Juana I. Marín-Arrese is Professor of English Linguistics in the Department of English Studies: Linguistics and Literature, at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Her research interests include cognitive and discourse-pragmatic studies on evidentiality and epistemic and effective stance, with a special focus on the critical discourse perspective and on cross-linguistic studies. Another area of interest is the analysis of metaphor, blending and multimodality in political cartooning. She has published extensively on these issues, and she is a member of the scientific committee or the advisory board in various international journals. Address: Departamento de Estudios Ingleses: Lingüística y Literatura Facultad de Filología Universidad Complutense de Madrid Plaza Menéndez Pelayo, s/n Ciudad Universitaria 28040 Madrid- SPAIN
Discourse and Communication: Cognitive and Functional Perspectives, 2010
The introduction of the perspective or viewpoint of the speaker/writer involves the expression of... more The introduction of the perspective or viewpoint of the speaker/writer involves the expression of their attitudes, assessments and value judgements with regard to the described situation and the communicated proposition. Linguistic resources for the expression of viewpoint choices include modal, evidential and attitudinal expressions, as well as expressions of speech and thought representation. In addition to their semantic content, these expressions are indexical of the speaker/writer's subjective construal of the event (Langacker 1991a, 1991b, 2002), and reflect the extent to which the speaker/writer assumes personal responsibility for their evaluation or whether the assessment is 'potentially' shared by others (Nuyts 2001). On the basis of these notions, my own proposal considers the interaction of two parameters: 'degree of salience and explicitness of the role of the conceptualizer' and 'personal vs. shared responsibility'. In this paper I present a model for the analysis of speaker/writer's subjectivity/intersubjectivity in discourse (Marín Arrese 2006, 2007a, 2007b, in press).
The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and ... more The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and in relation to other European languages (French, Galician, Lithuanian, Spanish). Given the complexity of the relations among modal and evidential expressions, their constant diachronic evolution, and the variation found in different English-speaking areas, and in different genres and discourse domains, the volume addresses the following issues: the conceptual nature of modality, the relationship between the domains of modality and evidentiality, the evolution and current status of the modal auxiliaries and other modal expressions, the relationship with neighbouring grammatical categories (tense, aspect, mood), and the variation in different discourse domains and genres, in modelling stance and discourse identities. http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/182779
The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and ... more The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and in relation to other European languages (French, Galician, Lithuanian, Spanish). Given the complexity of the relations among modal and evidential expressions, their constant diachronic evolution, and the variation found in different English-speaking areas, and in different genres and discourse domains, the volume addresses the following issues: the conceptual nature of modality, the relationship between the domains of modality and evidentiality, the evolution and current status of the modal auxiliaries and other modal expressions, the relationship with neighbouring grammatical categories (tense, aspect, mood), and the variation in different discourse domains and genres, in modelling stance and discourse identities. http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/182779
Spontaneous and facilitative situation types (Kemmer 1993) are linguistically coded by thematic-s... more Spontaneous and facilitative situation types (Kemmer 1993) are linguistically coded by thematic-subject constructions (Langacker 1991) – inchoative (The vase broke) and middle (Crystal vases break easily). The inchoative and the middle have been considered related but distinct constructions, differing syntactically and semantically (Keyser and Roeper 1984, Fagan 1992, inter alia). However, the difference between these constructions may be a matter of degree, as the existence of blends seems to point to (Davidse 1992). With regard to blends and other non-prototypical phenomena, this paper posits a fuzzy middle area involving the following features: distinctness of participants, source of energy input, degree of control of the theme participant, and de-actualization (Marín Arrese 2003).
This paper addresses two key issues in the study of discursive constructions: the strategic use o... more This paper addresses two key issues in the study of discursive constructions: the strategic use of ‘justificatory support’ (Boye 2012) aimed at the legitimisation of assertions, and the mystification of responsibility for epistemic stance acts in the discourse. The paper argues that the use of epistemic stance resources contributes to the speaker’s strategic aim of legitimising assertions, which plays an indirect role in the legitimisation of actions (Hart 2011; Marín-Arrese 2011b). An additional dimension of legitimisation is the inter/subjective anchoring of these stance acts, which by default index the speaker as conceptualizer, thus assigning responsibility and accountability for the validity of the communicated information. This paper explores these issues and presents results on the stancetaking patterns and the expression of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in the discourse of a Parliamentary inquiry and a Public inquiry.
This paper explores the use of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English a... more This paper explores the use of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English and Spanish. The linguistic resources of epistemic stance include evidential and modal expressions, as well as verbs of cognitive attitude and expressions of factivity (Boye 2012; Marín-Arrese 2013). This paper examines the pattern of distribution of epistemic stance expressions in three types of journalistic genres in English and Spanish, and the presence of multifunctionality of some evidential expressions in the two languages. The paper aims to reveal possible similarities or differences in the use of the stance resources in the various genres and across languages.
This paper presents a model for the characterization of the speaker/writer’s expression of stance... more This paper presents a model for the characterization of the speaker/writer’s expression of stance and subjectivity in discourse, which might account for similarities and differences in interpersonal styles, as well as across genres and languages. In characterising the domain of stance, I draw on Langacker’s (2009: 291) distinction between the effective and the epistemic level: ‘Epistemic relations are those which hold at the level of knowledge, and thus involve conceptions of reality. By contrast, effective relations hold at the level of reality itself’. The framework proposed in this chapter distinguishes two categories of stance: effective, which pertains to the ways in which the speaker/writer, through stancetaking acts, tries to exert control or influence on the course of reality itself, and epistemic stance, which pertains to speaker/writer’s stancetaking acts concerning knowledge about the events designated.
Modality in English: theory and description, Jan 1, 2009
Page 244. Commitment and subjectivity in the discourse of a judicial inquiry Juana I. Marín-Arres... more Page 244. Commitment and subjectivity in the discourse of a judicial inquiry Juana I. Marín-Arrese 1. Introduction Meanings expressed by linguistic elements such as epistemic modals in-clude both content and procedural aspects (Blakemore 1987; Traugott and Dasher 2002). ...
… processing in second language acquisition: inside …, Jan 1, 2010
Page 208. chapter 11 Construal and the use of impersonalisation strategies in English and Spanish... more Page 208. chapter 11 Construal and the use of impersonalisation strategies in English and Spanish in an FLL context Juana I. Marín Arrese Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1. Introduction Languages make use of different ...
Critical Discourse Studies in Context and Cognition, Jan 1, 2011
Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Poli... more Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Political Discourse. A Case Study 1. Introduction The various enunciational positions of the speaker/writer reflect his/ her experience, attitudes, and assessments concerning the described events ...
Hart (this issue) offers a biologically based explanation for the use of an ‘epistemic positionin... more Hart (this issue) offers a biologically based explanation for the use of an ‘epistemic positioning strategy’ aimed by speakers/writers at the legitimization of assertions, at persuading addressees of the veracity of the propositions, as a prior condition for the discursive legitimization of actions. This article focuses on various issues addressed in Hart’s article, among them the degree of commitment invoked
Studies on English modality: in honour of Frank …, Jan 1, 2009
Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Poli... more Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Political Discourse. A Case Study 1. Introduction The various enunciational positions of the speaker/writer reflect his/ her experience, attitudes, and assessments concerning the described events ...
Estudios de filología inglesa: homenaje a Jack …, Jan 1, 2000
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EVENTS & MARKED CODING IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH: A CATASTROPHE THE... more CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EVENTS & MARKED CODING IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH: A CATASTROPHE THEORETIC STUDY* Juana I. Marin Arrese (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) 1. INTRODUCTION From a cognitive perspective, we are concerned with the relation between 'events' in the ...
Transitivity in Cognitive and Functional Grammar. Juana I. Marín-Arrese. Department of Foreign La... more Transitivity in Cognitive and Functional Grammar. Juana I. Marín-Arrese. Department of Foreign Languages, UNED, Madrid, Spain. From a cognitive perspective, we are concerned with the relation between 'events' in the real ...
Discourse and Communication: Cognitive and Functional Perspectives, 2010
The introduction of the perspective or viewpoint of the speaker/writer involves the expression of... more The introduction of the perspective or viewpoint of the speaker/writer involves the expression of their attitudes, assessments and value judgements with regard to the described situation and the communicated proposition. Linguistic resources for the expression of viewpoint choices include modal, evidential and attitudinal expressions, as well as expressions of speech and thought representation. In addition to their semantic content, these expressions are indexical of the speaker/writer's subjective construal of the event (Langacker 1991a, 1991b, 2002), and reflect the extent to which the speaker/writer assumes personal responsibility for their evaluation or whether the assessment is 'potentially' shared by others (Nuyts 2001). On the basis of these notions, my own proposal considers the interaction of two parameters: 'degree of salience and explicitness of the role of the conceptualizer' and 'personal vs. shared responsibility'. In this paper I present a model for the analysis of speaker/writer's subjectivity/intersubjectivity in discourse (Marín Arrese 2006, 2007a, 2007b, in press).
The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and ... more The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and in relation to other European languages (French, Galician, Lithuanian, Spanish). Given the complexity of the relations among modal and evidential expressions, their constant diachronic evolution, and the variation found in different English-speaking areas, and in different genres and discourse domains, the volume addresses the following issues: the conceptual nature of modality, the relationship between the domains of modality and evidentiality, the evolution and current status of the modal auxiliaries and other modal expressions, the relationship with neighbouring grammatical categories (tense, aspect, mood), and the variation in different discourse domains and genres, in modelling stance and discourse identities. http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/182779
The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and ... more The book presents new issues and areas of work in modality and evidentiality in English(es), and in relation to other European languages (French, Galician, Lithuanian, Spanish). Given the complexity of the relations among modal and evidential expressions, their constant diachronic evolution, and the variation found in different English-speaking areas, and in different genres and discourse domains, the volume addresses the following issues: the conceptual nature of modality, the relationship between the domains of modality and evidentiality, the evolution and current status of the modal auxiliaries and other modal expressions, the relationship with neighbouring grammatical categories (tense, aspect, mood), and the variation in different discourse domains and genres, in modelling stance and discourse identities. http://www.degruyter.com/view/product/182779
Spontaneous and facilitative situation types (Kemmer 1993) are linguistically coded by thematic-s... more Spontaneous and facilitative situation types (Kemmer 1993) are linguistically coded by thematic-subject constructions (Langacker 1991) – inchoative (The vase broke) and middle (Crystal vases break easily). The inchoative and the middle have been considered related but distinct constructions, differing syntactically and semantically (Keyser and Roeper 1984, Fagan 1992, inter alia). However, the difference between these constructions may be a matter of degree, as the existence of blends seems to point to (Davidse 1992). With regard to blends and other non-prototypical phenomena, this paper posits a fuzzy middle area involving the following features: distinctness of participants, source of energy input, degree of control of the theme participant, and de-actualization (Marín Arrese 2003).
This paper addresses two key issues in the study of discursive constructions: the strategic use o... more This paper addresses two key issues in the study of discursive constructions: the strategic use of ‘justificatory support’ (Boye 2012) aimed at the legitimisation of assertions, and the mystification of responsibility for epistemic stance acts in the discourse. The paper argues that the use of epistemic stance resources contributes to the speaker’s strategic aim of legitimising assertions, which plays an indirect role in the legitimisation of actions (Hart 2011; Marín-Arrese 2011b). An additional dimension of legitimisation is the inter/subjective anchoring of these stance acts, which by default index the speaker as conceptualizer, thus assigning responsibility and accountability for the validity of the communicated information. This paper explores these issues and presents results on the stancetaking patterns and the expression of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in the discourse of a Parliamentary inquiry and a Public inquiry.
This paper explores the use of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English a... more This paper explores the use of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English and Spanish. The linguistic resources of epistemic stance include evidential and modal expressions, as well as verbs of cognitive attitude and expressions of factivity (Boye 2012; Marín-Arrese 2013). This paper examines the pattern of distribution of epistemic stance expressions in three types of journalistic genres in English and Spanish, and the presence of multifunctionality of some evidential expressions in the two languages. The paper aims to reveal possible similarities or differences in the use of the stance resources in the various genres and across languages.
This paper presents a model for the characterization of the speaker/writer’s expression of stance... more This paper presents a model for the characterization of the speaker/writer’s expression of stance and subjectivity in discourse, which might account for similarities and differences in interpersonal styles, as well as across genres and languages. In characterising the domain of stance, I draw on Langacker’s (2009: 291) distinction between the effective and the epistemic level: ‘Epistemic relations are those which hold at the level of knowledge, and thus involve conceptions of reality. By contrast, effective relations hold at the level of reality itself’. The framework proposed in this chapter distinguishes two categories of stance: effective, which pertains to the ways in which the speaker/writer, through stancetaking acts, tries to exert control or influence on the course of reality itself, and epistemic stance, which pertains to speaker/writer’s stancetaking acts concerning knowledge about the events designated.
Modality in English: theory and description, Jan 1, 2009
Page 244. Commitment and subjectivity in the discourse of a judicial inquiry Juana I. Marín-Arres... more Page 244. Commitment and subjectivity in the discourse of a judicial inquiry Juana I. Marín-Arrese 1. Introduction Meanings expressed by linguistic elements such as epistemic modals in-clude both content and procedural aspects (Blakemore 1987; Traugott and Dasher 2002). ...
… processing in second language acquisition: inside …, Jan 1, 2010
Page 208. chapter 11 Construal and the use of impersonalisation strategies in English and Spanish... more Page 208. chapter 11 Construal and the use of impersonalisation strategies in English and Spanish in an FLL context Juana I. Marín Arrese Universidad Complutense de Madrid 1. Introduction Languages make use of different ...
Critical Discourse Studies in Context and Cognition, Jan 1, 2011
Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Poli... more Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Political Discourse. A Case Study 1. Introduction The various enunciational positions of the speaker/writer reflect his/ her experience, attitudes, and assessments concerning the described events ...
Hart (this issue) offers a biologically based explanation for the use of an ‘epistemic positionin... more Hart (this issue) offers a biologically based explanation for the use of an ‘epistemic positioning strategy’ aimed by speakers/writers at the legitimization of assertions, at persuading addressees of the veracity of the propositions, as a prior condition for the discursive legitimization of actions. This article focuses on various issues addressed in Hart’s article, among them the degree of commitment invoked
Studies on English modality: in honour of Frank …, Jan 1, 2009
Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Poli... more Juana I. Marin Arrese Effective vs. Epistemic Stance, and Subjectivity/ Intersubjectivity in Political Discourse. A Case Study 1. Introduction The various enunciational positions of the speaker/writer reflect his/ her experience, attitudes, and assessments concerning the described events ...
Estudios de filología inglesa: homenaje a Jack …, Jan 1, 2000
CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EVENTS & MARKED CODING IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH: A CATASTROPHE THE... more CONCEPTUALIZATION OF EVENTS & MARKED CODING IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH: A CATASTROPHE THEORETIC STUDY* Juana I. Marin Arrese (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) 1. INTRODUCTION From a cognitive perspective, we are concerned with the relation between 'events' in the ...
Transitivity in Cognitive and Functional Grammar. Juana I. Marín-Arrese. Department of Foreign La... more Transitivity in Cognitive and Functional Grammar. Juana I. Marín-Arrese. Department of Foreign Languages, UNED, Madrid, Spain. From a cognitive perspective, we are concerned with the relation between 'events' in the real ...
Evidentiality Revisited focuses on semantic-pragmatic based frameworks for the study of evidentia... more Evidentiality Revisited focuses on semantic-pragmatic based frameworks for the study of evidentials and evidential strategies in European languages (Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Lithuanian, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish). The book also presents discourse-pragmatic studies, with special emphasis on the use of evidential and epistemic expressions as resources for stancetaking in discourse. The volume addresses issues such as the relationship between the conceptual domains of evidentiality and epistemic modality, the role of evidential and epistemic resources in modelling stancetaking, the expression of speaker commitment to the validity status of the information, and the discourse-pragmatic variation of evidentiality and epistemic modality in discourse domains and genres. The volume offers a collection of contributions in which cross-linguistic studies and corpus-based studies contribute to provide further insights into a usage-based account of linguistic reality.
This paper presents a contrastive analysis of six English evidential adverbs ending in-ly with th... more This paper presents a contrastive analysis of six English evidential adverbs ending in-ly with their Spanish nearest translation equivalents, in spoken and newspaper discourse. The adverbs may be associated with varying degrees of reliability: high (clearly/ claramente, evidently/evidentemente, obviously/obviamente), medium (apparently/al parecer) and low (seemingly/aparentemente, supposedly/supuestamente). The analysis is based on tokens of authentic language extracted from two contemporary corpora, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA). The qualitative analysis focuses on the evidential functions of the adverbs and on their pragmatic interactional uses; the quantitative analysis centres on the relative frequency of type of evidential functions and the clausal position of the adverbs. The results uncover a number of differences between the English adverbs and their Spanish correlates and also between the two discourse types. Practically all the adverbs are strongly specialized in expressing either indirect-inferential or indirect-reportative evidentiality. English obviously and Spanish evidentemente show a high frequency of cases of loss of evidential meaning due to pragmaticalization, specifically in spoken discourse. Regarding position, the English adverbs are more frequent in medial clausal position, while some Spanish adverbs are often found in the more prominent parenthetical position.
El presente proyecto reune a docentes e investigadoras de dos grupos de investigacion UCM consoli... more El presente proyecto reune a docentes e investigadoras de dos grupos de investigacion UCM consolidados del Departamento de Estudios Ingleses, “Discurso y comunicacion en lengua inglesa: estudios de linguistica cognitiva y funcional” (DISCOM-COGFUNC) (930160) y “Linguistica funcional (ingles-espanol) y sus aplicaciones (FUNCAP)”, que imparten asignaturas afines. Todas las integrantes del equipo han formado parte al menos de uno de los dos proyectos de innovacion previos, Innova-2015-188 e Innova-2016-123, sobre Objetos de Aprendizaje Reutilizable (OARs), como son las pildoras educativas, dando asi muestra de una continuidad del trabajo en la innovacion educativa en el campo de la docencia de lengua y linguistica inglesas. Los objetivos generales propuestos en la solicitud del proyecto han sido la formacion de estudiantes y profesores en el uso y desarrollo de estrategias discursivas de posicionamiento en: (a) los trabajos cientificos universitarios (TFGs, TFMs, TDs), y (b) los articu...
Esta memoria resume los objetivos y resultados del proyecto de innovacion docente no 57, de titul... more Esta memoria resume los objetivos y resultados del proyecto de innovacion docente no 57, de titulo "La gamificacion del aula universitaria: jugar para aprender". La gamificacion es una tecnica didactica por medio de la cual se introducen elementos propios del juego en contextos que, en principio, no se conciben como juegos. Mas concretamente, el proyecto se ha centrado en la implementacion de las herramientas Edpuzzle, Kahoot, Mentimeter, Padlet, Quizlet y Socrative. Los resultados demuestran que estas herramientas contribuyen a mejorar no solo el interes y motivacion de los alumnos sino tambien su trabajo colaborativo y adquision de contenidos.
Este proyecto plantea elaborar un modulo, estructurado en pildoras educativas (o mini-videos dida... more Este proyecto plantea elaborar un modulo, estructurado en pildoras educativas (o mini-videos didacticos), para dar una vision general a los estudiantes del ultimo curso de grado de como abordar la escritura del TFG.
Abstract This paper explores the potential effect of emotion on the use of stance expressions by ... more Abstract This paper explores the potential effect of emotion on the use of stance expressions by columnists in their comment on acts of terrorism in the UK and in other European countries. The paper brings together work on epistemicity and effectivity (Marin-Arrese 2011, 2015), and stance strategies in discourse (Englebretson 2007; DuBois 2007). The paper focuses on epistemic stance, aimed at striving for control of conceptions of reality, and on effective stance, aimed at striving for control of relations at the level of reality (Langacker 2009, 2010). The strategic interplay of epistemic and effective expressions serves the persuasive purpose of legitimisation of knowledge about events and of action plans. The paper addresses the following research issue: the potential effect of emotion on variation in the deployment of epistemic and effective stance markers in three types of texts along a cline from high to neutral cultural/emotional proximity. It is hypothesized that columnists’ expression of epistemicity and effectivity in their comment on terrorism will vary in relation to cultural/emotional proximity or distance towards the event. The paper presents results of a case study with data from an ad hoc corpus of opinion columns published in The Guardian and The Observer.
This paper presents a contrastive analysis of six English evidential adverbs ending in -ly with t... more This paper presents a contrastive analysis of six English evidential adverbs ending in -ly with their Spanish nearest translation equivalents, in spoken and newspaper discourse. The adverbs may be associated with varying degrees of reliability: high (clearly/claramente, evidently/evidentemente, obviously/obviamente), medium (apparently/al parecer) and low (seemingly/aparentemente, supposedly/supuestamente). The analysis is based on tokens of authentic language extracted from two contemporary corpora, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual (CREA). The qualitative analysis focuses on the evidential functions of the adverbs and on their pragmatic interactional uses; the quantitative analysis centres on the relative frequency of type of evidential functions and the clausal position of the adverbs. The results uncover a number of differences between the English adverbs and their Spanish correlates and also between the two discou...
The existence of syncretisms in the marked coding patterns for variations in the domains of trans... more The existence of syncretisms in the marked coding patterns for variations in the domains of transitivity and voice presumably indicate the interrelation between constructions involving different event views and voice alternations and voicerelated phenomena, such as inchoative and stative resultative morphosyntax. This paper will examine deviations from the prototypical event view, variations in transitivity and their relation to voice distinctions in constructions with be and get. It will be argued that the relations between these constructions and the position they occupy in semantic space are best understood in terms of the interaction between the conceptual status of participants as…
This paper addresses two key issues in the study of discursive constructions: the strategic use o... more This paper addresses two key issues in the study of discursive constructions: the strategic use of ‘justificatory support’ aimed at the legitimisation of assertions, and the mystification of responsibility for epistemic stance acts in the discourse. The paper argues that the use of epistemic stance resources contributes to the speaker's strategic aim of legitimising assertions, which plays an indirect role in the legitimisation of actions. An additional dimension of legitimisation is the inter/subjective anchoring of these stance acts, which by default index the speaker as conceptualiser, thus assigning responsibility and accountability for the validity of the communicated information. This paper explores these issues and presents results on the stancetaking patterns and the expression of subjectivity and intersubjectivity in the discourse of a parliamentary inquiry and a public inquiry.
The creation and interpretation of humour crucially depends on both emotional and cognitive facto... more The creation and interpretation of humour crucially depends on both emotional and cognitive factors, involving arousal-relief mechanisms, hostility, and incongruity-resolution processes (Freud 1905; Gruner 1978; Suls 1972). Linguistic theories have centered on the bisociation produced by two frames of reference, or the abrupt shift in scripts, triggered by ambiguity or contradiction (Raskin 1985; Attardo 1994). The present paper examines humour from the perspective of 'blending' (Turner & Fauconnier 1995; Fauconnier & Turner 2002). The creation and interpretation of humour involves the construction of a blend which results in an incongruity or cognitive clash (Fauconnier 1997). We explore humour in political cartooning in Spain during the 1970s. The use of humour may be seen as a form of challenge of existing ideological and political structures (Mumby & Clair 1998).
This article explores the use of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English... more This article explores the use of epistemic stance strategies in journalistic discourse in English and Spanish. The linguistic resources of epistemic stance include evidential and modal expressions, as well as verbs of cognitive attitude and expressions of factivity. This article examines the pattern of distribution of epistemic stance expressions in three types of journalistic genres in English and Spanish and the presence of multifunctionality of some evidential expressions in the two languages. The article aims to reveal possible similarities or differences in the use of the stance resources in the various genres and across languages.
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Articles in collective volumes by Juana I. Marin-Arrese