Language and Science by william hanes
Target, 2019
While Tropical Medicine developed as a new discipline at the turn of the 20th century, Rio de Jan... more While Tropical Medicine developed as a new discipline at the turn of the 20th century, Rio de Janeiro’s Instituto Oswaldo Cruz was the only major center not directly linked with neocolonialism, although through a program of multilingual study, personnel exchange and an avant-garde translation policy in its journal Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, it parlayed with the science of the colonial powers and made important discoveries. However, political developments led to increasing isolation for the Institute and increasing monolingualism in its journal. By the late 1970s, Memórias had suspended publication and the Institute was on the verge of collapse. Nevertheless, new leadership and a drive towards globalized English helped form Memórias into the most-cited scientific journal in Latin America. This narrative holds important lessons for Translation Studies, the first of which is that the international scientific community, which has historically depended on translation, is worth more careful consideration as an object of study. In this peripheral institute, translation effected international self-projection, which consolidated national prestige through recognition from authorities abroad. Moreover, the questions of power involved in the literature’s current English-language hegemony, faced even by former European colonizers, are removed only circumstantially from those dealt with in the periphery a century ago.
Keywords: Colonialism, Scientific literature, Latin America, Lingua Franca, Language Policy.
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Revista Belas Infiéis, 2013
The interface between English, i.e., the international language of science, and the Brazilian sci... more The interface between English, i.e., the international language of science, and the Brazilian scientific community can be seen as both a burden and an opportunity. While individual researchers deal with foreign-language literature and mediators in the authorship process such as translators of varying quality and increasingly-demanding journal editors, larger-scale organizations such as scientific journals struggle to define language and editorial policy in the face of pressing visibility and funding needs. The development and expansion of regional databases, especially SciELO, a non-profit electronic metapublisher for scientific journals, have brought a measure of direction and cohesion to the Brazilian approach to this question. This article presents an analysis of an interview with a Brazilian researcher, a doctoral candidate in Physical Therapy, and compares her answers with statements from the current coordinator of SciELO in a preliminary attempt to find common norms, postures and attitudes at work on different levels of the scientific community. The results were that, besides funding and visibility problems, bilingualism was seen as both a necessity and an opportunity without discarding the validity of Portuguese. There was a fundamental and mutual desire to see Brazil increase in international scientific standing.
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Universe-Cities as Problematic Global Villages: continuities and shifts in our academic worlds, 2014
Precipitated by advancing technology, the globally networked information society appears to be ei... more Precipitated by advancing technology, the globally networked information society appears to be either clarifying or redefining what authorship means across fields of inquiry. The recent massive shift toward multiple authorship in the scientific literature, coupled with high-profile cases of abuse, has occasioned considerable effort to codify and standardize authorship norms in scientific journals, which has culminated in a high-level movement to completely redefine the concept of authorship for both empirical and theoretical research. Since it also goes without saying that the very concept of the author’s autonomy and authority has been under increasing scrutiny since the advent of poststructuralist philosophy, the current state of affairs thus provides an excellent opportunity for an interdisciplinary examination of the contributions of agents such as translators and revisers
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In-Traduções, 2011
This study outlines a plan to facilitate self-translation in English scientific writing by emphas... more This study outlines a plan to facilitate self-translation in English scientific writing by emphasizing group revision exercise. It represents a case study of an experimental course conducted by the author between March and May 2010 with a group of postgraduate physical therapy students. The course outline and description of its execution will be explained, followed by ideas for more fully developing the course and possible benefits of such an approach for Brazilian researchers. The experience indicated that group text revision heightened student awareness of alternative collocations and helped sensitize them to interlanguage miscollocation when self-translating.
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Cadernos de Tradução, 2017
The medical literature consumed and produced by the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and the circulation of... more The medical literature consumed and produced by the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and the circulation of its personnel in foreign institutions from its beginnings in 1900 through the Vargas coup d'état in Brazil in 1930 testify to the complex, multilingual and international nature of scientific networking in and beyond the belle époque and challenge notions of behavior associated with colonial economic models. To explore the parameters of the Institute's early organizational culture with respect to language, three of its publications from this period will be examined: a 1911 promotional booklet in German, which details the Institute's journal holdings and the publications of its researchers; a 1929 English-language travelogue of leprosy treatment centers worldwide; and the journal Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (1909-), which published articles in five languages during this period. The results indicate that the Institute's flexible, avidly multilingual language policy, partially the result of Brazil's peripheral, neutral political situation, led to a very strong multilateral position in the scientific community that provided both visibility and recognition as a full peer in the then-internationally emerging field of Tropical Medicine.
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Target, 2016
Book review in Target 28:1 addressing the "quiet, bloodless revolution" (p.168) of English as the... more Book review in Target 28:1 addressing the "quiet, bloodless revolution" (p.168) of English as the lingua franca of science.
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Cadernos de Tradução, 2016
O Prof. Dr. Jose Coura é, atualmente, um dos mais importantes experts em doença de Chagas. É prof... more O Prof. Dr. Jose Coura é, atualmente, um dos mais importantes experts em doença de Chagas. É professor emérito da Faculdade de Medicina da UFRJ, membro da Academia Nacional de Ciência, da Academia Nacional de Medicina, da Royal Society of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, da American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene etc. Cumpriu dois mandatos como diretor do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (1979-1985, 1997-2001) e dois mandatos como editor-chefe das Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, uma das revistas científicas mais importantes e longevas da América Latina. Considerando que as Memórias publicaram artigos em um total de cinco línguas diferentes desde o seu princípio, em 1909, culminando em um formato exclusivamente em língua inglesa logo após passarem a ser publicadas online, em 1996, a tradução e o multilinguismo certamente são componentes cruciais desta que é a mais antiga instituição científica do Brasil. Levando em conta que a literatura científica é uma área pouco explorada nos Estudos da Tradução, apesar de sua superioridade com relação às ciências
humanas em volume de produção, há muito a ser aprendido por meio das decisões editoriais dessa revista e dos efeitos das mesmas.
https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/article/view/2175-7968.2016v36n2p330
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The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded in 1900 as a public health initiative, represents the institu... more The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded in 1900 as a public health initiative, represents the institutionalisation of empirical science in Brazil. In 1909 it launched a journal called Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz that now publishes only in English, but was multilingual when it began and continued to be so for much of its history, although the trajectories of the languages of publication differed greatly. If changes in language represent changes in network structure, these shifts in language policy reflect repositioning with regard to partnerships, colonialism/politics and the nature of the scientific community and the organisational development of the Institute. To better understand these changes, a diachronic, polysystemic, corpus-based approach was used to analyse the full corpus (1909-2013) of this journal. It was analysed for foreign language frequency and origin, as well as paratextual clues regarding its editorial policy. Though the journal was originally intended to promote the Institute’s research, a complex dialogue with international partners was revealed. This dialogue seems to defy colonial models and threads a delicate balance between science as nationalism and the so-called republique mondiale de la science. The onset of English as the journal’s only language of expression occurred quite late, at roughly the same time its electronic version went online. This could have been an inevitable result of a new open editorial policy set in 1980, but it also seems to be the result of the new level of interconnectivity in the scientific community precipitated by advancing communication technology, which would tend to confirm Walter Ong’s theory about communication technology as a fundamental driver of society. Keywords: sociology of science, scientific literature, tropical medicine, translation policy
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Mutatis Mutandis , 2013
The interface between English, the international language of science, and the Brazilian scientifi... more The interface between English, the international language of science, and the Brazilian scientific community can be seen as both a burden and an opportunity. While individual researchers deal with foreign-language literature and mediators in the authorship process such as translators of varying quality and increasingly-demanding journal editors, larger-scale organizations such as scientific journals struggle to define language and editorial policy in the face of pressing visibility and funding needs. The development and expansion of regional databases, especially SciELO, a non-profit electronic metapublisher for scientific journals, have brought a measure of direction and cohesion to the Brazilian approach to this question. This article presents an analysis of an interview with a Brazilian researcher, a doctoral candidate in Physical Therapy, and compares her answers with statements from the current coordinator of SciELO in a preliminary attempt to find common norms, postures and attitudes at work on different levels of the scientific community. The results were that, besides funding and visibility problems, bilingualism was seen as both a necessity and an opportunity without discarding the validity of Portuguese. There was a fundamental and mutual desire to see Brazil increase in international scientific standing. Keywords: English, Lingua franca, Scientific publishing, SciELO
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Topics in Translation Studies by william hanes
Cadernos de Tradução, 2020
Since the mythic space of the Western helped shape how Americans view themselves, as well as how ... more Since the mythic space of the Western helped shape how Americans view themselves, as well as how the world has viewed them, the characterization of Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo interaction warrants closer scrutiny. For a corpus with substantial diachrony, every Western in the National Registry of Films produced between the end of the Second World War and the American Bicentennial (1945-1976), i.e. the cultural apex of the genre, was assessed for the presence of foreign language and interpretation, the relationship between English and social power, and change over time. The analysis showed that although English was universally the language of power, and that the social status of characters could be measured by their fluency, there was a significant presence of foreign language, principally Spanish (63% of the films), with some form of interpretation occurring in half the films. Questions of cultural identity were associated with multilingualism and, although no diachronic pattern could be found in the distribution of foreign language, protagonism for Hispanics and Native Americans did grow over time. A spectrum of narrative/cinematic approaches to foreign language was determined that could be useful for further research on the presentation of foreigners and their language in the dramatic arts.
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Tradterm, 2014
A case is presented in which a doctoral student in Scientific and Technological Education with no... more A case is presented in which a doctoral student in Scientific and Technological Education with no prior experience was asked to interpret a lecture by a foreign colleague with minimal preparation. The event was recorded and regularities in communication behavior were determined for both speaker and interpreter. Through these regularities in positioning, inferences were drawn regarding their assumptions about the interpretation act. Background information was obtained in an interview with the interpreter. Standing out among the findings was the high visibility of the interpreter, interposing herself both physically and by means of discourse between the audience and speaker, and this marginalization was tacitly accepted by the speaker, indicating a shared view of the interpreter as an acknowledged active participant and (re)shaper of the transmitted discourse.
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In-Traduções, 2011
Fansubbing is a recent global and cultural phenomenon that came into being with the proliferation... more Fansubbing is a recent global and cultural phenomenon that came into being with the proliferation of the Internet, viral videos, and pirated films and TV series. These informal, fan-created translations can be found outside official media channels and generally represent the work of self-taught translators who are attempting to fill the gaps present in real-time cultural consumption. It is important that this immensely popular form of intercultural interpretation is examined in light of Translation Studies, as much to see how it may benefit from academic theory as to see to what degree theory takes nonprofessional practice into account. To this end, a sample of Brazilian fansubs of the American viral video "David after Dentist" were selected, transcribed and compared. Problems regarding target audience (register level), access to to cultural aspects embedded in the nuances of the dialog, and a lack of 'appropriation' among the translations (i.e. rigid fidelity to the original) were mixed with occurrences of intelligent and perceptive translation solutions.
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In-Traduções, 2011
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Papers by william hanes
Este artigo amplamente citado, publicado em 1994 no periodico Poetics Today vol. 15, t... more Este artigo amplamente citado, publicado em 1994 no periodico Poetics Today vol. 15, tornou-se referencia nos Estudos da Traducao do Brasil. Optamos, portanto, por realizar a sua publicacao em portugues brasileiro, para que academicos nao-proficientes na lingua inglesa pudessem ter acesso ao seu conteudo de forma mais plena, deliberando sobre as suas afirmacoes inovadoras.
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Precipitated by advancing technology, the global network information society appears to be either... more Precipitated by advancing technology, the global network information society appears to be either clarifying or redefining what authorship means across fields of inquiry. The recent massive shift toward multiple authorship in the scientific literature, coupled with high-profile cases of abuse, has occasioned considerable effort to codify and standardize authorship norms in scientific journals, which has culminated in a high-level movement to completely redefine the concept of authorship for both empirical and theoretical research. Since it also goes without saying that the very concept of the author's autonomy and authority has been under increasing scrutiny since the advent of poststructuralist philosophy, the current state of affairs thus provides an excellent opportunity for an interdisciplinary examination of the contributions of agents such as translators and revisers.
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Este estudo apresenta o esboco de um plano para facilitar a auto-traducao na escrita de artigos c... more Este estudo apresenta o esboco de um plano para facilitar a auto-traducao na escrita de artigos cientificos em ingles atraves da enfase em exercicios de revisao em grupo. E representado aqui um estudo de caso de um curso experimental conduzido pelo autor do presente artigo entre marco e maio de 2010 com um grupo de estudantes de pos-graduacao da area de fisioterapia. O esboco e a descricao da execucao do curso serao explicados, seguidos por ideias para um desenvolvimento mais completo do curso e possiveis beneficios do uso de tal abordagem para professores brasileiros. A experiencia indicou que a revisao de textos em grupo aumentou a percepcao dos estudantes com relacao a colocacoes alternativas, e ajudou a sensibiliza-los para colocacoes interlinguais inadequadas durante a auto-traducao.
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The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded in 1900 as a public health initiative, represents the institu... more The Oswaldo Cruz Institute, founded in 1900 as a public health initiative, represents the institutionalisation of empirical science in Brazil. In 1909 it launched a journal called Memórias doInstituto Oswaldo Cruz that now publishes only in English, but was multilingual when it began and continued to be so for much of its history, although the trajectories of the languages of publication differed greatly. If changes in language represent changes in network structure, these shifts in language policy reflect repositioning with regard to partnerships, colonialism/politics and the nature of the scientific community and the organisational development of the Institute. To better understand these changes, a diachronic analysis of the full corpus (1909-2013) of this journal was conducted. This corpus was analysed for foreign language frequency,origin and content as well as paratextual clues regarding Memórias’ editorial policy. Based on the results, distinct languagebased editorial periods ...
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Since the mythic space of the Western helped shape how Americans view themselves, as well as how ... more Since the mythic space of the Western helped shape how Americans view themselves, as well as how the world has viewed them, the characterization of Native American, Hispanic, and Anglo interaction warrants closer scrutiny. For a corpus with substantial diachrony, every Western in the National Registry of Films produced between the end of the Second World War and the American Bicentennial (1945-1976), i.e. the cultural apex of the genre, was assessed for the presence of foreign language and interpretation, the relationship between English and social power, and change over time. The analysis showed that although English was universally the language of power, and that the social status of characters could be measured by their fluency, there was a significant presence of foreign language, principally Spanish (63% of the films), with some form of interpretation occurring in half the films. Questions of cultural identity were associated with multilingualism and, although no diachronic pat...
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Target International Journal of Translation Studies
While Tropical Medicine developed as a new discipline at the turn of the 20th century, Rio de Jan... more While Tropical Medicine developed as a new discipline at the turn of the 20th century, Rio de Janeiro’s Instituto Oswaldo Cruz was the only major center not directly linked with neocolonialism, although through a program of multilingual study, personnel exchange and an avant-garde translation policy in its journal Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, it parlayed with the science of the colonial powers and made important discoveries. However, political developments led to increasing isolation for the Institute and increasing monolingualism in its journal. By the late 1970s, Memórias had suspended publication and the Institute was on the verge of collapse. Nevertheless, new leadership and a drive towards globalized English helped form Memórias into the most-cited scientific journal in Latin America. This narrative holds important lessons for Translation Studies, the first of which is that the international scientific community, which has historically depended on translation, is worth m...
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Language and Science by william hanes
Keywords: Colonialism, Scientific literature, Latin America, Lingua Franca, Language Policy.
humanas em volume de produção, há muito a ser aprendido por meio das decisões editoriais dessa revista e dos efeitos das mesmas.
https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/article/view/2175-7968.2016v36n2p330
Topics in Translation Studies by william hanes
Papers by william hanes
Keywords: Colonialism, Scientific literature, Latin America, Lingua Franca, Language Policy.
humanas em volume de produção, há muito a ser aprendido por meio das decisões editoriais dessa revista e dos efeitos das mesmas.
https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/traducao/article/view/2175-7968.2016v36n2p330