Isabel Martínez, PhD, is a professor of Social Psychology at the University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). She has conducted research and published studies concerning different areas of social influence and on family socialization. She has analyzed the relation of parental practices with several variables of adjustment in adolescents and she has examined the cross-cultural validity of the four-typology model of parental socialization in Spain, Brazil and the United States.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and interna... more The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain (n = 793), Portugal (n = 675), and Brazil (n = 623) from 12–18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of parenting styles, authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful, were measured through the warmth and strictness dimensions of the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The two criteria variables were captured with the five dimensions of the AF5, Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, and with self-transcendence and conservation Schwartz values. Results confirm emergent research in parenting socialization: the use of parental warmth is evidenced as key for adolescent self-esteem and internalization of social values in the three countries analyzed. Indulgent and authoritative parenting (both characterized by parental warmth) are a...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indu... more We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent–child relationships through the offspring’s personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring’s personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent–child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, ...
Abstract This study analyzes the parenting styles that could act as risk or protective factors fo... more Abstract This study analyzes the parenting styles that could act as risk or protective factors for bullying and cyberbullying victimization in Spain, considering the predisposition to aggression of the adolescents. The protective or risk effect of parenting styles for adolescents' related behavior such as antisocial behavior, school adjustment, and self-esteem was also analyzed. Study sample was 1109 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years (49.96%, females, M = 13.88, SD = 1.38). A 4 × 2 × 2 × 2 MANOVA was applied for the outcome variables of bullying victimization (traditional bullying and cyberbullying), antisocial behavior, school adjustment, and self-esteem; with parenting style, predisposition to aggression, sex and age as independent variables. The results confirm and extend emergent research in parenting styles, carried out in Spain and other European and Latin-American countries, showing that indulgent parenting, characterized by the use of reasoning and warmth practices, can act as a protective factor for both traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization. On the contrary, authoritarian parenting, characterized by the use of physical and verbal coercion and privation practices, would act as a risk factor for cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization. The protective and risk effects of parenting styles over adolescents' adjustment take place irrespective of the adolescents' predisposition to aggression.
Las prácticas coercitivas se caracterizan por la utilización de acciones agresivas e intrusivas p... more Las prácticas coercitivas se caracterizan por la utilización de acciones agresivas e intrusivas para definir los límites e imponer las normas ante situaciones de indisciplina por parte de los hijos. El presente trabajo analiza el empleo tres tipos de prácticas coercitivas –coerción verbal, coerción física, privación– como técnicas de socialización por parte de padres y madres en España y Brasil. Una muestra formada por 1.167 adolescentes, 636 residentes en España y 531 en Brasil, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 17 años informaron del uso que hacían sus padres de estas prácticas. Los resultados muestran muchas similitudes en la utilización de estas prácticas en los dos países pero también algunas diferencias. La coerción verbal es la práctica más utilizada en los países, aunque las madres brasileñas la utilizan significativamente más que las españolas. Además, aparecen diferencias entre padres y madres en la utilización de esta técnica en Brasil, mientras que en España no ...
Los Departamentos de Orientación y los Servicios Psicopedagógicos Escolares adolecen de un sistem... more Los Departamentos de Orientación y los Servicios Psicopedagógicos Escolares adolecen de un sistema de procesamiento de la información generalizado que permita el tratamiento de los datos académicos, perso-nales y psicopedagógicos de los alumnos. El programa GESDOR, es una herramienta diseñada en valenciano o en castellano, resultado de una innovación de las TIC, muy útil para el trabajo de los profesionales de la psicopedagogía. La base de datos facilita la tarea y permite almacenar, procesar y obtener automáticamente los datos de los alumnos para su orientación académica, profesional o intervención psicopedagógica. GESDOR es un programa libre y abierto a modificaciones de los usuarios, que tomando como base de datos a ACCESS, permite la incorporación y actualización de los datos de los alumnos en los centros educativos. Se trata de una iniciativa para la innovación educativa llevada a cabo tras un largo período de pruebas por un grupo de docentes, con el objetivo de facilitar la la...
The ESPA29 parental socialization scale allows for the measuring of four parental styles (authori... more The ESPA29 parental socialization scale allows for the measuring of four parental styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and negligent), considering the parents’ use of different socialization practices considered in this instrument, which are grouped into two factors or two independent dimensions of paternal conduct (acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition). The objective of this study was to analyze the factorial structure of the Brazilian version of the Scale and the factorial congruence with the Spanish normalization using a sample of 1,184 Brazilian adolescents. Furthermore, the factorial congruence between boys and girls and between younger and older adolescents was examined. Using exploratory factorial analysis the factorial structure was replicated and by means of the analysis of the orthogonal structure of Procrustes the factorial congruence of the scale in Brazil was proved, as well and by sex and age.
The relation between parenting styles and adolescent outcomes was analyzed in a sample of 1,198 1... more The relation between parenting styles and adolescent outcomes was analyzed in a sample of 1,198 15-18-year-old Brazilians. The adolescents were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful) on the basis of their own ratings of their parents on two dimensions: Acceptance/ Involvement and Strictness/Imposition. The adolescents were then contrasted along two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz Self-transcendence and Conservation values, and (2) level of Self-esteem (appraised in 5 domains: Academic, Social, Emotional, Family, and Physical). Results showed that Authoritative and Indulgent parenting is associated with the highest internalization of Self-Transcendence and Conservation values of teenagers, whereas Authoritarian parenting is associated with the lowest. On the other hand, adolescents with Indulgent parents have equal or higher levels of Self-esteem than adolescents with Authoritative parents, while adolescents raised i...
The aim of this study was to analyze the parental socialization styles as a protective or a risk ... more The aim of this study was to analyze the parental socialization styles as a protective or a risk factor for substance use in a sample of 673 Spanish adolescents (51.7% were women) aged 14-17 (M = 15.49, SD = 1.06). All participants completed the Parental Socialization Scale (ESPA29) and a scale of substance use. Additionally, they also completed a scale of delinquency and another one of school misconduct. A multivariate (4×2×2) analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied for substance use, delinquency and school misconduct with parenting style, sex and age. Results from this study showed that indulgent parenting style was a protective factor for substance use whereas authoritarian style was identified as a risk factor. Moreover, results from protective and risk parenting styles on delinquency and school misconduct were consistent with those obtained on substance use. These findings have important implications for the development of family-based substance use prevention programs among ...
Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science, 2013
The present chapter outlines a number of studies on parental socialization carried out in Brazil.... more The present chapter outlines a number of studies on parental socialization carried out in Brazil. Different conceptualizations of the socialization process are analyzed, pointing out the role that the social and cultural contexts play in the socialization process. Next, some differential characteristics of Brazil are highlighted. The role of the family in the socialization process is considered, along with the conceptualization of parental socialization styles and practices, focusing on specific studies that analyze these questions in Brazil. The differences in the employment of socialization practices by mothers and fathers are evaluated, such as the different ways that parents behave with girls and boys. Finally, a number of studies are discussed that analyze the relationship between the socialization style that parents use and the adjustment of their children. Special attention is paid to the role of reasoning in the socialization process and the beneficial outcomes that it seems to have in Brazilian society compared to the employment of other socialization techniques.
The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample ... more The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample of Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1456 teenagers from 13 to 16 years of age, of whom 54.3% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful). The adolescents were then contrasted on two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz's self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation (security, conformity, and tradition) values and (2) level of self-esteem (appraised in five domains: academic, social, emotional, family and physical). The results show that Spanish adolescents from indulgent households have the same or better outcomes than adolescents from authoritative homes. Parenting is related with two self-esteem dimensions—academic and family—and with all the self-transcendence and conservation values. Adolescents o...
This study explored the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among 1,239 11- to ... more This study explored the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among 1,239 11- to 15-yr.-old Brazilian adolescents (54% girls; M age = 13.4 yr., SD=1.4). Teenagers' families were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, or Neglectful) based on adolescents' answers to the ESPA29 Parental Socialization Scale. Participants completed the AF5 Multidimensional Self-Esteem Scale which appraises five dimensions: Academic, Social, Emotional, Family, and Physical. Analyses showed that Brazilian adolescents from Indulgent families scored equal (Academic and Social) or higher (Family) in Self-esteem than adolescents from Authoritative families. Adolescents from Indulgent families scored higher than adolescents from Authoritarian and Neglectful families in four Self-esteem dimensions, Academic, Social, Family, and Physical. Adolescents from Authoritative families scored higher than adolescents from Authoritarian and Neglectful families in thr...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and interna... more The present study analyzes the impact of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteem and internalization of social values in three countries, Spain, Portugal and Brazil. The sample of the study was comprised of 2091 adolescents from Spain (n = 793), Portugal (n = 675), and Brazil (n = 623) from 12–18 years old (52.1% females). The four types of parenting styles, authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian and neglectful, were measured through the warmth and strictness dimensions of the Scale of Parental Socialization ESPA29. The two criteria variables were captured with the five dimensions of the AF5, Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire, and with self-transcendence and conservation Schwartz values. Results confirm emergent research in parenting socialization: the use of parental warmth is evidenced as key for adolescent self-esteem and internalization of social values in the three countries analyzed. Indulgent and authoritative parenting (both characterized by parental warmth) are a...
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indu... more We propose a new paradigm with three historical stages for an optimal parenting style (i.e., indulgent parenting style), which extends the traditional paradigm of only two stages (i.e., authoritarian and authoritative parenting styles). The three stages concur, at the same time, in different environments, context, and cultures. We studied the third stage for optimal parent–child relationships through the offspring’s personal and social well-being, with four adolescent samples from 11 to 19 years old (52.2% girls) from Spain (n = 689), the United States (n = 488), Germany (n = 606), and Brazil (n = 672). The offspring’s personal well-being was measured through self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), while social well-being was measured with the internalization of self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation values (security, conformity, and tradition). The parent–child parenting style was measured through parental warmth and strictness, ...
Abstract This study analyzes the parenting styles that could act as risk or protective factors fo... more Abstract This study analyzes the parenting styles that could act as risk or protective factors for bullying and cyberbullying victimization in Spain, considering the predisposition to aggression of the adolescents. The protective or risk effect of parenting styles for adolescents' related behavior such as antisocial behavior, school adjustment, and self-esteem was also analyzed. Study sample was 1109 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years (49.96%, females, M = 13.88, SD = 1.38). A 4 × 2 × 2 × 2 MANOVA was applied for the outcome variables of bullying victimization (traditional bullying and cyberbullying), antisocial behavior, school adjustment, and self-esteem; with parenting style, predisposition to aggression, sex and age as independent variables. The results confirm and extend emergent research in parenting styles, carried out in Spain and other European and Latin-American countries, showing that indulgent parenting, characterized by the use of reasoning and warmth practices, can act as a protective factor for both traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimization. On the contrary, authoritarian parenting, characterized by the use of physical and verbal coercion and privation practices, would act as a risk factor for cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization. The protective and risk effects of parenting styles over adolescents' adjustment take place irrespective of the adolescents' predisposition to aggression.
Las prácticas coercitivas se caracterizan por la utilización de acciones agresivas e intrusivas p... more Las prácticas coercitivas se caracterizan por la utilización de acciones agresivas e intrusivas para definir los límites e imponer las normas ante situaciones de indisciplina por parte de los hijos. El presente trabajo analiza el empleo tres tipos de prácticas coercitivas –coerción verbal, coerción física, privación– como técnicas de socialización por parte de padres y madres en España y Brasil. Una muestra formada por 1.167 adolescentes, 636 residentes en España y 531 en Brasil, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y los 17 años informaron del uso que hacían sus padres de estas prácticas. Los resultados muestran muchas similitudes en la utilización de estas prácticas en los dos países pero también algunas diferencias. La coerción verbal es la práctica más utilizada en los países, aunque las madres brasileñas la utilizan significativamente más que las españolas. Además, aparecen diferencias entre padres y madres en la utilización de esta técnica en Brasil, mientras que en España no ...
Los Departamentos de Orientación y los Servicios Psicopedagógicos Escolares adolecen de un sistem... more Los Departamentos de Orientación y los Servicios Psicopedagógicos Escolares adolecen de un sistema de procesamiento de la información generalizado que permita el tratamiento de los datos académicos, perso-nales y psicopedagógicos de los alumnos. El programa GESDOR, es una herramienta diseñada en valenciano o en castellano, resultado de una innovación de las TIC, muy útil para el trabajo de los profesionales de la psicopedagogía. La base de datos facilita la tarea y permite almacenar, procesar y obtener automáticamente los datos de los alumnos para su orientación académica, profesional o intervención psicopedagógica. GESDOR es un programa libre y abierto a modificaciones de los usuarios, que tomando como base de datos a ACCESS, permite la incorporación y actualización de los datos de los alumnos en los centros educativos. Se trata de una iniciativa para la innovación educativa llevada a cabo tras un largo período de pruebas por un grupo de docentes, con el objetivo de facilitar la la...
The ESPA29 parental socialization scale allows for the measuring of four parental styles (authori... more The ESPA29 parental socialization scale allows for the measuring of four parental styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and negligent), considering the parents’ use of different socialization practices considered in this instrument, which are grouped into two factors or two independent dimensions of paternal conduct (acceptance/involvement and strictness/imposition). The objective of this study was to analyze the factorial structure of the Brazilian version of the Scale and the factorial congruence with the Spanish normalization using a sample of 1,184 Brazilian adolescents. Furthermore, the factorial congruence between boys and girls and between younger and older adolescents was examined. Using exploratory factorial analysis the factorial structure was replicated and by means of the analysis of the orthogonal structure of Procrustes the factorial congruence of the scale in Brazil was proved, as well and by sex and age.
The relation between parenting styles and adolescent outcomes was analyzed in a sample of 1,198 1... more The relation between parenting styles and adolescent outcomes was analyzed in a sample of 1,198 15-18-year-old Brazilians. The adolescents were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, and Neglectful) on the basis of their own ratings of their parents on two dimensions: Acceptance/ Involvement and Strictness/Imposition. The adolescents were then contrasted along two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz Self-transcendence and Conservation values, and (2) level of Self-esteem (appraised in 5 domains: Academic, Social, Emotional, Family, and Physical). Results showed that Authoritative and Indulgent parenting is associated with the highest internalization of Self-Transcendence and Conservation values of teenagers, whereas Authoritarian parenting is associated with the lowest. On the other hand, adolescents with Indulgent parents have equal or higher levels of Self-esteem than adolescents with Authoritative parents, while adolescents raised i...
The aim of this study was to analyze the parental socialization styles as a protective or a risk ... more The aim of this study was to analyze the parental socialization styles as a protective or a risk factor for substance use in a sample of 673 Spanish adolescents (51.7% were women) aged 14-17 (M = 15.49, SD = 1.06). All participants completed the Parental Socialization Scale (ESPA29) and a scale of substance use. Additionally, they also completed a scale of delinquency and another one of school misconduct. A multivariate (4×2×2) analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied for substance use, delinquency and school misconduct with parenting style, sex and age. Results from this study showed that indulgent parenting style was a protective factor for substance use whereas authoritarian style was identified as a risk factor. Moreover, results from protective and risk parenting styles on delinquency and school misconduct were consistent with those obtained on substance use. These findings have important implications for the development of family-based substance use prevention programs among ...
Science Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Science, 2013
The present chapter outlines a number of studies on parental socialization carried out in Brazil.... more The present chapter outlines a number of studies on parental socialization carried out in Brazil. Different conceptualizations of the socialization process are analyzed, pointing out the role that the social and cultural contexts play in the socialization process. Next, some differential characteristics of Brazil are highlighted. The role of the family in the socialization process is considered, along with the conceptualization of parental socialization styles and practices, focusing on specific studies that analyze these questions in Brazil. The differences in the employment of socialization practices by mothers and fathers are evaluated, such as the different ways that parents behave with girls and boys. Finally, a number of studies are discussed that analyze the relationship between the socialization style that parents use and the adjustment of their children. Special attention is paid to the role of reasoning in the socialization process and the beneficial outcomes that it seems to have in Brazilian society compared to the employment of other socialization techniques.
The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample ... more The relationship of parenting styles with adolescents' outcomes was analyzed within a sample of Spanish adolescents. A sample of 1456 teenagers from 13 to 16 years of age, of whom 54.3% were females, reported on their parents' child-rearing practices. The teenagers' parents were classified into one of four groups (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, or neglectful). The adolescents were then contrasted on two different outcomes: (1) priority given to Schwartz's self-transcendence (universalism and benevolence) and conservation (security, conformity, and tradition) values and (2) level of self-esteem (appraised in five domains: academic, social, emotional, family and physical). The results show that Spanish adolescents from indulgent households have the same or better outcomes than adolescents from authoritative homes. Parenting is related with two self-esteem dimensions—academic and family—and with all the self-transcendence and conservation values. Adolescents o...
This study explored the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among 1,239 11- to ... more This study explored the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among 1,239 11- to 15-yr.-old Brazilian adolescents (54% girls; M age = 13.4 yr., SD=1.4). Teenagers' families were classified into 1 of 4 groups (Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, or Neglectful) based on adolescents' answers to the ESPA29 Parental Socialization Scale. Participants completed the AF5 Multidimensional Self-Esteem Scale which appraises five dimensions: Academic, Social, Emotional, Family, and Physical. Analyses showed that Brazilian adolescents from Indulgent families scored equal (Academic and Social) or higher (Family) in Self-esteem than adolescents from Authoritative families. Adolescents from Indulgent families scored higher than adolescents from Authoritarian and Neglectful families in four Self-esteem dimensions, Academic, Social, Family, and Physical. Adolescents from Authoritative families scored higher than adolescents from Authoritarian and Neglectful families in thr...
... SESGOS ATRIBUTIVOS COMO ORIENTACIÓN PARA LA INTERVENCIÓN SOCIAL CON JÓVENES ". Santiago ... more ... SESGOS ATRIBUTIVOS COMO ORIENTACIÓN PARA LA INTERVENCIÓN SOCIAL CON JÓVENES ". Santiago Yubero, Elisa Larrañaga, Raúl Navarro, Cristina Serna e Isabel Martínez Universidad de CASTILLA-LA MANCHA. ...
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