Ergonomia é a ciência que estuda e transforma a realidade do trabalho das pessoas buscando ganhos... more Ergonomia é a ciência que estuda e transforma a realidade do trabalho das pessoas buscando ganhos de produtividade através de sua componente principal, o conforto humano. Esta obra, integrante da série Campus/ABEPRO, é um marco dessa disciplina no Brasil. Os organizadores reuniram contribuições de 27 autores das mais relevantes instituições de ensino e pesquisa no Brasil para tratar do tema com o enfoque da Engenharia de Produção.
O conteúdo é dividido em seis partes. A princípio temos uma Apresentação - incluindo histórico do estudo da Ergonomia e contextualização através de exemplos do dia a dia. A segunda parte é Ergonomia na Empresa - que cobre os pontos de maior demanda da indústria, ou seja, conformidade legal, economia e certificação. Já na parte três são apresentadas as diversas áreas que compõe as Bases Científicas da Ergonomia - cognição, fisiologia do trabalho, biomecânica e organização do trabalho.
Como decorrência natural, a parte quatro trata das Bases Metodológicas. A parte cinco trata do Projeto Ergonômico que define a ergonomia como disciplina da Engenharia de Produção relevante para os projetos de unidades produtivas e postos de trabalho. A última parte trata das Aplicações. É apresentado um vasto panorama de estudos de caso da Ergonomia acompanhados de discussões e orientações práticas dos autores.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of ergonomics in increasing occupational h... more The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of ergonomics in increasing occupational health using the dialogic process of design in order to approaching project and use. It aims at producing scientific knowledge and assisting with new project practices in the context of Ergonomics taking as object of study an action research in a postal company. This material focused the linkage between Ergonomics, Project, and Use detailed by a social process, seeking to understand the artifact in its demonstration of use, i.e. in its social function. The evaluation of the results compiled from the theoretical foundation in the areas of Ergonomics and Design, aims at redeeming the relationships between the actors and conflicts of meaning repercussions on the construction of the artifact.
The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders ... more The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders (LBDs) have not yet been established. One of the main problems in setting such guidelines is the limited understanding of how different risk factors for LBDs interact in causing injury, since the nature and mechanism of these disorders are relatively unknown phenomena. Industrial ergonomists' role becomes further complicated because the potential risk factors that may contribute towards the onset of LBDs interact in a complex manner, which makes it difficult to discriminate in detail among the jobs that place workers at high or low risk of LBDs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a comparative study between predictions based on the neural network-based model proposed by Zurada, Karwowski & Marras (1997) and a linear discriminant analysis model, for making predictions about industrial jobs according to their potential risk of low back disorders due to workplace design. The resul...
Abstract: This paper is based on the results obtained in the design process for furniture conceiv... more Abstract: This paper is based on the results obtained in the design process for furniture conceived to the Brazilian Post Office counter clerk, in an ampler Ergonomics analysis project of the service rendered in commercial counters. Considering the social construction perspective in the project, the resulting device articulates the ergonomics logics, security, engineering, operational advertising and the disclosing conflict of values and variables, which are expressed in the new counter service in terms of physical structure and use.
Os sistemas ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning), ou Sistemas Integrados de Gestão Empresarial, su... more Os sistemas ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning), ou Sistemas Integrados de Gestão Empresarial, surgiram como ferramenta de tecnologia de informação alternativa aos antigos sistemas informatizados desenvolvidos para atender necessidades pontuais dos departamentos ou áreas funcionais das organizações.
O projeto de postos de trabalho vem sendo estudado há muitos anos, particularmente no século pass... more O projeto de postos de trabalho vem sendo estudado há muitos anos, particularmente no século passado, quando gradualmente ficou claro que sistemas e produtos teriam que ser projetados considerando-se os aspectos humanos e ambientais; se estes serão usados seguramente e de acordo com o seu propósito (MacLeod, 2003).
O uso crescente de tecnologias computacionais em projetos de ambientes produtivos pode ser explic... more O uso crescente de tecnologias computacionais em projetos de ambientes produtivos pode ser explicado pela necessidade de dinamiza-los, diminuindo o tempo do processo de projeto e conseqüentemente o custo associado ao mesmo. Outro benefício é a possibilidade de minimizar erros ou falhas, isto ocorre, pois uma das principais vantagens da utilização de ferramentas computacionais é a diversidade de fatores (informações, em um alto nível de detalhe) que as mesmas consideram.
Most of designers usually focus on technical issues inside workspace design processes; however, t... more Most of designers usually focus on technical issues inside workspace design processes; however, to achieve the required quality and reliability it is necessary to include the employees into the conception of productive situations, incorporating their experience and knowledge into the design solutions and in the validation of the purposes. To achieve the active participation of the employees we present three methods: physical scale model, digital human simulation and game engines, which are seen here, as intermediate objects. They were analyzed in real design situations related to ergonomic improvements, aiming to discuss the applicability and effectiveness of those methods. The results proved that, usually, the isolated use of intermediate objects don’t provide the necessary requisites of a participatory design of workspaces. It is recommended the combination of different methods to interact the employees and external actors in the design process. Furthermore, we believe that, in the future, new technologies, such as the augmented reality, can integrate those methods into only one.
The use of computer graphics and simulation in productive situation designs has provided signific... more The use of computer graphics and simulation in productive situation designs has provided significant gains in the planning of industrial plants. Such applications are supported by a technical dimension (time for modeling, graphic quality of models and performance evaluation) and a social dimension (communication and understanding of the professionals involved). The diffusion of new technologies related to the game industry in the entertainment sector, provides new applications for the field of industrial engineering. The aim of this paper is to explore the conceptual and methodological issues that support the use of these technologies. For such study, the game engine CryENGINE (Crytek) was used in the modeling of a manufacturing and assembly plant of consumer goods. Results revealed that such a development should be used within an approach that fosters the incorporation of knowledge of the professionals involved in a collaborative and innovative process.
The project development of artifacts of work considering paradoxes such as reducing time and cost... more The project development of artifacts of work considering paradoxes such as reducing time and cost, rising reliability and quality and minimizing the startup time have been imperative in the current industry due the big competition. A great focus is usually given to the technical issues. However, to achieve the goals of the required quality and reliability it is necessary to observe some issues related to ergonomics, and to include the employees into the conception of productive situations, availing their experience and knowledge for designing solutions and projects evaluations in order to reduce the problems usually found after implantation. In this article, it is used an exploratory methods by a literature review of the concepts related to ergonomics and participatory design, with the goal of discussing the applicability of computational tools that, when used, they can be efficient and simple. The reflections and references presented in this article lead to think about the necessity of development or adequacy of a computational tool, which is able of supporting the presentation and construction of representations in the conception, besides increasing the interactivity among participants during participatory design.
A inserção da ergonomia nas indústrias de refino de petróleo brasileira divide-se em dois focos d... more A inserção da ergonomia nas indústrias de refino de petróleo brasileira divide-se em dois focos de intervenção: a ergonomia de correção e a ergonomia de concepção. Quanto ao foco dos programas de ergonomia implantados nestas organizações elles estão estruturados de modo a responder as demandas através do olhar da atividade a partir do método da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET). Para atuar no projeto de novas instalações a ergonomia pode fazer uso da Abordagem da Atividade Futura (AAF), a qual lhe orienta buscar situações de referência e situações de ações características (SAC) que podem ser utilizadas como base na elaboração de simulações objetivando a reconstituição da atividade futura, criando espaços de interação entre os participantes do processo de projeto. Dessa forma, discute-se como a AAF, em concordância com a AET, pode auxiliar o processo de projeto para novas instalações e modernizações tecnológicas na indústria de refino de petróleo.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a área de projetos de situações produtivas, espec... more Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a área de projetos de situações produtivas, especialmente à modelagem e simulação humana aplicada à ergonomia. Especificamente, objetiva-se apresentar uma revisão acerca de quatro ferramentas computacionais de modelagem e simulação humana bastante difundidas no cenário atual: Jack (Siemens), 3DSSPP (Universidade de Michigan), RAMSIS (Human Solutions) e HumanCAD (NexGen Ergonomics). Apresenta-se uma análise comparativa entre tais softwares proporcionando uma discussão acerca das diferentes possibilidades de utilização das técnicas de modelagem e simulação humana computacional.
The objective of the present study is to show how ergonomics can contribute to the design of petr... more The objective of the present study is to show how ergonomics can contribute to the design of petroleum industry new facilities. Based on past experiences of redesigns, and new facilities design, the approach adopted focuses on the benefits and restrictions of computer tools in this process. This design model requires the integration between disciplines and cleverness that are based on the activity and operation of the process as a whole through the application of ergonomics concepts and tools. It also emphasizes the importance of the participation of the operators in the development of new designs including the validation in digital environments, which contributes to the technical and social building of new facilities. The contributions of scale models to the future activities analyses, to the conception of new productive situations in the continuous process industry, and to the high complex projects are evidenced in this study.
The aim of this study is applying human modeling and simulation tools to assist in the ergonomics... more The aim of this study is applying human modeling and simulation tools to assist in the ergonomics designs of new petrochemical industry facilities. The approach adopted was a comparative analysis of the actual buildings floorplans and futurre activities schedule in order to investigate the benefits and constraints of these tools in the process. It is known that due to the numerous demands and the complexity of conceiving projects in a continuous process industry, the practitioner designers segment the project into several expertise developed by different outsourcing specialized companies. However, this development approach leads to significant difficulties to apply ergonomics concepts and tools which require the multidisciplinary integration since they are based on the project’s activities, operation, and overall performance. This work presents a case study in a Brazilian petroleum refinery including diagnosis, project, and implementing new facilities according to human social and practical needs and the use of 3D modeling software and digital 3D human mannequins. This study presents the thorough project involving human capabilities in relation to their work demands and an analysis based on the virtual simulation and the conceptual plan development. It also identifies the human modeling and simulation contributions to future activities analysis and mainly to new productive situations in a continuous process industry when dealing with highly complex projects involving human factors. This work intends to increase the interface among designers and ergonomists since only a few ergonomics principles remain during the whole development cycle until the validation of the solutions implemented based on this concept specifically.
Ergonomia é a ciência que estuda e transforma a realidade do trabalho das pessoas buscando ganhos... more Ergonomia é a ciência que estuda e transforma a realidade do trabalho das pessoas buscando ganhos de produtividade através de sua componente principal, o conforto humano. Esta obra, integrante da série Campus/ABEPRO, é um marco dessa disciplina no Brasil. Os organizadores reuniram contribuições de 27 autores das mais relevantes instituições de ensino e pesquisa no Brasil para tratar do tema com o enfoque da Engenharia de Produção.
O conteúdo é dividido em seis partes. A princípio temos uma Apresentação - incluindo histórico do estudo da Ergonomia e contextualização através de exemplos do dia a dia. A segunda parte é Ergonomia na Empresa - que cobre os pontos de maior demanda da indústria, ou seja, conformidade legal, economia e certificação. Já na parte três são apresentadas as diversas áreas que compõe as Bases Científicas da Ergonomia - cognição, fisiologia do trabalho, biomecânica e organização do trabalho.
Como decorrência natural, a parte quatro trata das Bases Metodológicas. A parte cinco trata do Projeto Ergonômico que define a ergonomia como disciplina da Engenharia de Produção relevante para os projetos de unidades produtivas e postos de trabalho. A última parte trata das Aplicações. É apresentado um vasto panorama de estudos de caso da Ergonomia acompanhados de discussões e orientações práticas dos autores.
The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of ergonomics in increasing occupational h... more The objective of this paper is to investigate the role of ergonomics in increasing occupational health using the dialogic process of design in order to approaching project and use. It aims at producing scientific knowledge and assisting with new project practices in the context of Ergonomics taking as object of study an action research in a postal company. This material focused the linkage between Ergonomics, Project, and Use detailed by a social process, seeking to understand the artifact in its demonstration of use, i.e. in its social function. The evaluation of the results compiled from the theoretical foundation in the areas of Ergonomics and Design, aims at redeeming the relationships between the actors and conflicts of meaning repercussions on the construction of the artifact.
The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders ... more The occupational exposure limits of different risk factors for development of low back disorders (LBDs) have not yet been established. One of the main problems in setting such guidelines is the limited understanding of how different risk factors for LBDs interact in causing injury, since the nature and mechanism of these disorders are relatively unknown phenomena. Industrial ergonomists' role becomes further complicated because the potential risk factors that may contribute towards the onset of LBDs interact in a complex manner, which makes it difficult to discriminate in detail among the jobs that place workers at high or low risk of LBDs. The purpose of this paper was to develop a comparative study between predictions based on the neural network-based model proposed by Zurada, Karwowski & Marras (1997) and a linear discriminant analysis model, for making predictions about industrial jobs according to their potential risk of low back disorders due to workplace design. The resul...
Abstract: This paper is based on the results obtained in the design process for furniture conceiv... more Abstract: This paper is based on the results obtained in the design process for furniture conceived to the Brazilian Post Office counter clerk, in an ampler Ergonomics analysis project of the service rendered in commercial counters. Considering the social construction perspective in the project, the resulting device articulates the ergonomics logics, security, engineering, operational advertising and the disclosing conflict of values and variables, which are expressed in the new counter service in terms of physical structure and use.
Os sistemas ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning), ou Sistemas Integrados de Gestão Empresarial, su... more Os sistemas ERP (Enterprise Resources Planning), ou Sistemas Integrados de Gestão Empresarial, surgiram como ferramenta de tecnologia de informação alternativa aos antigos sistemas informatizados desenvolvidos para atender necessidades pontuais dos departamentos ou áreas funcionais das organizações.
O projeto de postos de trabalho vem sendo estudado há muitos anos, particularmente no século pass... more O projeto de postos de trabalho vem sendo estudado há muitos anos, particularmente no século passado, quando gradualmente ficou claro que sistemas e produtos teriam que ser projetados considerando-se os aspectos humanos e ambientais; se estes serão usados seguramente e de acordo com o seu propósito (MacLeod, 2003).
O uso crescente de tecnologias computacionais em projetos de ambientes produtivos pode ser explic... more O uso crescente de tecnologias computacionais em projetos de ambientes produtivos pode ser explicado pela necessidade de dinamiza-los, diminuindo o tempo do processo de projeto e conseqüentemente o custo associado ao mesmo. Outro benefício é a possibilidade de minimizar erros ou falhas, isto ocorre, pois uma das principais vantagens da utilização de ferramentas computacionais é a diversidade de fatores (informações, em um alto nível de detalhe) que as mesmas consideram.
Most of designers usually focus on technical issues inside workspace design processes; however, t... more Most of designers usually focus on technical issues inside workspace design processes; however, to achieve the required quality and reliability it is necessary to include the employees into the conception of productive situations, incorporating their experience and knowledge into the design solutions and in the validation of the purposes. To achieve the active participation of the employees we present three methods: physical scale model, digital human simulation and game engines, which are seen here, as intermediate objects. They were analyzed in real design situations related to ergonomic improvements, aiming to discuss the applicability and effectiveness of those methods. The results proved that, usually, the isolated use of intermediate objects don’t provide the necessary requisites of a participatory design of workspaces. It is recommended the combination of different methods to interact the employees and external actors in the design process. Furthermore, we believe that, in the future, new technologies, such as the augmented reality, can integrate those methods into only one.
The use of computer graphics and simulation in productive situation designs has provided signific... more The use of computer graphics and simulation in productive situation designs has provided significant gains in the planning of industrial plants. Such applications are supported by a technical dimension (time for modeling, graphic quality of models and performance evaluation) and a social dimension (communication and understanding of the professionals involved). The diffusion of new technologies related to the game industry in the entertainment sector, provides new applications for the field of industrial engineering. The aim of this paper is to explore the conceptual and methodological issues that support the use of these technologies. For such study, the game engine CryENGINE (Crytek) was used in the modeling of a manufacturing and assembly plant of consumer goods. Results revealed that such a development should be used within an approach that fosters the incorporation of knowledge of the professionals involved in a collaborative and innovative process.
The project development of artifacts of work considering paradoxes such as reducing time and cost... more The project development of artifacts of work considering paradoxes such as reducing time and cost, rising reliability and quality and minimizing the startup time have been imperative in the current industry due the big competition. A great focus is usually given to the technical issues. However, to achieve the goals of the required quality and reliability it is necessary to observe some issues related to ergonomics, and to include the employees into the conception of productive situations, availing their experience and knowledge for designing solutions and projects evaluations in order to reduce the problems usually found after implantation. In this article, it is used an exploratory methods by a literature review of the concepts related to ergonomics and participatory design, with the goal of discussing the applicability of computational tools that, when used, they can be efficient and simple. The reflections and references presented in this article lead to think about the necessity of development or adequacy of a computational tool, which is able of supporting the presentation and construction of representations in the conception, besides increasing the interactivity among participants during participatory design.
A inserção da ergonomia nas indústrias de refino de petróleo brasileira divide-se em dois focos d... more A inserção da ergonomia nas indústrias de refino de petróleo brasileira divide-se em dois focos de intervenção: a ergonomia de correção e a ergonomia de concepção. Quanto ao foco dos programas de ergonomia implantados nestas organizações elles estão estruturados de modo a responder as demandas através do olhar da atividade a partir do método da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET). Para atuar no projeto de novas instalações a ergonomia pode fazer uso da Abordagem da Atividade Futura (AAF), a qual lhe orienta buscar situações de referência e situações de ações características (SAC) que podem ser utilizadas como base na elaboração de simulações objetivando a reconstituição da atividade futura, criando espaços de interação entre os participantes do processo de projeto. Dessa forma, discute-se como a AAF, em concordância com a AET, pode auxiliar o processo de projeto para novas instalações e modernizações tecnológicas na indústria de refino de petróleo.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a área de projetos de situações produtivas, espec... more Este trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a área de projetos de situações produtivas, especialmente à modelagem e simulação humana aplicada à ergonomia. Especificamente, objetiva-se apresentar uma revisão acerca de quatro ferramentas computacionais de modelagem e simulação humana bastante difundidas no cenário atual: Jack (Siemens), 3DSSPP (Universidade de Michigan), RAMSIS (Human Solutions) e HumanCAD (NexGen Ergonomics). Apresenta-se uma análise comparativa entre tais softwares proporcionando uma discussão acerca das diferentes possibilidades de utilização das técnicas de modelagem e simulação humana computacional.
The objective of the present study is to show how ergonomics can contribute to the design of petr... more The objective of the present study is to show how ergonomics can contribute to the design of petroleum industry new facilities. Based on past experiences of redesigns, and new facilities design, the approach adopted focuses on the benefits and restrictions of computer tools in this process. This design model requires the integration between disciplines and cleverness that are based on the activity and operation of the process as a whole through the application of ergonomics concepts and tools. It also emphasizes the importance of the participation of the operators in the development of new designs including the validation in digital environments, which contributes to the technical and social building of new facilities. The contributions of scale models to the future activities analyses, to the conception of new productive situations in the continuous process industry, and to the high complex projects are evidenced in this study.
The aim of this study is applying human modeling and simulation tools to assist in the ergonomics... more The aim of this study is applying human modeling and simulation tools to assist in the ergonomics designs of new petrochemical industry facilities. The approach adopted was a comparative analysis of the actual buildings floorplans and futurre activities schedule in order to investigate the benefits and constraints of these tools in the process. It is known that due to the numerous demands and the complexity of conceiving projects in a continuous process industry, the practitioner designers segment the project into several expertise developed by different outsourcing specialized companies. However, this development approach leads to significant difficulties to apply ergonomics concepts and tools which require the multidisciplinary integration since they are based on the project’s activities, operation, and overall performance. This work presents a case study in a Brazilian petroleum refinery including diagnosis, project, and implementing new facilities according to human social and practical needs and the use of 3D modeling software and digital 3D human mannequins. This study presents the thorough project involving human capabilities in relation to their work demands and an analysis based on the virtual simulation and the conceptual plan development. It also identifies the human modeling and simulation contributions to future activities analysis and mainly to new productive situations in a continuous process industry when dealing with highly complex projects involving human factors. This work intends to increase the interface among designers and ergonomists since only a few ergonomics principles remain during the whole development cycle until the validation of the solutions implemented based on this concept specifically.
This paper investigates the contribution of a human modeling and simulation software in two diffe... more This paper investigates the contribution of a human modeling and simulation software in two different applications: workstation in a medical products industry and a costumer service counter. This study examines its application in sectors iin which these techniques had not been well developed yet. The same way, it can contribute to the application in other areas as well. The results achieved were: evaluations of the visual fields, determination of workplaces’ physical characteristics, visualization of reach envelopes and improving communications between different people involved in the process, reduce the time spent on the process, and especially, preliminary considerations of human factors.
Suportes de simulação como objetos intermediários para incorporação da perspectiva da atividade n... more Suportes de simulação como objetos intermediários para incorporação da perspectiva da atividade na concepção de situações produtivas
A ergonomia se preocupa em compreender o trabalho para transformá-lo. Para aumentar sua capacidade de intervenção efetiva esta disciplina se aproxima da engenharia, em especial da engenharia de produção, buscando métodos, técnicas e ferramentas que a auxiliem no processo de concepção de situações produtivas. As áreas do conhecimento relacionadas ao design de engenharia e, em especial, do projeto do trabalho, podem colaborar substancialmente para a efetividade da incorporação da perspectiva da atividade (segundo conceito da ergonomia situada) neste processo. A partir de uma articulação teórica e conceitual, que serviu como referencial da pesquisa de campo em uma indústria de refino de petróleo, busca-se compreender como diferentes suportes de simulação foram determinantes para a incorporação das racionalidades, interesses, restrições e expectativas dos atores participantes do processo de concepção. Utilizou-se o conceito de objetos intermediários de concepção e suas posturas teóricas nos eixos “comissionário-mediador” e “fechado-aberto”. A pesquisa evidencia o papel que os suportes de simulação possuem na criação de situações de simulação ao permitirem processos divergentes (e inovadores) na ação projetual dos sistemas técnicos e processos convergentes para a condução do projeto. As proposições prescritivas (do mundo da prática, incluindo a perspectiva da atividade) e descritivas (do mundo teórico, contendo neste as ciências exatas e questões técnicas derivadas) também são incorporadas na articulação de forma a permitir um processo dialógico de concepção. A pesquisa apresenta recomendações para que o projeto de situações produtivas comporte uma concepção continuada e distribuída, tendo a simulação como instrumento orientado ao objeto (ação projetual do sistema técnico), ao outro (ação coordenada) e ao próprio sujeito (ao comportar espaço para seu desenvolvimento, aprendizado e transformação).
Understanding the work in order to transform it is the concern of ergonomics. To expand its capacity of effective intervention this discipline gets closer to the field of engineering, especially the production engineering, searching for methods, techniques and tools, which assist it in the design process of productive facilities. The knowledge domains related to the engineering design and, specifically, the workspace design might be of a substantial contribution to the effectiveness of the incorporation of the activity’s perspective (according to the concept of situated ergonomics) in this process. From a theoretical and conceptual articulation, which laid the foundation to the field research in an oil refining company, is sought the comprehension of how the different simulation supports were determinant to the incorporation of rationale, interests, constraints and expectations from the actors participating in the conception process. To achieve this comprehension is used the concept of intermediary objects of conception and their theoretical stances in the axis “commissioning-mediator” and “closed-open”. The research makes evident the role the simulation supports play in the creation of simulation situations allowing divergent (and innovative) processes in the action of designing technical systems and convergent processes in the conduction of the project. The prescriptive propositions (from the practical world, including the activity’s perspective) and descriptive (from the theoretical world, containing in it the exact sciences and related technical questions) are also incorporated in the articulation, allowing a dialogic process of conception. The research presents recommendations which enable the design of productive facilities to entail an ongoing and distributed conception, having the simulation as an instrument oriented to the object (design action of the technical system), to the other (coordinated action) and to the self (when encompassing space to its development, learning and transformation).
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Books by Daniel Braatz
O conteúdo é dividido em seis partes. A princípio temos uma Apresentação - incluindo histórico do estudo da Ergonomia e contextualização através de exemplos do dia a dia. A segunda parte é Ergonomia na Empresa - que cobre os pontos de maior demanda da indústria, ou seja, conformidade legal, economia e certificação. Já na parte três são apresentadas as diversas áreas que compõe as Bases Científicas da Ergonomia - cognição, fisiologia do trabalho, biomecânica e organização do trabalho.
Como decorrência natural, a parte quatro trata das Bases Metodológicas. A parte cinco trata do Projeto Ergonômico que define a ergonomia como disciplina da Engenharia de Produção relevante para os projetos de unidades produtivas e postos de trabalho. A última parte trata das Aplicações. É apresentado um vasto panorama de estudos de caso da Ergonomia acompanhados de discussões e orientações práticas dos autores.
Papers by Daniel Braatz
restrictions of computer tools in this process.
This design model requires the integration between disciplines and cleverness that are based on the activity and operation of the process as a whole through the application of ergonomics concepts and tools. It also emphasizes the importance of
the participation of the operators in the development of new designs including the validation in digital environments, which contributes to the technical and social building of new facilities.
The contributions of scale models to the future activities analyses, to the conception of new productive situations in the continuous process industry, and to the high complex projects are evidenced in this study.
O conteúdo é dividido em seis partes. A princípio temos uma Apresentação - incluindo histórico do estudo da Ergonomia e contextualização através de exemplos do dia a dia. A segunda parte é Ergonomia na Empresa - que cobre os pontos de maior demanda da indústria, ou seja, conformidade legal, economia e certificação. Já na parte três são apresentadas as diversas áreas que compõe as Bases Científicas da Ergonomia - cognição, fisiologia do trabalho, biomecânica e organização do trabalho.
Como decorrência natural, a parte quatro trata das Bases Metodológicas. A parte cinco trata do Projeto Ergonômico que define a ergonomia como disciplina da Engenharia de Produção relevante para os projetos de unidades produtivas e postos de trabalho. A última parte trata das Aplicações. É apresentado um vasto panorama de estudos de caso da Ergonomia acompanhados de discussões e orientações práticas dos autores.
restrictions of computer tools in this process.
This design model requires the integration between disciplines and cleverness that are based on the activity and operation of the process as a whole through the application of ergonomics concepts and tools. It also emphasizes the importance of
the participation of the operators in the development of new designs including the validation in digital environments, which contributes to the technical and social building of new facilities.
The contributions of scale models to the future activities analyses, to the conception of new productive situations in the continuous process industry, and to the high complex projects are evidenced in this study.
This study examines its application in sectors iin which these techniques had not been well developed yet. The same way, it can contribute to the application in other areas as well.
The results achieved were: evaluations of the visual fields, determination of workplaces’ physical characteristics, visualization of reach envelopes and improving communications between different people involved in the process, reduce the time spent on the process, and especially, preliminary considerations of human factors.
A ergonomia se preocupa em compreender o trabalho para transformá-lo. Para aumentar sua capacidade de intervenção efetiva esta disciplina se aproxima da engenharia, em especial da engenharia de produção, buscando métodos, técnicas e ferramentas que a auxiliem no processo de concepção de situações produtivas. As áreas do conhecimento relacionadas ao design de engenharia e, em especial, do projeto do trabalho, podem colaborar substancialmente para a efetividade da incorporação da perspectiva da atividade (segundo conceito da ergonomia situada) neste processo. A partir de uma articulação teórica e conceitual, que serviu como referencial da pesquisa de campo em uma indústria de refino de petróleo, busca-se compreender como diferentes suportes de simulação foram determinantes para a incorporação das racionalidades, interesses, restrições e expectativas dos atores participantes do processo de concepção. Utilizou-se o conceito de objetos intermediários de concepção e suas posturas teóricas nos eixos “comissionário-mediador” e “fechado-aberto”. A pesquisa evidencia o papel que os suportes de simulação possuem na criação de situações de simulação ao permitirem processos divergentes (e inovadores) na ação projetual dos sistemas técnicos e processos convergentes para a condução do projeto. As proposições prescritivas (do mundo da prática, incluindo a perspectiva da atividade) e descritivas (do mundo teórico, contendo neste as ciências exatas e questões técnicas derivadas) também são incorporadas na articulação de forma a permitir um processo dialógico de concepção. A pesquisa apresenta recomendações para que o projeto de situações produtivas comporte uma concepção continuada e distribuída, tendo a simulação como instrumento orientado ao objeto (ação projetual do sistema técnico), ao outro (ação coordenada) e ao próprio sujeito (ao comportar espaço para seu desenvolvimento, aprendizado e transformação).
Understanding the work in order to transform it is the concern of ergonomics. To expand its capacity of effective intervention this discipline gets closer to the field of engineering, especially the production engineering, searching for methods, techniques and tools, which assist it in the design process of productive facilities. The knowledge domains related to the engineering design and, specifically, the workspace design might be of a substantial contribution to the effectiveness of the incorporation of the activity’s perspective (according to the concept of situated ergonomics) in this process. From a theoretical and conceptual articulation, which laid the foundation to the field research in an oil refining company, is sought the comprehension of how the different simulation supports were determinant to the incorporation of rationale, interests, constraints and expectations from the actors participating in the conception process. To achieve this comprehension is used the concept of intermediary objects of conception and their theoretical stances in the axis “commissioning-mediator” and “closed-open”. The research makes evident the role the simulation supports play in the creation of simulation situations allowing divergent (and innovative) processes in the action of designing technical systems and convergent processes in the conduction of the project. The prescriptive propositions (from the practical world, including the activity’s perspective) and descriptive (from the theoretical world, containing in it the exact sciences and related technical questions) are also incorporated in the articulation, allowing a dialogic process of conception. The research presents recommendations which enable the design of productive facilities to entail an ongoing and distributed conception, having the simulation as an instrument oriented to the object (design action of the technical system), to the other (coordinated action) and to the self (when encompassing space to its development, learning and transformation).