A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the differential determination of CrIII and CrVI in n... more A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the differential determination of CrIII and CrVI in natural waters is described. Chromium(vi) can be determined directly by flow injection on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as the complexing agent and C18 bonded silica reversed-phase sorbent as the column material. Total Cr can be determined after oxidation of CrIII to CrVI by potassium peroxydisulfate. Chromium(III) can be calculated by difference. The optimum conditions for sorbent extraction of CrVI and oxidation of CrIII to CrVI are evaluated. A 12-fold enhancement in sensitivity compared with direct introduction of 40 microliters samples was achieved after preconcentration for 60 s, giving detection limits of 16 ng l-1 for CrVI and 18 ng l-1 for total Cr (based on 3 sigma). Results obtained for sea-water and river water reference materials were all within the certified range for total Cr with a precision of better than 10% relative standard deviation in the range 100-200 ng l-1. The selectivity of the determination of CrVI was evaluated by analysing spiked reference materials in the presence of CrIII, resulting in quantitative recovery of CrVI.
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2015
ABSTRACT This work describes a methodology developed to carry out Cl determination in biological ... more ABSTRACT This work describes a methodology developed to carry out Cl determination in biological materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis. The solid samples were directly weighed into graphite ‘cups’ and inserted into the graphite furnace. The RF power and the carrier gas flow rate were optimized at 1300 W and 0.7 L min− 1, respectively. Calibration could be carried out using aqueous standard solutions with pre-dried modifiers (Pd + Nd or Pd + Ca) or using solid certified reference materials with the same pre-dried modifiers or without the use of modifiers. The limit of quantification was determined as 5 μg g− 1 under optimized conditions and the Cl concentration was determined in five certified reference materials with certified concentrations for Cl, in addition to three certified reference materials, for which certified values for Cl were unavailable; in the latter case, the results were compared with those obtained using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry. Good agreement at a 95% statistical confidence level was achieved between determined and certified or reference values.
A new method for the direct analysis of coal using electrothermal vaporization inductively couple... more A new method for the direct analysis of coal using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis was developed, aiming at the determination of Br and Cl. The procedure does not require any significant sample pretreatment and allows simultaneous determination of both elements to be carried out, requiring small mass aliquots of sample (about 0.5 mg). All operating parameters, including carrier gas flow-rate and RF power, were optimized for maximum sensitivity. The use of modifiers/aerosol carriers (Pd, Pd+Al and Pd+Ca) was evaluated, and the mixture of Pd and Ca was chosen, allowing pyrolysis and vaporization temperatures of 700°C and 1900°C, respectively. Chlorine was accurately determined using calibration against solid standards, whereas Br could also be determined using calibration against aqueous standard solutions. The limits of quantification were 0.03 μg g(-1) for Br and 7 μg g(-1) for Cl, and no spectral interference...
Spectrochimica Acta Part B-atomic Spectroscopy, 2001
A rugged and reliable method for the determination of mercury in coal without sample digestion, b... more A rugged and reliable method for the determination of mercury in coal without sample digestion, based on chemical vapor generation (cold vapor technique) from slurried coal samples has been developed. It involves collection of the mercury vapor in a graphite tube, treated with gold or rhodium as permanent modifier, and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Mercury quantitatively leached out
Spectrochimica Acta Part B-atomic Spectroscopy, 2007
A method for the direct determination of cadmium and lead in fresh meat for screening purposes is... more A method for the direct determination of cadmium and lead in fresh meat for screening purposes is proposed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The fresh meat samples were homogenized, weighed directly onto solid sampling platforms and introduced into a transversely heated solid sampling graphite tube. The main challenges associated with this procedure, such as weighing errors and optimization of the
A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the differential determination of CrIII and CrVI in n... more A rapid, sensitive and selective method for the differential determination of CrIII and CrVI in natural waters is described. Chromium(vi) can be determined directly by flow injection on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using sodium diethyldithiocarbamate as the complexing agent and C18 bonded silica reversed-phase sorbent as the column material. Total Cr can be determined after oxidation of CrIII to CrVI by potassium peroxydisulfate. Chromium(III) can be calculated by difference. The optimum conditions for sorbent extraction of CrVI and oxidation of CrIII to CrVI are evaluated. A 12-fold enhancement in sensitivity compared with direct introduction of 40 microliters samples was achieved after preconcentration for 60 s, giving detection limits of 16 ng l-1 for CrVI and 18 ng l-1 for total Cr (based on 3 sigma). Results obtained for sea-water and river water reference materials were all within the certified range for total Cr with a precision of better than 10% relative standard deviation in the range 100-200 ng l-1. The selectivity of the determination of CrVI was evaluated by analysing spiked reference materials in the presence of CrIII, resulting in quantitative recovery of CrVI.
Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 2015
ABSTRACT This work describes a methodology developed to carry out Cl determination in biological ... more ABSTRACT This work describes a methodology developed to carry out Cl determination in biological materials using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis. The solid samples were directly weighed into graphite ‘cups’ and inserted into the graphite furnace. The RF power and the carrier gas flow rate were optimized at 1300 W and 0.7 L min− 1, respectively. Calibration could be carried out using aqueous standard solutions with pre-dried modifiers (Pd + Nd or Pd + Ca) or using solid certified reference materials with the same pre-dried modifiers or without the use of modifiers. The limit of quantification was determined as 5 μg g− 1 under optimized conditions and the Cl concentration was determined in five certified reference materials with certified concentrations for Cl, in addition to three certified reference materials, for which certified values for Cl were unavailable; in the latter case, the results were compared with those obtained using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry. Good agreement at a 95% statistical confidence level was achieved between determined and certified or reference values.
A new method for the direct analysis of coal using electrothermal vaporization inductively couple... more A new method for the direct analysis of coal using electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and direct solid sample analysis was developed, aiming at the determination of Br and Cl. The procedure does not require any significant sample pretreatment and allows simultaneous determination of both elements to be carried out, requiring small mass aliquots of sample (about 0.5 mg). All operating parameters, including carrier gas flow-rate and RF power, were optimized for maximum sensitivity. The use of modifiers/aerosol carriers (Pd, Pd+Al and Pd+Ca) was evaluated, and the mixture of Pd and Ca was chosen, allowing pyrolysis and vaporization temperatures of 700°C and 1900°C, respectively. Chlorine was accurately determined using calibration against solid standards, whereas Br could also be determined using calibration against aqueous standard solutions. The limits of quantification were 0.03 μg g(-1) for Br and 7 μg g(-1) for Cl, and no spectral interference...
Spectrochimica Acta Part B-atomic Spectroscopy, 2001
A rugged and reliable method for the determination of mercury in coal without sample digestion, b... more A rugged and reliable method for the determination of mercury in coal without sample digestion, based on chemical vapor generation (cold vapor technique) from slurried coal samples has been developed. It involves collection of the mercury vapor in a graphite tube, treated with gold or rhodium as permanent modifier, and determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Mercury quantitatively leached out
Spectrochimica Acta Part B-atomic Spectroscopy, 2007
A method for the direct determination of cadmium and lead in fresh meat for screening purposes is... more A method for the direct determination of cadmium and lead in fresh meat for screening purposes is proposed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. The fresh meat samples were homogenized, weighed directly onto solid sampling platforms and introduced into a transversely heated solid sampling graphite tube. The main challenges associated with this procedure, such as weighing errors and optimization of the
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Papers by Bernhard Welz