Selected Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Transport ResearchWorld Conference on Transport Research Society, 2001
In most countries of the world, car use is increasing, leading to a range of problems. In Great B... more In most countries of the world, car use is increasing, leading to a range of problems. In Great Britain, a quarter of all car trips are less than 3.2 km (2 miles) long and more than half are less than 8 km (5 miles). There is scope to transfer many of these trips to the less harmful alternatives. This paper presents some of the findings from a project entitled "Potential for mode transfer of short trips," which was designed to address these issues. The project has been carried out for the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) by the Center for Transport Studies at University College London (UCL) with the survey work sub-contracted to Steer Davies Gleave (SDG). The overall objective of the work was to contribute to Government policy in encouraging the use of the environmentally-benign travel modes in order to reduce the amount of travel by private car. The focus was on the encouragement of the use of walking, cycling and public transport (buses in particular). The focus of this work is `short trips'. In this work these are taken to be those of less than 8 kilometers (5 miles). It should also be noted that this work concentrates on the alternatives to the car that car users perceive and what would make them choose them, rather than on the policies that might make them give up their cars, for example, road pricing. It should be recognized that the actions identified in these surveys are unlikely, on their own, to reduce car use significantly, and that policies that increase the cost of using the car or restrict its use in some other way, would be necessary. The work in this paper will concentrate on car drivers, but car passengers were considered explicitly in the study. In the next section the methodology adopted in the study is described. The analysis begins with consideration of the reasons drivers give for using their cars for short trips. This is followed by discussion of what people say would make them reduce their car use, the alternatives they say that they would consider and the instruments that would encourage them to switch to the alternatives.
This paper analyses the extent to which such emission reductions can influence local levels of ai... more This paper analyses the extent to which such emission reductions can influence local levels of air pollution concentration. The analysis is based on the application of the road traffic assignment model SATURN to the urban area of Chester, in order to simulate traffic flow conditions, in conjunction with a Gaussian plume dispersion model, which estimates the concentration of air pollutants for each link within the network. The conventional dispersion model has been adapted to account for actual traffic emission data resulting from typical driving operating modes (cruising, decelerating, accelerating and idling). Initially, the effects of reductions in vehicle emission rates resulting exclusively from engine improvements over the last decade are analysed. Further, yearly scenarios are created to the year 2005, showing the effect of traffic growth and the increasing penetration of catalytic converters into the vehicle market. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 868850.
Patronage forecasting is a key issue in strategic transport planning, because it is relevant to f... more Patronage forecasting is a key issue in strategic transport planning, because it is relevant to financial and economic assessment and thus to the choice between alternative public transport (PT) modes. This paper reports on research to develop a comprehensive framework for PT patronage forecasting, then bring it to the modelling stage. The policy considered consists of changes in the supply of transport services and infrastructures, represented by providing a new PT mode on a given route, called the 'PT linehaul mode'. The relevant modes, representing the supply side, include: (1) the PT linehaul mode; (2) PT and non-PT access and egress modes, some of whose characteristics are changed; (3) PT and other modes, competing for the PT linehaul mode, some of whose characteristics are changed; and (4) PT and other modes of access/egress and in competition with the PT linehaul mode, whose characteristics are assumed unchanged. The change in level of service, resulting from the poli...
Background Improving transport infrastructure to support active commuting could help to promote p... more Background Improving transport infrastructure to support active commuting could help to promote physical activity and improve population health. We aimed to assess whether investment of this kind was associated with an increase in active commuting; determinants of the use and uptake of active commuting; wider health impacts of changes in travel behaviour; and how changes in behaviour were distributed in the population and related to social context. Methods The intervention was the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway, a new bus network using 22 km of guideway (segregated track) accompanied by a traffic-free path for pedestrians and cyclists, opened in 2011. This quasi-experimental evaluation comprised a cohort study of 1143 adults working in the city and recruited in 2009, along with both nested and supplementary in-depth quantitative and qualitative studies. The primary outcome was the change in time spent in active commuting from 2009 to 2012, using a self-reported measure validated usin...
The objectives of this study were to understand the travel patterns of older and disabled concess... more The objectives of this study were to understand the travel patterns of older and disabled concessionary pass holders in the Liverpool City Region (LCR) and to assess the social and economic benefits of the schemes as they are now and if they were changed. Here, we focus on Merseyside, which together with the district of Halton makes up the LCR. Merseyside accounts for much more concessionary travel. We interviewed 1,001 older and disabled concessionary pass holders to collect information about all of their travel and how they used their pass in a typical week. We also asked them to imagine how their travel plans would be different if the concessionary scheme was changed, in particular if there was no concessionary travel scheme at all. The data collected in the survey were used to quantify the benefits of the overall scheme. In calculating the benefits of the scheme, we considered benefits to: - Concessionary pass holders themselves, through money saved on fares, greater access to a...
Selected Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Transport ResearchWorld Conference on Transport Research Society, 2001
In most countries of the world, car use is increasing, leading to a range of problems. In Great B... more In most countries of the world, car use is increasing, leading to a range of problems. In Great Britain, a quarter of all car trips are less than 3.2 km (2 miles) long and more than half are less than 8 km (5 miles). There is scope to transfer many of these trips to the less harmful alternatives. This paper presents some of the findings from a project entitled "Potential for mode transfer of short trips," which was designed to address these issues. The project has been carried out for the UK Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) by the Center for Transport Studies at University College London (UCL) with the survey work sub-contracted to Steer Davies Gleave (SDG). The overall objective of the work was to contribute to Government policy in encouraging the use of the environmentally-benign travel modes in order to reduce the amount of travel by private car. The focus was on the encouragement of the use of walking, cycling and public transport (buses in particular). The focus of this work is `short trips'. In this work these are taken to be those of less than 8 kilometers (5 miles). It should also be noted that this work concentrates on the alternatives to the car that car users perceive and what would make them choose them, rather than on the policies that might make them give up their cars, for example, road pricing. It should be recognized that the actions identified in these surveys are unlikely, on their own, to reduce car use significantly, and that policies that increase the cost of using the car or restrict its use in some other way, would be necessary. The work in this paper will concentrate on car drivers, but car passengers were considered explicitly in the study. In the next section the methodology adopted in the study is described. The analysis begins with consideration of the reasons drivers give for using their cars for short trips. This is followed by discussion of what people say would make them reduce their car use, the alternatives they say that they would consider and the instruments that would encourage them to switch to the alternatives.
This paper analyses the extent to which such emission reductions can influence local levels of ai... more This paper analyses the extent to which such emission reductions can influence local levels of air pollution concentration. The analysis is based on the application of the road traffic assignment model SATURN to the urban area of Chester, in order to simulate traffic flow conditions, in conjunction with a Gaussian plume dispersion model, which estimates the concentration of air pollutants for each link within the network. The conventional dispersion model has been adapted to account for actual traffic emission data resulting from typical driving operating modes (cruising, decelerating, accelerating and idling). Initially, the effects of reductions in vehicle emission rates resulting exclusively from engine improvements over the last decade are analysed. Further, yearly scenarios are created to the year 2005, showing the effect of traffic growth and the increasing penetration of catalytic converters into the vehicle market. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 868850.
Patronage forecasting is a key issue in strategic transport planning, because it is relevant to f... more Patronage forecasting is a key issue in strategic transport planning, because it is relevant to financial and economic assessment and thus to the choice between alternative public transport (PT) modes. This paper reports on research to develop a comprehensive framework for PT patronage forecasting, then bring it to the modelling stage. The policy considered consists of changes in the supply of transport services and infrastructures, represented by providing a new PT mode on a given route, called the 'PT linehaul mode'. The relevant modes, representing the supply side, include: (1) the PT linehaul mode; (2) PT and non-PT access and egress modes, some of whose characteristics are changed; (3) PT and other modes, competing for the PT linehaul mode, some of whose characteristics are changed; and (4) PT and other modes of access/egress and in competition with the PT linehaul mode, whose characteristics are assumed unchanged. The change in level of service, resulting from the poli...
Background Improving transport infrastructure to support active commuting could help to promote p... more Background Improving transport infrastructure to support active commuting could help to promote physical activity and improve population health. We aimed to assess whether investment of this kind was associated with an increase in active commuting; determinants of the use and uptake of active commuting; wider health impacts of changes in travel behaviour; and how changes in behaviour were distributed in the population and related to social context. Methods The intervention was the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway, a new bus network using 22 km of guideway (segregated track) accompanied by a traffic-free path for pedestrians and cyclists, opened in 2011. This quasi-experimental evaluation comprised a cohort study of 1143 adults working in the city and recruited in 2009, along with both nested and supplementary in-depth quantitative and qualitative studies. The primary outcome was the change in time spent in active commuting from 2009 to 2012, using a self-reported measure validated usin...
The objectives of this study were to understand the travel patterns of older and disabled concess... more The objectives of this study were to understand the travel patterns of older and disabled concessionary pass holders in the Liverpool City Region (LCR) and to assess the social and economic benefits of the schemes as they are now and if they were changed. Here, we focus on Merseyside, which together with the district of Halton makes up the LCR. Merseyside accounts for much more concessionary travel. We interviewed 1,001 older and disabled concessionary pass holders to collect information about all of their travel and how they used their pass in a typical week. We also asked them to imagine how their travel plans would be different if the concessionary scheme was changed, in particular if there was no concessionary travel scheme at all. The data collected in the survey were used to quantify the benefits of the overall scheme. In calculating the benefits of the scheme, we considered benefits to: - Concessionary pass holders themselves, through money saved on fares, greater access to a...
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