent lin­guis­tic the­o­riz­ing (Phrase Struc­ture Gram­mar, Trans­for­ma­tion­al Gram­mar/Gov­ern­ment & Bind­ing, Gen­er­al­ized Phrase Struc­ture Gram­mar, Lex­i­cal Func­tion­al Gram­mar, Cat­e­go­ri­al Gram­mar, Head-​Driv­en Phrase Struc­ture Gram­mar, Con­struc­tion Gram­mar, Tree Ad­join­ing Gram­mar). The key as­sump­tions are ex­plained and it is shown how the re­spec­tive the­o­ry treats ar­gu­ments and ad­juncts, the ac­tive/pas­sive al­ter­na­tion, local re­order­ings, verb place­ment, and fronting of con­stituents over long dis­tances. The anal­y­ses are ex­plained with Ger­man as the ob­ject lan­guage.

In a final chap­ter the ap­proach­es are com­pared with re­spect to their pre­dic­tions re­gard­ing lan­guage ac­qui­si­tion and psy­cholin­guis­tic plau­si­bil­i­ty. The Na­tivism hy­poth­e­sis that as­sumes that hu­mans poss­es ge­net­i­cal­ly de­ter­mined in­nate lan­guage-​spe­cif­ic knowl­edge is ex­am­ined crit­i­cal­ly and al­ter­na­tive mod­els of lan­guage ac­qui­si­tion are dis­cussed. In ad­di­tion this chap­ter ad­dress­es is­sues that are dis­cussed con­tro­ver­sial­ly in cur­rent the­o­ry build­ing as for in­stance the ques­tion whether flat or bi­na­ry branch­ing struc­tures are more ap­pro­pri­ate, the ques­tion whether con­struc­tions should be treat­ed on the phrasal or the lex­i­cal level, and the ques­tion whether ab­stract, non-​vis­i­ble en­ti­ties should play a role in syn­tac­tic anal­y­ses. It is shown that the anal­y­ses that are sug­gest­ed in the re­spec­tive frame­works are often trans­lat­able into each other. The book clos­es with a sec­tion that shows how prop­er­ties that are com­mon to all lan­guages or to cer­tain lan­guage class­es can be cap­tured.
Out­line

In­tro­duc­tion
Phrase Struc­tur Gram­mar
Trans­for­ma­tion­al Gram­mar – Gov­ern­ment & Bind­ing
Gen­er­al­ized Phrase Struc­ture Gram­mar
Fea­ture De­scrip­tions
Lex­i­cal Func­tion­al Gram­mar
Cat­e­go­ri­al Gram­mar
Head-​Driv­en Phrase Struc­ture Gram­mar
Con­struc­tion Gram­mar
Tree Ad­join­ing Gram­mar
Inate­ness, Uni­ver­sal Gram­mar and the Ar­gu­men­ta­tion for Anal­y­ses